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Imam Sajjad (AS)

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Imam Sajjad (AS)
Personal details
EpithetZayn al-Abidin
LineageBanu Hashim
ChildrenImam Baqir (AS)

Imam Sajjad (AS) (38–95 AH), known as Zayn al-Abidin, is the fourth Imam of the Shia, the son of Imam Husayn (AS), and the father of Imam Baqir (AS). He is renowned for his frequent worship, asceticism, generosity, and charity. The burial place of Imam Sajjad (AS) is in the Baqi' Cemetery. According to one account, he was poisoned and martyred by Walid ibn Abd al-Malik, the sixth Umayyad ruler. The merit of visiting the shrine of Imam Sajjad (AS) is mentioned among the pilgrimages to the Imams of Baqi'.

Imam Sajjad (AS) went on Hajj pilgrimage many times, with some sources recording up to twenty journeys. Based on a narration from Imam Sajjad (AS), whoever performs the Hajj rituals, Paradise becomes obligatory for him and his sins are forgiven. In a narration known as the Hadith of Shibli, the Imam discusses the secrets of Hajj and the inner meanings of its rituals.

There are several sites in Iraq attributed to Imam Sajjad (AS), including: the Maqam of Imam Sajjad (AS) in Hilla, the Maqam of Imam Sajjad (AS) in Najaf, and the Maqam of Imam Sajjad (AS) in Karbala.

Introduction and Status

Ali ibn Husayn (AS), known as Sajjad and Zayn al-Abidin, is the fourth Imam of the Shia, who, according to the most common account, was born in Medina in 38 AH.[1] He witnessed the final years of the caliphate of his grandfather Imam Ali (AS), spent 13 years with his uncle Imam Hasan (AS), and 23 years alongside his father Imam Husayn (AS).

Imam Sajjad was present during the event of Ashura in 61 AH during the uprising of Imam Husayn (AS) in Karbala; however, due to illness, he did not participate in the battle, and he lived for another 33 or 34 years after this event.[2] It is said that Ali ibn Husayn (AS) was poisoned and martyred in 94[3] or 95 AH[4] by the order of Walid ibn Abd al-Malik (reigned: 86–96 AH)[5] and was buried in the Baqi' Cemetery beside the graves of Imam Hasan (AS), Imam Baqir (AS), and Imam Sadiq (AS).[6]

Furthermore, some narrations state that Imam Sajjad (AS) went to Karbala during the first Arba'in and reunited the heads of the martyrs with their bodies.[7]

Era of Imamate

Imam Sajjad (AS) is one of the twelve infallible Imams of the Shia.[8] His Imamate began with the martyrdom of Imam Husayn (AS) on Ashura in 61 AH and continued until his own martyrdom (in 94 or 95 AH).[9]

Many narrations have been transmitted regarding the devotional life and frequent worship of Imam Sajjad (AS),[10] and his collection of supplications has been compiled in the book al-Sahifa al-Sajjadiyya.[11] Additionally, the Ziyarat Amin Allah has been narrated from Imam Sajjad (AS).[12] Imam Sajjad has been described as a person of great generosity,[13] kind to the needy and orphans, and dedicated to charity and almsgiving.[14]

The era of Imam Sajjad's (AS) Imamate was contemporary with several Umayyad Caliphs (reigned: 41–132 AH) and the Zubayrids (reigned: 64–73 AH), including Yazid ibn Mu'awiya (61–64), Abdallah ibn al-Zubayr (64–73), Mu'awiya ibn Yazid (64), Marwan ibn al-Hakam (65), Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan (65–86), and Walid ibn Abd al-Malik (86–96). The dominance of the Umayyad faction and the multi-year control of the Zubayrids over Mecca and Medina—as opponents of the Shia and the Ahl al-Bayt (AS)—created one of the most critical and difficult periods of Imamate for Imam Sajjad (AS).[15]

Hajj Pilgrimages of Imam Sajjad (AS)

The practical conduct of Imam Sajjad (AS) demonstrates the attention and importance he placed on the Hajj. There are accounts indicating that Imam Sajjad (AS) performed the Hajj on numerous occasions,[16] sometimes riding[17] and sometimes on foot.[18] Some have estimated the number of his Hajj pilgrimages to be 20.[19] In a narration regarding his and the Ahl al-Bayt (AS)'s connection to Hajj, Imam Sajjad (AS) states: "I am the son of Mecca and Mina, Safa and Zamzam."[20]

In early sources, numerous accounts of Imam Sajjad's (AS) travels to Mecca are recorded. It is said that on one occasion, to convince his uncle Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya, who claimed the Imamate, the Imam asked him to go to Mecca to the Hajar al-Aswad, and whoever the Hajar al-Aswad confirmed as the Imam would be the rightful one. By divine permission, the Hajar al-Aswad spoke and confirmed the Imamate of Imam Sajjad (AS).[21]

One of Imam Sajjad's (AS) trips to Mecca coincided with the journey of Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik (reigned: 105–125 AH) to the city. Hisham, who had gone on Hajj during the caliphate of his father Abd al-Malik (65–86) or his brother Walid (86–96),[22] was unable to touch the Hajar al-Aswad due to the crowd. At that moment, Imam Sajjad (AS) approached the Hajar al-Aswad, and the people, out of respect for him and to preserve his dignity, moved aside, allowing the Imam to easily touch the stone.[23]

The Reward of Hajj

From the perspective of Imam Sajjad (AS), performing Hajj and visiting the House of God carries a vast reward and recompense.[24] Based on a narration from Imam Sajjad (AS), whoever performs the rites of Hajj is forgiven, Paradise becomes mandatory for him, and his sins are pardoned.[25] In another narration, he points to the intercession of divine angels for one who performs the Sa'i between Safa and Marwa.[26]


The Hadith of Shibli

Template:اصلی The Hadith of Shibli is a narration attributed to Imam Zayn al-Abidin (AS) in which the Imam, in a conversation with Shibli, explains the secrets and inner meanings of the rites of Hajj.[27] The secrets of the Miqat, the secrets of entering the Haram, and the secrets of staying in the Mashair are among the topics addressed in this hadith.[28]


Imam Sajjad's (AS) Supplication on the Day of Arafah

Template:اصلی The forty-seventh supplication of the Sahifa Sajjadiyya is a prayer that Imam Sajjad (AS) recited on the Day of Arafah.[29] This supplication is the longest in the Sahifa and covers topics such as the names and attributes of God, prayers and blessings upon the Prophet (PBUH), the Ahl al-Bayt (AS), and the Shi'a, as well as the expression of certain noble moral virtues.[30]


Burial Place of Imam Sajjad (AS)

Template:اصلی

Imam Sajjad (AS) is buried in the Baqi' Cemetery alongside Imam Hasan (AS),[31] Imam Baqir (AS),[32] and Imam Sadiq (AS).[33][34] In the fifth century, Majd al-Mulk Baravestani (d. 492 AH), a vizier of the Seljuks, built a tall shrine and dome over the graves of the Shi'a Imams.[35] This dome and shrine were destroyed once in 1220 AH by the Wahhabis, and after being rebuilt in 1233 AH by the Ottoman government,[36] they were destroyed again by the Wahhabis in 1344 AH and have remained without a dome or building in the Baqi' cemetery grounds to this day.[37]


Pilgrimage to Imam Sajjad (AS) in Baqi'

Template:اصلی The virtue of visiting Imam Sajjad (AS) is mentioned among the pilgrimages to the Imams of Baqi'; in a narration from Imam Sadiq (AS), visiting the Imams after Hajj is considered the conclusion of the rites of Hajj, whereby the Hajj rites are completed.[38]

There is a specific Ziyarat-nama (pilgrimage text) for Imam Sajjad that the pilgrim recites when present at his grave in the Baqi' cemetery.[39] According to Shi'a scholars, the best pilgrimages for visiting the Shi'a Imams are the Ziyarat Jami'a al-Kabira and the Ziyarat Amin Allah.


Pilgrimage Sites Attributed to Imam Sajjad (AS)

There are three locations in the country of Iraq attributed to Imam Sajjad (AS), which are:

Maqam of Imam Sajjad (AS) in Hilla

Template:اصلی The Maqam attributed to Imam Sajjad (AS) in the city of Hilla consists of two rectangular rooms with a green dome and two minarets. At this site, a Zarih or a small chest more than one meter high has been installed as a sign of the place where Imam Zayn al-Abidin (AS) was present, and it is covered with green cloths.[40]

Maqam of Imam Sajjad (AS) in Najaf

Template:اصلی

A view of the Maqam of Imam Sajjad (AS) in Najaf al-Ashraf

The Maqam of Imam Sajjad (AS) in Najaf is located on the western side of the Holy Shrine of Ali. This Maqam is, in fact, the place where Imam Sajjad (AS) stopped and stayed during his pilgrimage to his grandfather, Imam Ali (AS), and the Imam performed worship and prayer there.[41]

Maqam of Imam Sajjad (AS) in Karbala

Template:اصلی The Maqam of Imam Sajjad (AS) and the Captives of Karbala is one of the stopping points of the caravan of the captives of Karbala in the country of Iraq, located in the Khasif region of Karbala.[42]


Footnotes

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  1. ↑ al-Kafi, vol. 1, p. 466; al-Irshad, vol. 2, p. 137.
  2. ↑ Tarikh al-Tabari, vol. 11, p. 630.
  3. ↑ Tarikh al-Tabari, vol. 11, p. 631; Ansab al-Ashraf, vol. 10, p. 237.
  4. ↑ Tarikh Madinat Dimashq, vol. 41, p. 416.
  5. ↑ al-Ithaf bi-Hubb al-Ashraf, p. 277.
  6. ↑ Tarikh al-Tabari, vol. 11, p. 631.
  7. ↑ Bihar al-Anwar, vol. 98, p. 334.
  8. ↑ I'lam al-Wara, pp. 396–397.
  9. ↑ al-Irshad, vol. 2, p. 138; I'lam al-Wara, p. 256.
  10. ↑ al-'Ibar, vol. 1, p. 83.
  11. ↑ al-Dhari'a, vol. 15, pp. 18–19.
  12. ↑ Kamil al-Ziyarat, p. 39.
  13. ↑ Tarikh al-Ya'qubi, vol. 2, p. 259.
  14. ↑ Bihar al-Anwar, vol. 46, pp. 62–63.
  15. ↑ Ithbat al-Wasiyya, pp. 167–168; al-Sahifa al-Sajjadiyya, Supplication 49, p. 244.
  16. ↑ al-Mahasin, vol. 2, p. 361; Manaqib Al Abi Talib, vol. 3, pp. 293–294; al-Durr al-Nazim, p. 591.
  17. ↑ Manaqib Al Abi Talib, vol. 3, p. 294.
  18. ↑ al-Irshad, vol. 2, p. 144; al-Muntazam, vol. 5, p. 349.
  19. ↑ al-Mahasin, vol. 2, p. 635; al-Khisal, pp. 517–518.
  20. ↑ al-Kafi, vol. 1, p. 473.
  21. ↑ al-Kafi, vol. 1, p. 348; al-Ihtijaj, vol. 2, p. 46.
  22. ↑ al-Ikhtisas, p. 191; al-Aghani, vol. 15, p. 217.
  23. ↑ al-Aghani, vol. 15, p. 217; al-Ikhtisas, p. 119; al-Irshad, vol. 2, p. 151.
  24. ↑ Al-Kafi, vol. 4, p. 411.
  25. ↑ Man La Yahduruhu al-Faqih, p. 156.
  26. ↑ Man La Yahduruhu al-Faqih, vol. 2, p. 209.
  27. ↑ A Study of the Secrets of Hajj in the Hadith of Shibli from the Perspective of Verses and Narrations, pp. 12 and 15.
  28. ↑ A Study of the Secrets of Hajj in the Hadith of Shibli from the Perspective of Verses and Narrations, pp. 44–177.
  29. ↑ Sahifa Kamila Sajjadiyya, p. 210.
  30. ↑ Diyar-e Asheqan, vol. 7, pp. 539–540.
  31. ↑ Al-Kafi, vol. 1, p. 427.
  32. ↑ Muruj al-Dhahab, vol. 3, p. 219.
  33. ↑ Muruj al-Dhahab, vol. 3, p. 219.
  34. ↑ Al-Kafi, vol. 1, p. 469.
  35. ↑ Al-Kamil, vol. 10, p. 352.
  36. ↑ Baqi' in the Mirror of Artistic Depictions, p. 21.
  37. ↑ Destruction and Reconstruction of Baqi', p. 41.
  38. ↑ Bihar al-Anwar, vol. 97, pp. 139 and 206.
  39. ↑ Qala'id al-Durar fi Manasik man Hajj wa I'tamara, vol. 1, p. 112.
  40. ↑ Shrines of Iraq, vol. 2, p. 50.
  41. ↑ Shrines of Iraq, vol. 1, p. 77.
  42. ↑ Al-Mawaqi' al-Athariyya wa al-Siyahiyya fi Karbala, p. 129.
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