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''' | '''Daḥw al-Arḍ''' (Arabic: {{ia|دحو الأرض}}), means the expansion or spreading out of the earth. Interpretations vary, with some suggesting the emergence of land from water and others proposing the earth's physical movement. | ||
Surah An-Nazi'at (79), verses 27-33, reference the earth's expansion following the creation of the heavens ({{ia|وَ الْأَرْضَ بَعْدَ ذَٰلِكَ دَحَاهَا}}). Some Islamic narrations pinpoint the starting point of this expansion to Mecca or specifically beneath the Ka'ba. | |||
Some narrations associate "Dahw al-Ard" with the [[25th of Dhu l-Qa'da]], a day recommended for ablution and fasting due to its reported spiritual rewards. | |||
==Ontology== | ==Ontology== | ||
"Dahw al- | "Dahw al-Ard" is a compound word consisting of two terms: "(دحو)Dahw," meaning to spread or expand.<ref>Rāghib al-Iṣfahānī, ''Mufradāt alfāẓ al-Qurʾān'', p. 308; Ibn Manẓūr, ''Lisān al-ʿArab'', vol. 14, p. 251; Dehkhodā, ''Lughatnāma'', vol. 6, p. 9210, word, (دحو). </ref> | ||
And "(أرض)' | And "(أرض)'Ard" means the land or earth, in contrast to the sky or heavens.<ref>Rāghib al-Iṣfahānī, ''Mufradāt alfāẓ al-Qurʾān'', p. 73; Dehkhodā, ''Lughatnāma'', vol. 6, p. 1571, word, (أرض); Ṭabībīyān, ''Farhang-I farzān'', p. 507, word, (زمین)</ref> | ||
Some have also mentioned that in this combination, " | Some have also mentioned that in this combination, "Ard" signifies dry land in contrast to the sea and mountains, not referring to the entire globe of the Earth.<ref>Shaʾrānī, ''Nathr-i ṭūba'', vol. 1, p. 17, 253; Ḥasanzāda Āmulī, ''Durūs hayʾat'', vol. 1, p. 232.</ref> | ||
"Dahw al-Ard" is a term that means the spreading or expansion of the land from beneath the [[Ka'ba]].<ref>Shahīd al-Thānī, ''Masālik al-ifhām ilā tanqīh sharāyiʿ al-Islām'', vol. 2, P. 77, Sabziwārī, ''Dhakhīrat al-maʿād fī sharḥ al-Irshād'', vol. 1, P. 519; Mūsawī ʿĀmilī, ''Madārik al-aḥkām fī sharḥ Sharāʾiʿ al-Islām'', vol. 6, P. 265.</ref> | "Dahw al-Ard" is a term that means the spreading or expansion of the land from beneath the [[Ka'ba]].<ref>Shahīd al-Thānī, ''Masālik al-ifhām ilā tanqīh sharāyiʿ al-Islām'', vol. 2, P. 77, Sabziwārī, ''Dhakhīrat al-maʿād fī sharḥ al-Irshād'', vol. 1, P. 519; Mūsawī ʿĀmilī, ''Madārik al-aḥkām fī sharḥ Sharāʾiʿ al-Islām'', vol. 6, P. 265.</ref> | ||
Others have considered it to mean the spread of dry land, in a way that the surface of the earth was initially filled with water during the early creation, gradually flowing into valleys and lowlands until dry lands became apparent.<ref>Shaʾrānī, ''Nathr-i ṭūba'', vol. 1, p. 17; Makārim Shīrāzī, ''Tafsīr-i nimūna'', vol. 26, P. 110; vol. 27, P. 43; Ḥasanī, ''Zamīn wa āsimān dar qurʾān wa nahj al-balāgha'', p. 51-53.</ref> | Others have considered it to mean the spread of dry land, in a way that the surface of the earth was initially filled with water during the early creation, gradually flowing into valleys and lowlands until dry lands became apparent.<ref>Shaʾrānī, ''Nathr-i ṭūba'', vol. 1, p. 17; Makārim Shīrāzī, ''Tafsīr-i nimūna'', vol. 26, P. 110; vol. 27, P. 43; Ḥasanī, ''Zamīn wa āsimān dar qurʾān wa nahj al-balāgha'', p. 51-53.</ref> | ||
A contemporary Shia scholar from a city has interpreted the meaning of "Dahw al- | A contemporary Shia scholar from a city has interpreted the meaning of "Dahw al-Ard" as the positional and translational movement of the earth. He considers the expansion and spreading derived from the term "Dahw" as an erroneous interpretation.<ref>Shahristānī, ''Islām wa hayʾat'', p. 141-161; Ḥasanī, ''Zamīn wa āsimān dar qurʾān wa nahj al-balāgha'', p. 55.</ref> | ||
Another possible interpretation of "Dahw al- | Another possible interpretation of "Dahw al-Ard," suggested by some scholars, is the preparation of the earth for life. This involves bringing out the inner waters, allowing the growth of plants, and removing obstacles through the stability of mountains.<ref>Fakhr al-Rāzī, ''Al-Tafsīr al-Kabīr'', vol. 31, P. 48; Ibn Kathīr, ''Tafsīr al-Qurʾān al-ʿaẓīm'', vol. 1, p. 123.</ref> | ||
In this possibility, considering the spherical nature of the Earth, the material expansion is rejected.<ref>Nasfī, ''Tafsīr al-Qurʾān al-jalīl'', vol. 4, p. 315; Marāghī, ''Tafsīr al-Marāghī'', vol. 30, p. 31-32.</ref> | In this possibility, considering the spherical nature of the Earth, the material expansion is rejected.<ref>Nasfī, ''Tafsīr al-Qurʾān al-jalīl'', vol. 4, p. 315; Marāghī, ''Tafsīr al-Marāghī'', vol. 30, p. 31-32.</ref> | ||
Some have also understand the expansion of the earth to mean the widening of land areas under the feet of people, rather than referring to the entire globe of the Earth.<ref>Shaʾrānī, ''Nathr-i ṭūba'', vol. 1, p. 253.</ref> | Some have also understand the expansion of the earth to mean the widening of land areas under the feet of people, rather than referring to the entire globe of the Earth.<ref>Shaʾrānī, ''Nathr-i ṭūba'', vol. 1, p. 253.</ref> | ||
==The day of "Dahw al- | ==The day of "Dahw al-Ard" and its practices== | ||
According to some narrations, "Dahw al- | According to some narrations, "Dahw al-Ard" coincides with the [[25th of Dhu al-Qa'dah]].<ref>Ibn Ṭāwūs, ''Iqbāl al-aʿmāl'',vol. 2, p. 24-38; Nawawī, ''Rawdhat al-ṭālibīn'', p. 351.</ref> | ||
doing ghusl and fasting are among the customs and practices recommended on this day,<ref>Khāwnsārī, ''Mashāriq al-shumūs'', vol. 2, p. 451; Mūsawī Iṣfahānī, ''Mikyāl al-makārim'', vol. 2, p. 35.</ref> | doing ghusl and fasting are among the customs and practices recommended on this day,<ref>Khāwnsārī, ''Mashāriq al-shumūs'', vol. 2, p. 451; Mūsawī Iṣfahānī, ''Mikyāl al-makārim'', vol. 2, p. 35.</ref> | ||
and they are considered recommended (mustahabb), carrying numerous rewards.<ref>Kulaynī, ''Al-Kāfī'', vol. 4, p. 149; Kafʿamī, ''Al-Miṣbāḥ'', p. 514; Baḥrānī, ''Al-Ḥadāʾiq al-nāḍira fī aḥkām al-ʿitrat al-ṭāhira'', vol. 4; p. 235.</ref> | and they are considered recommended (mustahabb), carrying numerous rewards.<ref>Kulaynī, ''Al-Kāfī'', vol. 4, p. 149; Kafʿamī, ''Al-Miṣbāḥ'', p. 514; Baḥrānī, ''Al-Ḥadāʾiq al-nāḍira fī aḥkām al-ʿitrat al-ṭāhira'', vol. 4; p. 235.</ref> | ||
==In the heavenly books== | ==In the heavenly books== | ||
"Dahw al- | "Dahw al-Ard" has been mentioned in In the heavenly books such as the Quran and the Torah. | ||
===In the Torah=== | ===In the Torah=== | ||
In the Torah, there is a reference to "Dahw al- | In the Torah, there is a reference to "Dahw al-Ard": "And God said, 'Let the waters under the heaven be gathered together into one place, and let the dry land appear.' And it was so. God called the dry land Earth, and the waters that were gathered together He called Seas. And God saw that it was good. And God said, 'Let the earth sprout vegetation.'"<ref>Genesis: 1: 9-11; Hawkes, ''Persian Bible Dictionary'', p. 84.</ref> | ||
===In the Quran=== | ===In the Quran=== | ||
In the Quran, there is a reference to the expansion of the earth (Dahw al- | In the Quran, there is a reference to the expansion of the earth (Dahw al-Ard دحو الأرض). <ref>Ṭabarī, ''Jāmiʾ al-bayān fi tafsīr al-Qurʾān'', vol. 30, p. 29; Ṭūsī, ''Al-Tibyān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān'', vol. 10, p. 260; Thaʿlabī, ''Al-Kashf wa l-bayān ʿan tafsīr al-Qurʾān'', vol. 10, p. 127.</ref> | ||
Verses 27-33 of Surah Al-Nazi'at in the Quran mention the expansion of the earth after the creation of the heavens. In verse 30, the expression "«والارض بعد ذلک دحاها»" (and the earth after that He spread) is used for explanation.<ref>Ṭabrisī, ''Majmaʿ al-bayān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān'', vol. 10, p. 660; Samarqandī, ''Tafsīr al-samarqandī'', vol. 3, p. 522; Baghawī, ''Tafsir al-Baghawī'', vol. 4, p. 444.</ref> | Verses 27-33 of Surah Al-Nazi'at in the Quran mention the expansion of the earth after the creation of the heavens. In verse 30, the expression "«والارض بعد ذلک دحاها»" (and the earth after that He spread) is used for explanation.<ref>Ṭabrisī, ''Majmaʿ al-bayān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān'', vol. 10, p. 660; Samarqandī, ''Tafsīr al-samarqandī'', vol. 3, p. 522; Baghawī, ''Tafsir al-Baghawī'', vol. 4, p. 444.</ref> | ||
In verse 6 of Surah Ash-Shams, there is an oath by the earth and its expander, with the expression "wal-arda wama tahaha" (by the earth and its expanse). According to some scholars, the word "طحا" (taha) in its origin is "دحو" (daha), where "دال" (dal) has transformed into "طا" (ta) and carries the meaning of expanding, spreading, or in here; extending.<ref>Ṭūsī, ''Al-Tibyān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān'', vol. 10, p. 358; Fakhr al-Rāzī,''Al-Tafsīr al-Kabīr'', vol. 31, p. 192; Ibn Manẓūr, ''Lisān al-ʿArab'', vol. 15, p. 4; word «طحا».</ref> | In verse 6 of Surah Ash-Shams, there is an oath by the earth and its expander, with the expression "wal-arda wama tahaha" (by the earth and its expanse). According to some scholars, the word "طحا" (taha) in its origin is "دحو" (daha), where "دال" (dal) has transformed into "طا" (ta) and carries the meaning of expanding, spreading, or in here; extending.<ref>Ṭūsī, ''Al-Tibyān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān'', vol. 10, p. 358; Fakhr al-Rāzī,''Al-Tafsīr al-Kabīr'', vol. 31, p. 192; Ibn Manẓūr, ''Lisān al-ʿArab'', vol. 15, p. 4; word «طحا».</ref> | ||
==The expansion of the earth from beneath the Ka'ba== | ==The expansion of the earth from beneath the Ka'ba== | ||
. Some interpreters, relying on verse 96 of Sura Al Imran, where the [[Ka'ba]] is described as the first house established on earth, argue that the expansion of the earth has originated from beneath the Ka'ba. They interpret the verse as a reference to "dahw al- | . Some interpreters, relying on verse 96 of Sura Al Imran, where the [[Ka'ba]] is described as the first house established on earth, argue that the expansion of the earth has originated from beneath the Ka'ba. They interpret the verse as a reference to "dahw al-Ard" (the spreading of the earth).<ref>Ṭabrisī, ''Majmaʿ al-bayān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān'', vol. 2, p. 797; Abū Ḥayyān Andulusī,''Al-Baḥr al-muḥīṭ fī al-tafsīr'', vol. 4, p. 583.</ref> | ||
In some narrations, it is also mentioned that God created the Ka'ba 2000 years before the spreading of the earth.<ref> Kulaynī, ''Al-Kāfī'', vol. 4, p. 190; Ṣadūq, ''Man lā yaḥḍuruh al-faqīh'', vol. 2, p. 241; Ṣadūq, ''Al-Amālī'', p. 715.</ref> | In some narrations, it is also mentioned that God created the Ka'ba 2000 years before the spreading of the earth.<ref> Kulaynī, ''Al-Kāfī'', vol. 4, p. 190; Ṣadūq, ''Man lā yaḥḍuruh al-faqīh'', vol. 2, p. 241; Ṣadūq, ''Al-Amālī'', p. 715.</ref> | ||
According to numerous narrations, the spreading of the earth (dahw al- | According to numerous narrations, the spreading of the earth (dahw al-Ard) has originated from [[Mecca]] and beneath the house of the Ka'ba.<ref>Suyūṭī, ''Al-Durr al-manthūr fī tafsīr al-maʾthūr'', vol. 8, p. 412; Ḥurr al-ʿĀmilī, ''Wasāʾil al-Shīʿa'', vol. 10, p. 449-451; Majlisī, ''Biḥār al-anwār'', vol. 54, p. 64; Kulaynī, ''Al-Kāfī'', vol. 4, p. 189; Ṣadūq, ''Man lā yaḥḍuruh al-faqīh'', vol. 2, p. 241.</ref> | ||
===Umm al-Qura=== | ===Umm al-Qura=== | ||
In verses 92 of Surah Al-An'am and 7 of Surah Al-Shura, there is an interpretation of "Umm al-Qura" (Mother of Cities) referring to [[Mecca]]. Some commentators have suggested that in the beginning, water covered all the land, and only the place of the Kaaba on a dry hill remained. This dryness gradually emerged from around the Ka'ba until it expanded to its current size.<ref>Ṭūsī, ''Al-Tibyān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān'', vol. 4, p. 201; Baghawī, ''Tafsir al-Baghawī'', vol. 1, p. 115; Samarqandī, ''Tafsīr al-samarqandī al-musammā baḥr al-ʿulūm'', vol. 1, p. 486.</ref> | In verses 92 of Surah Al-An'am and 7 of Surah Al-Shura, there is an interpretation of "Umm al-Qura" (Mother of Cities) referring to [[Mecca]]. Some commentators have suggested that in the beginning, water covered all the land, and only the place of the Kaaba on a dry hill remained. This dryness gradually emerged from around the Ka'ba until it expanded to its current size.<ref>Ṭūsī, ''Al-Tibyān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān'', vol. 4, p. 201; Baghawī, ''Tafsir al-Baghawī'', vol. 1, p. 115; Samarqandī, ''Tafsīr al-samarqandī al-musammā baḥr al-ʿulūm'', vol. 1, p. 486.</ref> | ||
In a narration from Imam Ali, the same concept is mentioned.<ref>''Al-Tafsīr al-mansūb ilā al-Imām al-Ḥasan b. ʿAlī al-ʿAskarī'' vol. 7, p. 145; Majlisī, ''Biḥār al-anwār'', vol. 54, p. 88.</ref> | In a narration from Imam Ali, the same concept is mentioned.<ref>''Al-Tafsīr al-mansūb ilā al-Imām al-Ḥasan b. ʿAlī al-ʿAskarī'' vol. 7, p. 145; Majlisī, ''Biḥār al-anwār'', vol. 54, p. 88.</ref> | ||
In a narration from the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him), the reason for naming Mecca as Umm al-Qura has been understood to be the spreading of the earth (dahw al- | In a narration from the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him), the reason for naming Mecca as Umm al-Qura has been understood to be the spreading of the earth (dahw al-Ard) from Mecca.<ref>Ṭūsī, ''Al-Tibyān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān'', vol. 1, p. 131; Suyūṭī, ''Al-Durr al-manthūr fī tafsīr al-maʾthūr'', vol. 3, p. 29.</ref> | ||
If the Ka'ba is the first part of the earth that emerged from water, it should be the highest point on Earth, but it is not. In response, it is explained that the spreading of the earth occurred millions of years ago, and during this time, the Earth has undergone transformations. Mountains have turned into ocean floors, and ocean floors have become mountains.<ref>Makārim Shīrāzī, ''Tafsīr-i nimūna'', vol. 5, p. 345.</ref> | If the Ka'ba is the first part of the earth that emerged from water, it should be the highest point on Earth, but it is not. In response, it is explained that the spreading of the earth occurred millions of years ago, and during this time, the Earth has undergone transformations. Mountains have turned into ocean floors, and ocean floors have become mountains.<ref>Makārim Shīrāzī, ''Tafsīr-i nimūna'', vol. 5, p. 345.</ref> | ||