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Hadith of Shibli

Hadith of Shibli is a discourse attributed to Imam Sajjad (AS), in which the Imam explains some of the mystical secrets of Hajj.

Shibli was a Sufi of the third and fourth centuries AH who, after withdrawing from the Abbasid court, turned to asceticism and mysticism and became a student of Junayd of Baghdad.

This narration was first recorded in the twelfth century in the book Al-Tuhfah al-Sunniyyah and is widely known; however, some have questioned its authenticity, tracing its origins to earlier Sufi texts.

Shibli

Shibli (Abu Bakr Dulaf ibn Jahdar)[1], a renowned Sufi of the third and fourth centuries AH, was born in Samarra in 247 AH.[2] His father was from the village of Shibliyyah in Usrushana, Transoxiana, which is why he was called Shibli.[3] Shibli initially served in the Abbasid court and was the governor of Damavand,[4] but after repenting, he became a Sufi[5] and was one of the students of Junayd of Baghdad.[6] He studied under Junayd for about six years and subsequently became famous for his asceticism and mysticism.[7] There is a difference of opinion regarding his religious affiliation; some consider him Maliki[8] and others consider him Shia.[9] Shibli died in Baghdad in 334 or 335 AH.[10]

Hadith of Shibli

The Hadith of Shibli is a narration attributed to Imam Zayn al-Abidin (AS), in which the Imam, in a conversation with Shibli, explains the secrets and inner meanings of the rites of Hajj.

This narration was first recorded in the twelfth century AH in the book Al-Tuhfah al-Sunniyyah by Sayyid Abdullah Jazairi (d. 1173 AH), and Muhaddith Nuri included it in Mustadrak al-Wasa'il; however, it has been stated that due to its absence in ancient sources and its status as a mursal report,Template:Note its attribution to Imam Sajjad (AS) is questionable, and its origin lies in Sufi mystical texts.[11]

Validation

Some researchers, such as Sayyid Mohammad Reza Husseini Jalali, have accepted its attribution to Imam Sajjad (AS).[12] Ayatollah Javadi Amoli, despite doubts regarding the chain of transmission, has described the text of the narration as "strong and instructive".[13] In contrast, Mohammadi Reyshahri has considered its content mystical and not attributable to the Ahl al-Bayt, suggesting it is a Sufi discourse that was later attributed to Imam Sajjad (AS).[14]

Some researchers argue that the character of "Shibli" in this narration cannot be the same Abu Bakr Shibli, the Sufi of Baghdad from the fourth century, because he lived two centuries after Imam Sajjad (AS).[15] Based on this, they have suggested that the name Shibli in this narration might be a corruption of another name (such as Shaybah ibn Nu'amah), who was a companion of Imam Sajjad (AS).[16]

In ancient Sufi texts and the works of some Sunni authors, narrations with a structure similar to the "Hadith of Shibli" can be found, in which Abu Bakr Shibli discusses the secrets and meanings of Hajj. The oldest examples appear in Tahdhib al-Asrar by Abu Sa'd Khargushi (d. 407 AH) and Haqa'iq al-Tafsir by Abu Abd al-Rahman al-Sulami (d. 412 AH). Other sources[17] have also recorded similar narrations.[18] Among Persian sources, the same theme can be found in Kashf al-Mahjub[19] and the poems of Nasir Khusraw.[20]

Content of the Hadith

The Hadith of Shibli addresses the rites of Hajj and their moral and mystical concepts, which generally include the following topics:

Secrets of the Miqat and its Rites

This section addresses the preliminaries of Hajj and explains the moral and mystical concepts of acts such as removing stitched clothing (purifying the inner and outer self)[21], wearing Ihram clothing (awakening)[22], Ghusl of Ihram[23], prayer before Ihram[24], and Talbiyah.[25] In these discourses, Ihram is interpreted as a symbol of entering a new stage of spiritual wayfaring.[26]

Secrets of Entering the Haram and the Rites of Mecca

In this section, entering the Haram[27], Tawaf[28], Istilam of the Black Stone[29], the Station of Abraham[30], drinking Zamzam water[31], and Sa'i between Safa and Marwa[32] are examined from a mystical perspective; these acts are signs of recognizing the Master of the House[33] and the covenant of servitude.[34]

Secrets of Staying in the Sacred Sites

This hadith also addresses staying in Mina[35], staying in Arafat[36], Mash'ar[37], and the rites related to them, with each act accompanied by a moral or cognitive concept; such as exiting selfishness[38], altruism[39], and beginning a new movement on the path of servitude.[40]

Some believe that in this hadith, Imam Sajjad (AS) explains four stages of self-purification in Islamic ethics, known as *Murabata*.[41] These stages are: *Musharata* (making a condition with the self)[42], *Muraqaba* (monitoring behavior)[43], *Muhasaba* (evaluating actions)[44], and *Mu'ataba* (reproaching and correcting the self).[45]

Text of the Hadith of Shibli

Template:Text and Translation

Footnotes

  1. ↑ History of Sufism: The Evolution of Islamic Mysticism from the Beginning to the Sixth Century AH, Vol. 1, p. 116.
  2. ↑ Tabaqat al-Sufiyya, Vol. 3, p. 337.
  3. ↑ History of Baghdad, Vol. 16, p. 564; Mu'jam al-Udaba, Vol. 1, p. 245.
  4. ↑ Wafayat al-A'yan, Vol. 2, p. 273; Al-Muntazam, Vol. 14, p. 51.
  5. ↑ Nafahat al-Uns, p. 135; Kashf al-Mahjub, Vol. 1, p. 221.
  6. ↑ Research in Iranian Sufism, p. 154.
  7. ↑ Tadhkirat al-Awliya, Vol. 1, pp. 515-516.
  8. ↑ History of Baghdad, Vol. 16, p. 568; Tabaqat al-Sufiyya, Vol. 1, p. 448.
  9. ↑ Majalis al-Mu'minin, Vol. 2, p. 32; Rawdat al-Jannat, Vol. 2, p. 231; Rayhanat al-Adab, Vol. 3, pp. 181-182.
  10. ↑ Tabaqat al-Sufiyya, Vol. 1, p. 338; History of Baghdad, Vol. 16, p. 572; Wafayat al-A'yan, Vol. 2, p. 276.
  11. ↑ Hajj and Umrah in the Quran and Hadith, p. 285; The Hadith of Shibli on the Secrets of Hajj: Shia Narration or Sufi Tale?, p. 1.
  12. ↑ Jihad al-Imam al-Sajjad, p. 175.
  13. ↑ Sahbay-e Safa, p. 35.
  14. ↑ Hajj and Umrah in the Quran and Hadith, p. 285.
  15. ↑ Sahbay-e Safa, p. 344.
  16. ↑ Jihad al-Imam al-Sajjad, p. 175.
  17. ↑ Ibn al-Jawzi, Ibn Arabi, Khwarazmi.
  18. ↑ The Hadith of Shibli on the Secrets of Hajj: Shia Narration or Sufi Tale?, p. 9.
  19. ↑ Kashf al-Mahjub, p. 474.
  20. ↑ Divan of Nasir Khusraw, p. 265.
  21. ↑ A Study of the Secrets of Hajj in the Hadith of Shibli from the Perspective of Verses and Narrations, p. 44.
  22. ↑ A Study of the Secrets of Hajj in the Hadith of Shibli from the Perspective of Verses and Narrations, p. 50.
  23. ↑ A Study of the Secrets of Hajj in the Hadith of Shibli from the Perspective of Verses and Narrations, p. 55.
  24. ↑ A Study of the Secrets of Hajj in the Hadith of Shibli from the Perspective of Verses and Narrations, p. 64.
  25. ↑ A Study of the Secrets of Hajj in the Hadith of Shibli from the Perspective of Verses and Narrations, p. 67.
  26. ↑ A Study of the Secrets of Hajj in the Hadith of Shibli from the Perspective of Verses and Narrations, p. 48.
  27. ↑ A Study of the Secrets of Hajj in the Hadith of Shibli from the Perspective of Verses and Narrations, p. 78.
  28. ↑ A Study of the Secrets of Hajj in the Hadith of Shibli from the Perspective of Verses and Narrations, p. 90.
  29. ↑ A Study of the Secrets of Hajj in the Hadith of Shibli from the Perspective of Verses and Narrations, p. 94.
  30. ↑ A Study of the Secrets of Hajj in the Hadith of Shibli from the Perspective of Verses and Narrations, p. 100.
  31. ↑ A Study of the Secrets of Hajj in the Hadith of Shibli from the Perspective of Verses and Narrations, p. 112.
  32. ↑ A Study of the Secrets of Hajj in the Hadith of Shibli from the Perspective of Verses and Narrations, p. 115.
  33. ↑ A Study of the Secrets of Hajj in the Hadith of Shibli from the Perspective of Verses and Narrations, p. 85.
  34. ↑ A Study of the Secrets of Hajj in the Hadith of Shibli from the Perspective of Verses and Narrations, p. 94.
  35. ↑ A Study of the Secrets of Hajj in the Hadith of Shibli from the Perspective of Verses and Narrations, p. 126.
  36. ↑ A Study of the Secrets of Hajj in the Hadith of Shibli from the Perspective of Verses and Narrations, p. 130.
  37. ↑ A Study of the Secrets of Hajj in the Hadith of Shibli from the Perspective of Verses and Narrations, p. 155.
  38. ↑ A Study of the Secrets of Hajj in the Hadith of Shibli from the Perspective of Verses and Narrations, p. 126.
  39. ↑ A Study of the Secrets of Hajj in the Hadith of Shibli from the Perspective of Verses and Narrations, p. 162.
  40. ↑ A Study of the Secrets of Hajj in the Hadith of Shibli from the Perspective of Verses and Narrations, p. 177.
  41. ↑ A Study of the Secrets of Hajj in the Hadith of Shibli from the Perspective of Verses and Narrations, p. 35.
  42. ↑ A Study of the Secrets of Hajj in the Hadith of Shibli from the Perspective of Verses and Narrations, p. 40.
  43. ↑ A Study of the Secrets of Hajj in the Hadith of Shibli from the Perspective of Verses and Narrations, p. 35.
  44. ↑ A Study of the Secrets of Hajj in the Hadith of Shibli from the Perspective of Verses and Narrations, p. 38.
  45. ↑ A Study of the Secrets of Hajj in the Hadith of Shibli from the Perspective of Verses and Narrations, p. 41.

References

  • History of Sufism, Mir Bagheri Fard, Seyyed Ali Asghar, Dehbashi, Mehdi, Tehran-Iran, Samt, 2013.
  • Tabaqat al-Sufiyya, Ansari, Abdullah ibn Muhammad, Tehran-Iran, Toos, 1983.
  • History of Baghdad, Khatib al-Baghdadi, Ahmad ibn Ali, Beirut-Lebanon, Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyyah, 1997.
  • Wafayat al-A'yan, Ibn Khallikan, Ahmad ibn Muhammad, Beirut-Lebanon, Dar al-Fikr, n.d.
  • Nafahat al-Uns, Jami, Abd al-Rahman ibn Ahmad, Calcutta-India, n.p., n.d.
  • Kashf al-Mahjub, Hujwiri, Ali ibn Uthman, Tehran-Iran, Soroush, 2004.
  • In Search of Iranian Sufism, Zarrinkoub, Abdolhossein, Tehran-Iran, Amirkabir, 2024.
  • Tadhkirat al-Awliya, Attar Nishapuri, Farid al-Din, Tehran-Iran, Sokhan, n.d.
  • Majalis al-Mu'minin, Shushtari, Nur Allah ibn Sharif al-Din, Tehran-Iran, Islamiyyeh, 1998.
  • Rawdat al-Jannat, Khansari, Seyyed Mohammad Baqir, Qom-Iran, Esmaeilian, 2011.
  • Rayhanat al-Adab, Modarres, Mohammad Ali, Qom-Iran, Imam Sadiq (AS) Institute, 2016.
  • Mustadrak al-Wasa'il, Nuri, Husayn ibn Muhammad Taqi, Beirut-Lebanon, Al al-Bayt, 1987.
  • Jihad al-Imam al-Sajjad, Husayni Jalali Ha'iri, Seyyed Mohammad Reza, Qom-Iran, Dar al-Hadith, 2010.
  • Sahba-ye Safa, Javadi Amoli, Abdullah, Tehran-Iran, Mash'ar, 2003.
  • Hajj and Umrah in the Quran and Hadith, Mohammadi Reyshahri, Mohammad, Qom-Iran, Dar al-Hadith, 2007.
  • The Hadith of Shibli on the Secrets of Hajj: In Shi'a Narrations or Sufi Tales?, Khameh-yar, Ahmad, Tehran-Iran, Journal of Hajj and Pilgrimage Research, Vol. 6, No. 1, 2021.
  • Divan of Nasir Khusraw, Qubadiyani, Nasir Khusraw, Tehran-Iran, Noor Computer Research Center for Islamic Sciences, n.d.
  • An Investigation into the Secrets of Hajj in the Hadith of Shibli from the Perspective of Verses and Traditions, Husayni, Davood, Tehran-Iran, Mash'ar, 2021.
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