Hajj of the Prophets

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Hajj of the Prophets is the report of the Islamic sources of the prophets from Adam to Muhammad (s) performing hajj. According to some hadiths, all the prophets have performed hajj and some have been named to have performed hajj. According to Islamic traditions, the prophet Adam first built the Ka'ba and performed hajj with the help of Gabriel, and the other prophets performed hajj after him. The flood of Noah destroyed the Ka'ba, but the prophets after Noah used to perform hajj without knowing the exact location of the Ka'ba until the prophet Abraham rebuilt the Ka'ba. Moses, Jesus, Solomon, David, Khidr, Jonah and Elijah are among the prophets whose presence in Mecca for hajj is mentioned in Islamic narrations.

Place

Hajj of the Prophets has been mentioned in numerous traditions in Islamic sources. In some hadith books, there is a chapter which is collected hadiths under the title "hajj al-anbiya".[1] Some of these hadiths[2] are under the verse that introduced the Ka'ba as the first house on earth[Explanatory Notes 1] and the verse that considers the Ka'ba as الْبَيْتِ الْعَتِيقِ, the ancient house.[3][4] Also, some hadiths under the verse و لکل امه جعلنا منسکا, "For every nation We have appointed a rite", have considered hajj rites as one of the obligatory rituals for all nations.[5]

Narrations

Adam and Seth

According to Islamic narrations, after the fall of Adam to the earth, he was commissioned by God to build the Ka'ba and hold the hajj ceremony.[6] It is narrated about the hajj of Adam that after Adam's exile from heaven, he descended on the Mount Safa, then Gabriel taught him the rites of hajj, and Adam performed all hajj rituals, including tawaf, ramy al-jamarat, sacrifice, halq, Sa'y and tawaf al-nisa'.[7] Some narrations have reported 700 hajj and 300 umra of Adam on foot.[8] After Adam, his son the prophet Seth rebuilt the Ka'ba and performed al-'umra al-mufrada.[9] Performing hajj continued after Adam among his children[10] and they paid special attention to performing hajj.[11]

Noah

Prophet Noah performed hajj before the flood[12] and during the storm, he was assigned to circumambulate his passengers around the Ka'ba and take them to Mina. On the way back, this ship circumambulated the Ka'ba again, and the ship's passengers did sa'y between Safa and Marwa while on the ship.[13]

Abraham and Ishmael

According to some reports, the Ka'ba disappeared in the storm of Noah. Prophets used to perform hajj without knowing the exact location of the Ka'ba[14] until Prophet Abraham was commissioned to rebuild the Ka'ba and revive the ritual of hajj.[15] After the reconstruction of the Ka'ba, he asked God to represent the hajj rituals to him[Explanatory Notes 2] [16] Gabriel came to him and taught him the rituals of hajj one by one[17] and after the command to call people to perform hajj,[18] Abraham stood up on a high place[Explanatory Notes 3] and loudly called the people to performing  hajj[19] and he and his son Ishmael and a group of Jarhamites performed hajj.[20] After that, hajj as a sacred tradition with special actions continued by the other Prophets and their followers[21]

Moses

After Abraham and Ishmael, other prophets performed hajj as it is narrated that Prophet Moses along with 70 prophets for performing hajj on a red-haired camel after passing through the area of "Safaḥ al-Ruḥa" while speaking “labbayk ya karīm labbayk”  and Putting on Ihram.[22] In a tradition, Ibn'Abbas has narrated from Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) that 70 prophets, including Moses, came to Mina and prayed in Al-Khaif Mosque.[23]

Other Prophets

According to some narrations, Jesus started the hajj or 'Umrah by saying "Labbayk Abduk ibn Amatik Labbayk".[24]David also prayed in 'Arafat when he saw the huge wave of pilgrims[25]. prophet Solomon performed hajj together with humans, elves and birds and covered the Ka'ba with Egyptian cloth. [26] According to other traditions, Jonah recited the Talbīya "Labbayk kashshaf al-kurab al-'aẓīm labbayk", and Khidr and Elijah perform hajj every year in the appointed season.[27] In some traditions, performing the hajj of Hud and Saleh is also mentioned. [28]

Muhammad(PBUH)

With the rise of Islam, the hajj ritual was legislated as one of the religious obligations for Muslims, and Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) performed the hajj ritual. According to some narrations, Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) performed 20 hajj and three separate 'Umrahs, all of which took place in the month of Dhu al-Qa'da.[29] His only hajj after the Hijrah was performed in the 10th year of the Hijri along with a hundred thousand Muslims and was known as the Farewell hajj(Hajjat al-Wada' means The last hajj).[30]

hajj of all the prophets in hadiths without mentioning their names

Some hadiths have reported about the hajj of the Prophets without mentioning their names. According to some reports, all the prophets except Hud and Saleh did not succeed in performing hajj because they were engaged in preaching. The rest of them performed hajj.[31] But this view is considered weak.[32] In addition, in some hadiths, Hud and Saleh have been explicitly mentioned [33] and it has even been said that They died in Mecca and were buried near the Ka'ba.[34] Therefore, all the prophets performed hajj. Some narrations quoted from Shia imams also confirm this point of view;[35] as Imam Ali(a.s) has said in a speech that the Ka'ba is the place of many prophets from Adam to the end of the world.[36]

Notes

  1. ↑ Kulayni, Al-Kafi, vol. 4 p. 212;
  2. ↑ 'Ayyashī, Tafsīr al-'Ayyashī, vol. 1, p. 60, 186.
  3. ↑ Qur'an,22:34
  4. ↑ Ṣadūq,'Ilal al-shara'i', vol. 2, p. 399, Ṭūsī, Al-Khilaf, vol. 6, p. 58.
  5. ↑ Ṭabrisī, Majma' al-bayan, vol. 7, p. 134; Qurṭubī, Tafsīr al-Qurtubī, vol. 12, p. 58.
  6. ↑ Al-Arzaqī, Akhbar-i Makkih, vol. 1, p. 34-36; Ṣadūq, Man la yaḥḍuruh al-faqīh, vol. 2, p. 235; Hurr al-'amilī,Wasa'il al-Shī'a, vol. 13, p. 332.
  7. ↑ Kulayni, Al-Kafi, vol. 4 p. 190-191; Ṣadūq,' Ilal al-shara'i', vol. 2, p. 400.
  8. ↑ Ṣadūq, Man la yaḥḍuruh al-faqīh, vol. 2, p. 229.
  9. ↑ Ṭabarī,Tarīkh al-Ṭabarī, vol. 1, p. 162; 'Aynī,'Umdat al-qarī, vol. 15, p. 217; Majlisī, Biḥar al-anwar, vol. 11, p. 261.
  10. ↑ Ṭabarī, Tarīkh al-Ṭabarī, vol. 1, p. 162; 'Aynī,'Umdat al-qarī, vol. 15, p. 217; Majlisī, Biḥar al-anwar, vol. 11, p. 261.
  11. ↑ Al-Arzaqī, Akhbar-i Makkih, vol. 1, p. 51,68-69, 72-74; Qurṭubī, Tafsīr al-Qurtubī, vol. 2, p. 130; Ṣaliḥī Shamī, Subul al-huda, vol. 1, p. 210.
  12. ↑ Nūrī, Mustadrak al-wasa'il, vol. 8, p. 9; Al-Arzaqī, Akhbar-i Makkih, vol. 1, p. 72.
  13. ↑ Kulayni, Al-Kafi, vol. 4 p. 212-213; 'Ayyashī, Tafsīr al-'Ayyashī, vol. 2, p. 149; Ṣadūq, Man la yaḥḍuruh al-faqīh, vol. 2, p. 230.
  14. ↑ Al-Arzaqī, Akhbar-i Makkih, vol. 1, p. 38; Ṭūsī, Al-Tibyan, vol. 1, p. 436; Haythamī, 'Majma' al-zawa'id, vol. 3, p. 288.
  15. ↑ Qur'an,22:26; Qur'an,2:127-128.
  16. ↑ Qur'an,2:128.
  17. ↑ Kulayni, Al-Kafi, vol. 4 p. 205; Bayhaqī, Sunan al-kubra, vol. 5, p. 145.
  18. ↑ Qur'an,22:27.
  19. ↑ Ṭabrisī, Majma' al-bayan, vol. 7, p. 128-129; Ibn Abī l-Hatam, Tafsīr al-Qur'an al-'aẓīm, vol. 8, p. 2487.
  20. ↑ Al-Arzaqī, Akhbar-i Makkih, vol. 1, p. 66-72; Ṭabarī,Tarīkh al-Ṭabarī, vol. 1, p. 260-262; Hurr al-'amilī,Wasa'il al-Shī'a, vol. 11, p. 8.
  21. ↑ Al-Arzaqī, Akhbar-i Makkih, vol. 1, p. 68; Dar rah-i Barpaei-h hajj-i Ibrahīmī, p. 200.
  22. ↑ Kulaynī, Al-Kafī, vol. 4 p. 213-214; 'Ayyashī, Tafsīr al-'Ayyashī, vol. 1, p. 186; Ṣadūq, Man la yaḥḍuruh al-faqīh, vol. 2, p. 234-235.
  23. ↑ Ṭabaranī, Al-Mu'jam al-kabīr, vol. 11, p. 358; Haythamī, 'Majma' al-zawa'id, vol. 3, p. 221; Muttaqī Hindī, Kanz al-'ummal, vol. 12, p. 228.
  24. ↑ Aḥmad bin Hanbal, Musnad Aḥmad bin Hanbal, vol. 2, p. 240; Ṣadūq,'Ilal al-shara'i', vol. 2, p. 419.
  25. ↑ Kulayni, Al-Kafi, vol. 4 p. 214; Fayḍ al-Kashanī, Kitab al-Wafī, vol. 12, p. 162-163.
  26. ↑ Kulayni, Al-Kafi, vol. 4 p. 213; Fayḍ al-Kashanī, Kitab al-Wafī, vol. 12, p. 162-163.
  27. ↑ Ṣadūq, Man la yaḥḍuruh al-faqīh, vol. 2, p. 234-235; Ṣadūq, Kamal al-dīn, p. 390-391; Majlisī, Biḥar al-anwar, vol. 14, p. 387, vol . 96, p. 185.
  28. ↑ Aḥmad bin Hanbal, Musnad Aḥmad bin Hanbal, vol. 1, p. 232; Ibn Kathīr, Al-Bidaya wa l-nihaya, vol. 1, p. 138; Haythamī, 'Majma' al-zawa'id, vol. 3, p. 220.
  29. ↑ Kulayni, Al-Kafi, vol. 4 p. 251-252; Ṣadūq, Man la yaḥḍuruh al-faqīh, vol. 2, p. 238; Ṭūsī, Tahdhīb al-aḥkam, vol. 5, p.443.
  30. ↑ Nawawī, Al-Majmū', vol. 7, p. 104; Amīnī, Al-Ghadīr, vol. 1, p. 266.
  31. ↑ Ibn Isḥaq, Al-Sīyar wa al-maghazī, vol. 2, p, 73; Bayhaqī, Sunan al-kubra, vol. 5, p. 177; Ibn Kathīr, Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya, vol. 1, p. 272.
  32. ↑ Ṣaliḥī Shamī, Subul al-huda, vol. 1, p. 210.
  33. ↑ Aḥmad bin Hanbal, Musnad Aḥmad bin Hanbal, vol. 1, p. 232; Ibn Kathīr, Al-Bidaya wa l-nihaya, vol. 1, p. 138; Haythamī, 'Majma' al-zawa'id, vol. 3, p. 220. .
  34. ↑ Al-Arzaqī, Akhbar-i Makkih, vol. 1, p. 68
  35. ↑ Ṣadūq, 'Uyūn akhbar al-Riḍa, vol. 2, p. 127; Ṣadūq,'Ilal al-shara'i', vol. 1, p. 274.
  36. ↑ Sayyid Raḍī, Nahj al-balagha, kh. 192.
  1. ↑ إِنَّ أَوَّلَ بَیتٍ وُضِعَ لِلنَّاسِ لَلَّذِی بِبَکهَ: Indeed the first house to be set up for mankind is the one at Bakkah. (Quran 3:96)
  2. ↑ وَأَرِنَا مَنَاسِكَنَا and show us our holy rites.
  3. ↑ On Mount Abū Qubays, or the stone that later became known as Maqam Ibrahīm.

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