Hajj of the Prophets

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Hajj of the Prophets is the report of the Islamic narratives of performing hajj of the  Prophets from Adam to Muhammad (s). According to some hadiths, all the prophets have performed Hajj and some of them have been specially clarified to perform Hajj. According to Islamic traditions, prophet Adam first built the Ka'ba and performed Hajj with the help of Gabriel, and the other prophets performed Hajj after him. The Ka'ba was destroyed by the flood of Noah, but the prophets after Noah used to perform Hajj without knowing the exact location of the Ka'ba until Prophet Abraham rebuilt the Ka'ba. Moses, Jesus, solomon, David, Khidr, Jonah and Elijah are among the prophets whose presence in Mecca for Hajj is mentioned in Islamic narratives.

The place in narrations

Performng hajj  of the Prophets has been mentioned in numerous traditions in Islamic sources; In some collective narrative books, there is a chapter which is collected hadiths under the title "Hajj al-Anbiya".[1] Some of these hadiths[2] are below the verse that introduced the Ka'ba as the first house on earth [Explanatory Notes 1][3]. and another, under the verse that considers the Ka'ba as (الْبَيْتِ الْعَتِيقِ) [[Explanatory Notes 2][4]. [5]Also, some hadith under the verse( و لکل امه جعلنا منسکا)[Explanatory Notes 3], have considered Hajj rituals as one of the obligatory rituals for all nations.[6]

Narratives about the Hajj of the Prophets

Adam and Seth

According to Islamic narrations, after the fall of Adam to the earth, he was commissioned by God to build the Ka'ba and hold the Hajj ceremony.[7] It has been narrated about the hajj of Adam that After Adam's exit from the heaven,  he descended on the Safa mountain, then Gabriel taught him the rites of Hajj, and Adam performed all Hajj rituals, including Tawāf, Ramy al-Jamarāt, Make a sacrifice, Al-Ḥalq, Saʿy and Tawāf Al-Nisā'.[8] Some narrations have reported about 700 Hajj and 300 Umrah of Adam on his foot. [9] After Adam , his son the propht  Seth rebuilt the Ka'ba and performed Hajj Al-ʿUmra al-Mufrada. [10] The Hajj ceremony continued after Adam among his children[11] and the prophets After him, paid special attention to performing Hajj.[12]

Noah

Prophet Noah performed Hajj before the flood[13] and during the storm, he was assigned to circumambulate his passengers around the Ka'ba and take them to Minā. On the way back, this ship circumambulated the Ka'ba again, and the ship's passengers tried to travel between Safa and Marwah.[14]

Abraham and Ishmael

According to some reports, the Ka'ba disappeared in the storm of Noah. Prophets used to perform Hajj without knowing the exact location of the Ka'ba[15] until Prophet Abraham was commissioned to rebuild the Ka'ba and revive the ritual of Hajj.[16] After the reconstruction of the Ka'ba, he asked God to represent the Hajj rituals to him[Explanatory Notes 4] [17] Gabriel came to him and taught him the rituals of Hajj one by one[18] and after the command to call people to perform Hajj,[19] Abraham stood up on a high place[Explanatory Notes 5] and loudly called the people to performing  Hajj[20] and he and his son Ishmael and a group of Jarhamites performed Hajj.[21] After that, Hajj as a sacred tradition with special actions continued by the other Prophets and their followers[22]

Moses

After Abraham and Ishmael, other prophets performed Hajj as it is narrated that Prophet Moses along with 70 prophets for performing Hajj on a red-haired camel after passing through the area of "Safāḥ al-Ruḥā" while speaking “labbayk yā karīm labbayk”  and Putting on Ihrām.[23] In a tradition, IbnʿAbbas has narrated from Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) that 70 prophets, including Moses, came to Minā and prayed in Al-Khaif Mosque.[24]

Other Prophets

According to some narrations, Jesus started the Hajj or ʿUmrah by saying "Labbayk Abduk ibn Amatik Labbayk".[25]David also prayed in ʿArafāt when he saw the huge wave of pilgrims[26]. prophet Solomon performed Hajj together with humans, elves and birds and covered the Ka'ba with Egyptian cloth. [27] According to other traditions, Jonah recited the Talbīya "Labbayk kāshshāf al-kurab al-ʿaẓīm labbayk", and Khidr and Elijah perform Hajj every year in the appointed season.[28] In some traditions, performing the hajj of Hud and Saleh is also mentioned. [29]

Muhammad(PBUH)

With the rise of Islam, the Hajj ritual was legislated as one of the religious obligations for Muslims, and Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) performed the Hajj ritual. According to some narrations, Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) performed 20 Hajj and three separate ʿUmrahs, all of which took place in the month of Dhu al-Qaʿda.[30] His only Hajj after the Hijrah was performed in the 10th year of the Hijri along with a hundred thousand Muslims and was known as the Farewell Hajj(Ḥajjat al-Wadāʿ means The last Hajj).[31]

Hajj of all the prophets in hadiths without mentioning their names

Some hadiths have reported about the Hajj of the Prophets without mentioning their names. According to some reports, all the prophets except Hud and Saleh did not succeed in performing Hajj because they were engaged in preaching. The rest of them performed Hajj.[32] But this view is considered weak.[33] In addition, in some hadiths, Hud and Saleh have been explicitly mentioned [34] and it has even been said that They died in Mecca and were buried near the Ka'ba.[35] Therefore, all the prophets performed Hajj. Some narrations quoted from Shia imams also confirm this point of view;[36] as Imam Ali(a.s) has said in a speech that the Ka'ba is the place of many prophets from Adam to the end of the world.[37]

Notes

  1. ↑ Kulayni, Al-Kafi, vol. 4 p. 212;
  2. ↑ ʿAyyāshī, Tafsīr al-ʿAyyāshī, vol. 1, p. 60, 186.
  3. ↑ Qurʾān,3:96.
  4. ↑ Qurʾān,22:34
  5. ↑ Ṣadūq,ʿIlal al-sharāʾiʿ, vol. 2, p. 399, Ṭūsī, Al-Khilāf, vol. 6, p. 58.
  6. ↑ Ṭabrisī, Majmaʿ al-bayān, vol. 7, p. 134; Qurṭubī, Tafsīr al-Qurtubī, vol. 12, p. 58.
  7. ↑ Al-Arzaqī, Akhbār-i Makkih, vol. 1, p. 34-36; Ṣadūq, Man lā yaḥḍuruh al-faqīh, vol. 2, p. 235; Ḥurr al-ʿĀmilī,Wasāʾil al-Shīʿa, vol. 13, p. 332.
  8. ↑ Kulayni, Al-Kafi, vol. 4 p. 190-191; Ṣadūq,ʿIlal al-sharāʾiʿ, vol. 2, p. 400.
  9. ↑ Ṣadūq, Man lā yaḥḍuruh al-faqīh, vol. 2, p. 229.
  10. ↑ Ṭabarī,Tārīkh al-Ṭabarī, vol. 1, p. 162; ʿAynī,ʿUmdat al-qarī, vol. 15, p. 217; Majlisī, Biḥār al-anwār, vol. 11, p. 261.
  11. ↑ Ṭabarī,Tārīkh al-Ṭabarī, vol. 1, p. 162; ʿAynī,ʿUmdat al-qarī, vol. 15, p. 217; Majlisī, Biḥār al-anwār, vol. 11, p. 261.
  12. ↑ Al-Arzaqī, Akhbār-i Makkih, vol. 1, p. 51,68-69, 72-74; Qurṭubī, Tafsīr al-Qurtubī, vol. 2, p. 130; Ṣāliḥī Shāmī, Subul al-hudā, vol. 1, p. 210.
  13. ↑ Nūrī, Mustadrak al-wasāʾil, vol. 8, p. 9; Al-Arzaqī, Akhbār-i Makkih, vol. 1, p. 72.
  14. ↑ Kulayni, Al-Kafi, vol. 4 p. 212-213; ʿAyyāshī, Tafsīr al-ʿAyyāshī, vol. 2, p. 149; Ṣadūq, Man lā yaḥḍuruh al-faqīh, vol. 2, p. 230.
  15. ↑ Al-Arzaqī, Akhbār-i Makkih, vol. 1, p. 38; Ṭūsī, Al-Tibyān, vol. 1, p. 436; Haythamī, 'Majmaʿ al-zawāʾid, vol. 3, p. 288.
  16. ↑ Qurʾān,22:26; Qurʾān,2:127-128.
  17. ↑ Qurʾān,2:128.
  18. ↑ Kulayni, Al-Kafi, vol. 4 p. 205; Bayhaqī, Sunan al-kubrā, vol. 5, p. 145.
  19. ↑ Qurʾān,22:27.
  20. ↑ Ṭabrisī, Majmaʿ al-bayān, vol. 7, p. 128-129; Ibn Abī l-Ḥātam, Tafsīr al-Qurʾān al-ʿaẓīm, vol. 8, p. 2487.
  21. ↑ Al-Arzaqī, Akhbār-i Makkih, vol. 1, p. 66-72; Ṭabarī,Tārīkh al-Ṭabarī, vol. 1, p. 260-262; Ḥurr al-ʿĀmilī,Wasāʾil al-Shīʿa, vol. 11, p. 8.
  22. ↑ Al-Arzaqī, Akhbār-i Makkih, vol. 1, p. 68; Dar rāh-i Barpāei-h hajj-i Ibrāhīmī, p. 200.
  23. ↑ Kulaynī, Al-Kāfī, vol. 4 p. 213-214; ʿAyyāshī, Tafsīr al-ʿAyyāshī, vol. 1, p. 186; Ṣadūq, Man lā yaḥḍuruh al-faqīh, vol. 2, p. 234-235.
  24. ↑ Ṭabarānī, Al-Muʿjam al-kabīr, vol. 11, p. 358; Haythamī, 'Majmaʿ al-zawāʾid, vol. 3, p. 221; Muttaqī Hindī, Kanz al-ʿummāl, vol. 12, p. 228.
  25. ↑ Aḥmad bin Ḥanbal, Musnad Aḥmad bin Ḥanbal, vol. 2, p. 240; Ṣadūq,ʿIlal al-sharāʾiʿ, vol. 2, p. 419.
  26. ↑ Kulayni, Al-Kafi, vol. 4 p. 214; Fayḍ al-Kāshānī, Kitāb al-Wāfī, vol. 12, p. 162-163.
  27. ↑ Kulayni, Al-Kafi, vol. 4 p. 213; Fayḍ al-Kāshānī, Kitāb al-Wāfī, vol. 12, p. 162-163.
  28. ↑ Ṣadūq, Man lā yaḥḍuruh al-faqīh, vol. 2, p. 234-235; Ṣadūq, Kamāl al-dīn, p. 390-391; Majlisī, Biḥār al-anwār, vol. 14, p. 387, vol . 96, p. 185.
  29. ↑ Aḥmad bin Ḥanbal, Musnad Aḥmad bin Ḥanbal, vol. 1, p. 232; Ibn Kathīr, Al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya, vol. 1, p. 138; Haythamī, 'Majmaʿ al-zawāʾid, vol. 3, p. 220.
  30. ↑ Kulayni, Al-Kafi, vol. 4 p. 251-252; Ṣadūq, Man lā yaḥḍuruh al-faqīh, vol. 2, p. 238; Ṭūsī, Tahdhīb al-aḥkām, vol. 5, p.443.
  31. ↑ Nawawī, Al-Majmūʿ, vol. 7, p. 104; Amīnī, Al-Ghadīr, vol. 1, p. 266.
  32. ↑ Ibn Isḥāq, Al-Sīyar wa al-maghāzī, vol. 2, p, 73; Bayhaqī, Sunan al-kubrā, vol. 5, p. 177; Ibn Kathīr, Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya, vol. 1, p. 272.
  33. ↑ Ṣāliḥī Shāmī, Subul al-hudā, vol. 1, p. 210.
  34. ↑ Aḥmad bin Ḥanbal, Musnad Aḥmad bin Ḥanbal, vol. 1, p. 232; Ibn Kathīr, Al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya, vol. 1, p. 138; Haythamī, 'Majmaʿ al-zawāʾid, vol. 3, p. 220. .
  35. ↑ Al-Arzaqī, Akhbār-i Makkih, vol. 1, p. 68
  36. ↑ Ṣadūq, ʿUyūn akhbār al-Riḍā, vol. 2, p. 127; Ṣadūq,ʿIlal al-sharāʾiʿ, vol. 1, p. 274.
  37. ↑ Sayyid Raḍī, Nahj al-balāgha, kh. 192.
  1. ↑ إِنَّ أَوَّلَ بَیتٍ وُضِعَ لِلنَّاسِ لَلَّذِی بِبَکهَ The first House established for the people was that at Bekka.
  2. ↑ Al-Bayt al-Atiq means Ancient house.
  3. ↑ We have appointed for every nation a holy rite.
  4. ↑ وَأَرِنَا مَنَاسِكَنَا and show us our holy rites.
  5. ↑ On Mount Abū Qubays, or the stone that later became known as Maqām Ibrāhīm.

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