Rites of Hajj al-Tamattu'

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The rites of hajj al-tamattu' (مناسك حج التمتع) are a set of rituals that are held at certain times and places in the city of Mecca. The rituals of hajj al-tamattu' begin after the rituals of 'umra al-tamattu' are completed.

Hajj pilgrims who have already come out of ihram for 'umra al-tamattu' once again put on ihram in Mecca with the intention of performing The rites of hajj al-tamattu' and say labbayk. Then they stay in 'Arafat desert from noon on the 9th day of Dhu l-Hijja until sunset. After that, they spend the 10th night of Dhu l-Hijja in al-Mash'ar, then stay in al-Mash'ar from the morning call to prayer (fajr adhan) on the 10th day of Dhu l-Hijja ('Eid al-Adha) until sunrise. Then, on the 10th day of Dhu l-Hijja, they perform the rituals of ramy al-Jamara al-'Aqaba, sacrifice (qurbani) and halq or taqsir.

After completing the rituals of Mina, hajj pilgrims go to Mecca and performs the rituals of Mecca. These rituals include tawaf and its prayer, sa'y between Safa and Marwa, and tawaf al-nisa' and its prayer. They then return to Mina and stay the 11th and 12th nights (and for some, the 13th night) of Dhu l-Hijja in Mina. On the 11th and 12th days, he does ramy of triple Jamrats. By leaving Mina in the afternoon of the twelfth day, hajj ends.

Rites of 'Umra al-Tamattu'

The rites of 'umra, which must be performed before the rites of tamattu', include ihram, tawaf, prayer of tawaf, sa'y, and taqsir.[1]

The place of ihram for umra is one of the miqats, such as al-Shajara and Juhfa.[2] Those who go to Mecca from Medina, must become muhrim in the al-Shajara mosque, which is in the Dhu l-Hulayfa area outside of Medina.[3] After putting on Ihram and entering Mecca, pilgrims should perform tawaf of the Ka'ba[4] and then perform the tawaf prayer, which have two rak'as, behind the Maqam Ibrahim.[5] The next Rite of 'umra is sa'y between safa and Marwah; It means to walk the distance between Mount Safa and Mount Marwa seven times.[6] At the end, after taqsir, pilgrims come out of ihram and the prohibitions of ihram become lawful for them.[7]

Of course, in the interval between taqsir of 'umra and the ihram of hajj, some things are forbidden for pilgrims that they should avoid. such as performng al-'umra al-mufrada, shaving the head, going out of the city of Mecca (according to the fatwas of a number of Shia jurists), cutting down trees and plants of Haram area, and hunting (even killing little insects).[8]

Rites Of Hajj al-Tamattu'

The Rites Of hajj al-tamattu', which begin after rites of 'umra al-tamattu', are as follows:

Ihram

Main article: Ihram

Ihram for hajj must be in the months of Hajj (Shawwal, Dhu l-Qa'da and Dhu l-Hijja); However, Ihram in Tamattu' Hajj must be done after completing umra. Hadji should be Muhrim before noon on the ninth day of Dhu l-Hijja (day of 'Arafa), when he reaches the Desert of 'Arafat in order to start staying at Arafat, which is from noon on the Day of Arafah. The place of Ihram of Hajj is the city of Mecca.[9]

From the time of Ihram to TaHallul, Hajj pilgrims should avoid the prohibitions of Ihram, such as Verbal disputing, sexual intercourse, and good scent.[10]

Staying at 'Arafat

Main article: Wuquf at 'Arafat

Staying at Arafat is the second obligatory rites of Hajj and it means “staying at the desert of Arafat”.[11] According to Shia jurists, the time of staying at Arafat is from noon on the ninth day of Dhu l-Hijja (day of Arafa) until sunset, which is the time of Maghrib prayer.[12] In the four Sunni denominatons, the time of this Rite is considered to be the day of Arafa; Of course, there is a difference between these denominatons in its exact time.[13]

For a hajj pilgrim who does not feel weak in praying, it is recommended to fast on this day. Being Ṭahir, doing ghusl and staying at the bottom of the mountain and on flat ground, are other mustaHabbs of staying at 'Arafat.[14]

Reciting the Supplication of Imam Husayn(a) on the day of 'Arafa is one of the customs that Shiites perform on this day and at the desert of 'Arafat.[15] Other customs of this day are repentance(Tawba).[16] and reciting special Supplications.[17]

Staying at al-Mash'ar

Main article: Wuquf at al-Mash'ar

Wuqūf at al-Mash'ar the third obligatory rites of Hajj and it means “staying at Mash'ar”.[18] The time of this rites, based on Shia jurisprudence, is from dawn on the 10th day of Dhu l-Hijja ('Eid of al-AdHa) until sunrise.[19] Reciting special Supplications,[20] dhikr of God, and collecting pebbles that are thrown to the Jamrat at Mina are also the mustaHabbs of staying at mash'ar.[21]

Mina rituals

Main article: Mina rituals

Hajj pilgrims should come out of Mash'ar and go to Mina after sunrise on the 10th day of Dhu l-Hijja ('Eid of al-AdHa). A Hadji in Tamattu' Hajj must perform the rituals of Mina, which include three actions: “Ramy Jamrah 'Aqaba”, “Sacrifice” and “Halq and Taqsir”.[22]

According to Shia jurists, observing the order of the above rituals is obligatory or obligatory Caution, and according to Hanbali and Shafi'i jurists, observing the order is mustahabb, and whoever does not observe it has no Kaffara.[23]

Ramy al-Jamreh al-'Aqaba

Main article: Ramy

On the day of 'Eid of al-AdHa, after sunrise, it is obligatory for a Hajj pilgrims to throw seven stones at the Jamrah al-Aqaba (the last Jamrah in Mina).[24] Throwing stones should be with the Qurba intention and hit gradually; So, if he hits several pebbles together, it is not enough, but it is counted as one.[25]

According to Shia jurisprudence, when hadji doing ramy al-jamarh it is mustahabb to turn the back to the Qibla.[26] Of course, Hanbaliyya and Malikiya denominatons have considered it mustahabb to face the Qibla when doing ramy of Jamrah al-Aqaba.[27]

Sacrifice

Main article: sacrifice

It is obligatory for the Hajj pilgrims to slaughter an animal in the way of God, as one of the rituals of Hajj. Sheep, cows, and camels are animals that can be sacrificed.[28] The time of sacrifice is after Ramy al-Jamrah al-Aqaba and before Halq or Taqsir.[29] Of course, based on Hanbali, Hanafi and Maliki jurisprudence, the time of sacrifice is the day of 'Eid of al-AdHa and two days after it.[30] The pilgrim can sacrifice the animal by hisself, and he can delegate another person to sacrifice the animal on his behalf.[31]

According to the majority of Shia jurists, in Hajj al-Tamattu' it is obligatory for a Hajj pilgrim must make a sacrifice, regardless of whether he is afaqi or not;[32] but a small number of Shia jurists[33] and Sunni jurists[34] do not consider it obligatory for a Hajj pilgrim who is a Meccan to make a sacrifice.

Halq and Taqsir

Main article: Halq or taqsir

“Halq” means shaving the hair of the head and “Taqsir” means cutting some hair and nails.[35] The time of this act is from sunrise to sunset on the day of Eid al-Adha and its place is Mina.[36] for women and men who do not have hair on their head, it is obligatory to do the Taqsir[Explanatory Notes 1]. A person who is in the first year of hir/her Hajj must do the Halq[37] According to Shia jurists, Halq or taqsir should be done on the day of Eid al-Adha as a Obligatory Caution or as a recommended Caution . Of course, based on Hanbali, Hanafi and Maliki jurisprudence, it can be delayed from the days of NaHr[Explanatory Notes 2][38]

Ṭawaf of hajj and its prayer

Main articles: tawaf and Prayer of tawaf

tawaf is circling seven times around the Ka'ba in Masjid al-Haram. It is obligatory to start these seven rounds from the pillar of the Ka'ba where the Hajar al-'Aswad is located and end there. During tawaf, the Ka'ba should be on the left side.[39] According to the fatwa of most Shiite jurists, tawaf of Ka'ba in Masjid al-Haram is valid as long as people do tawaf and say that they do tawaf Ka'ba.[40] According to some other Shiite jurists, tawaf should be within the distance between Ka'ba and Maqam-i Ibrahim, which is about 13 meters. However, for the followers of these maraji', if tawaf is difficult or not possible in that area, and they cannot wait to perform tawaf in other time, there is no problem at a further distance.[41]

tawaf prayer is a obligatory prayer that has two-rak'at and should be recited after circumambulation of Ka'ba with the intention of tawaf prayer, behind the Maqam-i Ibrahim. This prayer is like morning prayer; But it does not have Adhan and Iqama.[42]

Sa'y

Main article: Sa'y

Sa'y means walking the distance between the two mountains of safa and Marwa seven times. This action starts from Safa and ends at Marwa, that is, it is counted from Safa to Marwa the first time and from Marwa to Safa the second time.[43]

It is recommended for men to ride on a part of the path marked with a green line and light. Saying these dhikr, 'Allahu 'akbar; La ilaha illa'llah; Alhamdulillah and Subhanallah hundred times; is another mustahab of sa'y.[44]

Ṭawaf al-Nisa' and its prayer

Main article: tawaf al-Nisa

tawaf al-Nisa' is seven rounds around Ka'ba, which is done with the intention of tawaf al-Nisa. After tawaf of al-Nisa, its prayer should be recited behind Maqam-i Ibrahim . tawaf al-Nisa and its prayer are like tawaf and tawaf prayer (except for the intention); Therefore, it starts from Hajar al-'Aswad and ends there.[45] Of course, Sunni jurists do not consider the tawaf al-Nisa as obligatory and instead consider the Ṭawaf of Wida' as one of the obligatory or recommended rituals.[46]

Beitūta

Main article: Beitūta

Beitūta means “to stay the night in a place”. It is obligatory for the hajj pilgrims to stay the 11th and 12th nights of Dhu l-Hijja from sunset to midnight with the qurba intention in Mina. Therefore, those who have gone to Mecca should return to Mina before sunset. According to the fatwa of some Shiite jurists, hajj pilgrims can spend the first or second half of the night in Mina.[47] Of course, according to Hanafi jurisprudence, it is Mustahabb and leaving it is Makruh.[48]

The boundaries of Mina are marked with blue signs, on the outer part of which is written “Bidaya Mina” (the beginning of Mina) and on the inner part it is written “Nahaye Mina” (the end of Mina).[49]

According to Shia jurisprudence,[50] those who stay the whole night in mecca worshiping God until morning and do no other work except for the necessary work, it is not obligatory for them to do Beitūta.[51]

According to Islamic denominatons, those who have an excuse, can leave Beitūta in Mina.[52] For example, patients, their nurses and those who find it difficult to stay in Mina can leave Beitūta.[53]

Ramy al-Jamrat

Main article: Ramy

Ramy al-Jamrat is throwing stones at the jamarat is another obligatory rites of Hajj.[54] At the end of Mina, there are three stones, the first one is called “Jamara al-'ūla”, the second one is “Jamara al-Wusṭa” and the third one is “Jamara al-Kubra or 'Aqaba”.[55] Some of the rules and obligations of Ramy are as follows:

  • Al-Niyya (Intention): Ramy, like other rituals of Hajj, is an ritual of worship and should be performed with the intention of closeness and without any hypocrisy or show off.
  • Seven pebbles must be thrown into the jamarah, but it is not necessary to hit them one after the other, so for example, if two of them hit the jamrah and the third one does not, if the fourth one hits the jamarah, it is counted as the third one.
  • throwing stones, so if hajj pilgrim goes ahead and lays stones, it is not enough.
  • The stone should hit the jamarah.
  • It hits the jamarah by throwing it, Therefore, it is not enough if it hits a stone by hitting a place or by hitting other people's stones.
  • Hajj pilgrim should hit jamarah gradually, so if he/she hits several pebbles together, it is not enough, but one is counted.[56]

According to the Maliki, Shafi'i and Hanbali schools of thought, it is obligatory to follow the order of the three Jamrats. The Hanafi denominaton has considered observing order as Mustahabb.[57]

It is recommended to be Tahir while throwing stones and say Takbir with every stone has throwed. It is recommended to throw al-'ūla and al-Wusṭa jamrah facing the Qibla and throwing jamarah al-'Aqaba back to the Qibla.[58]

Hajj Pilgrims can leave Mina on the twelfth day of Dhu l-Hijja, after noon; However, if someone does not leave Mina on that day until the sun sets, he should stay the 13th night there as well, and throw Jamrats on the 13th day as well.[59]

Notes

  1. ↑ Fallahzada, Darsnama-yi manasik-i hajj, p. 26.
  2. ↑ Fallahzada, Darsnama-yi manasik-i hajj, p. 28.
  3. ↑ Fallahzada, Darsnama-yi manasik-i hajj, p. 29.
  4. ↑ Fallahzada, Darsnama-yi manasik-i hajj, p. 33.
  5. ↑ Fallahzada, Darsnama-yi manasik-i hajj, p. 41.
  6. ↑ Fallahzada, Darsnama-yi manasik-i hajj, p. 44.
  7. ↑ Fallahzada, Darsnama-yi manasik-i hajj, p. 49.
  8. ↑ Fallahzada, Darsnama-yi manasik-i hajj, p. 51.
  9. ↑ Fallahzada, Darsnama-yi manasik-i hajj, p. 53.
  10. ↑ Fallahzada, Darsnama-yi manasik-i hajj, p. 55.
  11. ↑ Fikri, Farhang-i IsṭilaHat-i Hajj wa 'Umra, P. 275.
  12. ↑ Fallahzada, Darsnama-yi manasik-i hajj, p. 58.
  13. ↑ Murwarid, Al-Masadir al-fiqhiyya, vol. 10, p.33; Ṭūsi, Al-Khilaf, vol. 1, p. 453; Sabiq, Fiqh al-sunna, vol. 1, p. 522; Hilli, Tadhkirat al-fuqaha', vol. 8, p. 177; Pishih fard, Daramadi bar fiqh-i Muqarin, p. 387; Jaziri, Al-Fiqh 'ala al-madhahib al-arba'a, Vol. 1, p. 597,599; Mughniya, Al-Fiqh 'ala al-madhahib al-khamsa, vol. 1, p. 378.
  14. ↑ Fallahzada, Darsnama-yi manasik-i hajj, p. 59.
  15. ↑ Fallahzada, Darsnama-yi manasik-i hajj, p. 60.
  16. ↑ MisbaH al-shari'a, P. 92; Fayd al-Kashani, Al-MaHjat al-bayda', vol. 2; p. 207.
  17. ↑ MuHammadi Reyshahri, Hajj wa 'Umra dar Quran wa Hadith, p. 392.
  18. ↑ Fikri, Farhang-i IsṭilaHat-i Hajj wa 'Umra, p. 276.
  19. ↑ Qadi'skar, Hajj dar andishi-yi islami, P. 288.
  20. ↑ sadūq, Man la yaHduruh al-faqih, vol. 2; p. 543.
  21. ↑ Fallahzada, Darsnama-yi manasik-i hajj, p. 63.
  22. ↑ Fallahzada, Darsnama-yi manasik-i hajj, p. 65.
  23. ↑ Najafi, Jawahir al-kalam, vol. 19; p. 250-251; Shahid al-Thani, Al-Rawda al-bahiyya fi sharH al-lum'at al-Dimashqiyya, vol. 1, p. 525; YaHya, Rasa'il li-lHujjaj wa al-mu'tamirin, P. 12-13.
  24. ↑ Fallahzada, Darsnama-yi manasik-i hajj, p. 26.
  25. ↑ Fallahzada, Darsnama-yi manasik-i hajj, p. 66-67.
  26. ↑ Fallahzada, Darsnama-yi manasik-i hajj, p. 67.
  27. ↑ Jaziri, Al-Fiqh 'ala al-madhahib al-arba'a, vol. 1, p. 599-605; Ṭūsi, Al-Khilaf, vol. 1, p. 456; Sabiq, Fiqh al-sunna, vol. 1, p. 533; Ibn Quddama, Al-Kafi fi fiqh ibn Hanbal, P. 1045-1046; Namiri al-qurṭubi, Al-Kafi fi fiqh ahl al-madina, p. 502.
  28. ↑ Fallahzada, Darsnama-yi manasik-i hajj, p. 67.
  29. ↑ Fallahzada, Darsnama-yi manasik-i hajj, p. 68.
  30. ↑ Jaziri, Al-Fiqh 'ala al-madhahib al-arba'a, vol. 1, p. 587-588; Hilli, Tadhkirat al-fuqaha', vol. 8, p. 252-258.
  31. ↑ Fallahzada, Darsnama-yi manasik-i hajj, p. 69.
  32. ↑ Hilli, TaHrir al-aHkam, vol. 1, p. 619-620; Hilli, Shara'i' al-Islam, Vol. 1, p. 234.
  33. ↑ Sarakhsi, Al-Mabsūṭ, Vol. 1, p. 308.
  34. ↑ Mawūrdi, Al-Hawi al-kabir, vol. 4, p. 50, Ibn Qudama, Al-Mughni, vol. 3, p. 501-502; Baghdadi, Irshad al-salik, vol. 1, p. 43.
  35. ↑ Fallahzada, Darsnama-yi manasik-i hajj, p. 71.
  36. ↑ Fallahzada, Darsnama-yi manasik-i hajj, p. 72.
  37. ↑ Fallahzada, Darsnama-yi manasik-i hajj, p. 71-72.
  38. ↑ Shahid al-Thani, Al-Rawda al-bahiyya fi sharH al-lum'at al-Dimashqiyya, vol. 1, p. 539-561; Sabiq, Fiqh al-sunna, Vol. 1, p. 40.
  39. ↑ Fallahzada, Darsnama-yi manasik-i hajj, p. 33-38.
  40. ↑ Fallahzada, Darsnama-yi manasik-i hajj, p. 33-38.
  41. ↑ Fallahzada, Darsnama-yi manasik-i hajj, p. 33-38.
  42. ↑ Fallahzada, Darsnama-yi manasik-i hajj, p. 41-44.
  43. ↑ Fallahzada, Darsnama-yi manasik-i hajj, p. 41-44.
  44. ↑ Fallahzada, Darsnama-yi manasik-i hajj, p. 41-44.
  45. ↑ Wizhianami-yi 'umra-yi mufradih: Wisal-i dūst, P.74-78; Fallahzada, Darsnama-yi manasik-i hajj, p. 80.
  46. ↑ Shirazi, Al-Tanbih, Vol. l, p. 80; Nawawi, Al-Majmū', vol. 8, p. 265-266.
  47. ↑ Fallahzada, Darsnama-yi manasik-i hajj, p. 74-75.
  48. ↑ Murwarid, Al-Masadir al-fiqhiyya, vol. 10, p. 278.
  49. ↑ Fallahzada, Darsnama-yi manasik-i hajj, p. 75.
  50. ↑ Mughniya, Al-Fiqh 'ala al-madhahib al-khamsa, vol. 1, p. 406; Sabiq, Fiqh al-sunna, vol. 10, p. 534-535; Ṭūsi, Al-Khilaf, vol. 1, p. 461-462; Hilli, Tadhkirat al-fuqaha', vol. 8, p. 358-359.
  51. ↑ Fallahzada, Darsnama-yi manasik-i hajj, p. 75.
  52. ↑ Pishih fard, Daramadi bar fiqh-i Muqarin, p. 419.
  53. ↑ Fallahzada, Darsnama-yi manasik-i hajj, p. 75.
  54. ↑ Fallahzada, Darsnama-yi manasik-i hajj, p. 76.
  55. ↑ Fallahzada, Darsnama-yi manasik-i hajj, p. 66-67.
  56. ↑ Fallahzada, Darsnama-yi manasik-i hajj, p. 66-67.
  57. ↑ Hilli, Tadhkirat al-fuqaha', vol. 8, p. 362; Sabiq, Fiqh al-sunna, vol. 1, p. 533-534; Jaziri, Al-Fiqh 'ala al-madhahib al-arba'a, vol. 1, p. 599-603
  58. ↑ Fallahzada, Darsnama-yi manasik-i hajj, p. 78.
  59. ↑ Fallahzada, Darsnama-yi manasik-i hajj, p. 78.
  1. ↑ Of course, according to Hanafi jurisprudence, it is obligatory for men without hair to shave their heads. In the jurisprudence of other Sunni religions, this practice is considered recommended.(Sabiq, Fiqh al-sunna, Vol. 1, p. 454.)
  2. ↑ According to these three denominations, the days of Nahr are Eid al-Adha and two days after that.

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