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===Repentance of Adam in Mecca=== | ===Repentance of Adam in Mecca=== | ||
Regarding the acceptance of Adam's repentance, it is mentioned that after the descent of [[Gabriel]] to the [[ka'ba]], his light covered the entire sacred precinct. Then, Adam was instructed to perform the ritual bath on the Day of [[Tarwiyah]], wear the [[ihram]], and perform the [[Tawaf|circumambulation]] (tawaf) in [[Mina]]. Finally, in [['Arafat|Arafat]], he received words from Gabriel, uttering which his repentance was accepted, and from then on, he proceeded to perform the rest of the [[Rituals of tamattuʿ|Hajj rituals]].<ref>Qummī, ''Tafsīr al-Qummī'', vol. 1, p. 44-45.</ref> | Regarding the acceptance of Adam's repentance, it is mentioned that after the descent of [[Gabriel]] to the [[ka'ba]], his light covered the entire sacred precinct. Then, Adam was instructed to perform the ritual bath on the Day of [[Tarwiyah]], wear the [[ihram]], and perform the [[Tawaf|circumambulation]] (tawaf) in [[Mina]]. Finally, in [['Arafat|Arafat]], he received words from Gabriel, uttering which his repentance was accepted, and from then on, he proceeded to perform the rest of the [[Rituals of tamattuʿ|Hajj rituals]].<ref>Qummī, ''Tafsīr al-Qummī'', vol. 1, p. 44-45.</ref> | ||
==The Role of Adam in the Construction of the | ==The Role of Adam in the Construction of the Ka'ba== | ||
The role of Prophet Adam (AS) in the construction of the Ka'ba depends on different views about the time of the Kaaba's origin, leading to variations in opinions. In some Shia and Sunni narrations, the existence of the Kaaba before Adam (AS) is mentioned,<ref>Shāfiʿī, ''Musnad al-Shāfiʿī'', p. 116; Ṣadūq, ''Man lā yaḥḍuruh al-faqīh'', vol. 2, p. 250.</ref> and reports of angels performing the pilgrimage before Adam support this idea.<ref>Kulaynī, ''Al-Kāfī'', vol. 4, p. 194; Ṣadūq, ''Man lā yaḥḍuruh al-faqīh'', vol. 2, p. 230; Suyūṭī, ''Al-Durr al-manthūr'', vol. 1, p. 130.</ref> In some reports, the history of the Kaaba dates back more than 2000 years before the (دَحْو الارض)Earth's creation.<ref>Kulaynī, ''Al-Kāfī'', vol. 4, p. 198; Bayhaqī, ''Sunan al-kubrā'', vol. 5, p. 177.</ref> | The role of Prophet Adam (AS) in the construction of the Ka'ba depends on different views about the time of the Kaaba's origin, leading to variations in opinions. In some Shia and Sunni narrations, the existence of the Kaaba before Adam (AS) is mentioned,<ref>Shāfiʿī, ''Musnad al-Shāfiʿī'', p. 116; Ṣadūq, ''Man lā yaḥḍuruh al-faqīh'', vol. 2, p. 250.</ref> and reports of angels performing the pilgrimage before Adam support this idea.<ref>Kulaynī, ''Al-Kāfī'', vol. 4, p. 194; Ṣadūq, ''Man lā yaḥḍuruh al-faqīh'', vol. 2, p. 230; Suyūṭī, ''Al-Durr al-manthūr'', vol. 1, p. 130.</ref> In some reports, the history of the Kaaba dates back more than 2000 years before the (دَحْو الارض)Earth's creation.<ref>Kulaynī, ''Al-Kāfī'', vol. 4, p. 198; Bayhaqī, ''Sunan al-kubrā'', vol. 5, p. 177.</ref> | ||
Commentators often discuss these narratives in light of the verse {إِنَّ أَوَّلَ بَیتٍ وُضِعَ لِلنَّاسِ لَلَّذِی بِبَکةَ مُبَارَکا...} ( | Commentators often discuss these narratives in light of the verse {إِنَّ أَوَّلَ بَیتٍ وُضِعَ لِلنَّاسِ لَلَّذِی بِبَکةَ مُبَارَکا...} (Quran:3:96) and consider this verse as supporting those narratives.<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Jāmiʾ al-bayān'', vol. 1, p. 762.</ref> In another category of narratives, Adam is considered the first founder of the [[Ka'ba]], and also [[Jerusalem]].<ref>Kulaynī, ''Al-Kāfī'', vol. 4, p. 188; Aynī, ''ʿUmdat al-qarī'', vol. 15, p. 262; Suyūṭī, ''Sharḥ al-sunan al-nisāʾī'', vol. 2, p. 33.</ref> In a narration by ''Wahb b. Munabbih'', Seth, the son of Adam, is introduced as the builder of the Ka'ba.<ref>Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, ''Al-Istidhkār'', vol. 4, p. 185; Qurṭubī, ''Tafsīr al-Qurtubī'', vol. 2, p. 122; Ibn Ḥajar al-ʿAsqalānī, ''Fatḥ al-bārī'', vol. 6, p. 285.</ref> | ||
Many scholars and interpreters, based on certain narrations, consider Prophet Abraham (AS) as the first founder of the Kaaba, not attributing any role to Adam in this regard. Some, considering the explicit mention in the Quran regarding Abraham's role in building the Kaaba, do not find the narrations about Adam's role and his pilgrimage credible. Some gather narratives about the construction of the Kaaba, suggesting that angels built it before Adam's descent, and later, Adam, then Seth, and finally, Abraham revived and reconstructed it. | Many scholars and interpreters, based on certain narrations, consider Prophet Abraham (AS) as the first founder of the Kaaba, not attributing any role to Adam in this regard. Some, considering the explicit mention in the Quran regarding Abraham's role in building the Kaaba, do not find the narrations about Adam's role and his pilgrimage credible. Some gather narratives about the construction of the Kaaba, suggesting that angels built it before Adam's descent, and later, Adam, then Seth, and finally, Abraham revived and reconstructed it. | ||
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*ʿIzz al-Dīn ʿAbd al-salām al-. ''Tafsīr al-ʿIzz al-Dīn ʿAbd al-salām''. Beirut: Dār Ibn Ḥazm, 1416 AH. | *ʿIzz al-Dīn ʿAbd al-salām al-. ''Tafsīr al-ʿIzz al-Dīn ʿAbd al-salām''. Beirut: Dār Ibn Ḥazm, 1416 AH. | ||
*Shāfiʿī. ''Musnad al-Shāfiʿī''. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, [n.d]. | *Shāfiʿī. ''Musnad al-Shāfiʿī''. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, [n.d]. | ||
*Ṭabarī, Muḥammad b. Jarīr al-. ''Jāmiʾ al-bayān fi tafsīr al-Qurʾān''. Beirut: Dār al-fikr, 1415 AH. | |||
*ʿAynī, Maḥmūd b. Aḥmad. ''ʿUmdat al-qarī; Sharḥ ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī''. Edited by ʿAbd Allāh Maḥmūd Muḥammad ʿUmar. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 1421 AH. | |||
*Suyūṭī, Jalāl al-Dīn. ''Sharḥ al-sunan al-nisāʾī''. Beirut: al-Maktabat al-ʿIlmīyya, [n.d]. | |||
*Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, Yūsuf b. ʿAbd Allāh. ''Al-Istidhkār''. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 1421 AH. | |||
*Ibn Ḥajar al-ʿAsqalānī, Aḥmad b. ʿAlī. ''Fatḥ al-bārī bi sharḥ ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī''. Beirut: Dār al-Maʿrifa, [n.d]. | |||