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Abū Bakr b. Abī Quḥāfa was one of the early Muslims, a migrant, a famous companion, the father-in-law, and the first caliph of the Prophet Muhammad(s). He accompanied the Prophet during his migration from Mecca to Medina and participated in all the expeditions alongside him. In the ninth year of the Hijra, during the first Hajj pilgrimage of the Muslims from Medina, Abu Bakr was appointed as the leader of the pilgrimage. According to reports, in the 11th year after Hijra/632-3, during his caliphate, Abu Bakr also supervised the Hajj pilgrims.

The name and lineage

Abu Bakr Abdullah b. Abi Quhafa belonged to the Banu Taym clan of the Quraysh tribe.[1] And his mother was Umm al-Khair Salma bint Sakhr, the cousin of Abu Quhafa.[2] According to reports, he was born three years before the Year of the Elephant.[3] It is said that Abu Bakr, at the time of his death, in 13AH/ 634, was 63 years old. His name before Islam was Abdul Ka'ba, which the Prophet changed to Abdullah.[4] He was famously known as Abu Bakr and It has been called with nicknames such as Sadiq[5] and Atiq.[6]

Wives and Children

His wives were Qutaylah, the daughter of Abdul-Uzza, and Umm Ruman, the daughter of Amir ibn Umair.[7] His daughters were Asma, the daughter of Umais Khathami, and Habiba, the daughter of Kharija ibn Zaid Khazraji.[8] Abu Bakr's wives were Qutaylah, the daughter of Abdul-Uzza, and Umm Ruman, the daughter of Amir ibn Umair. His sons were Abdullah, Abdul-Rahman, and Muhammad, and his daughters were Asma, Aisha, and Umm Kulthum. Aisha became the wife of the Prophet Muhammad(s), while Asma married Zubayr ibn al-Awwam and became the mother of Abdullah b. Zubayr.[9]

The conversion to Islam

The conversion of Abu Bakr to Islam is remembered to have occurred after Imam Ali(a).[10] After embracing Islam, Abu Bakr bought and freed a number of tortured Muslim slaves from the Quraysh.[11] During the Prophet's invitations to the tribes during the Hajj and in the final years of his presence in Mecca, Abu Bakr, due to his familiarity with Arab genealogies, accompanied the Prophet.[12] With the Prophet's migration to Medina, Abu Bakr also accompanied him.[13]

After the migration to Medina

Prophet Muhammad(s)stood between Abu Bakr and Salim, the freed slave of Hudhaifah.[14] Or Harithah ibn Zaid.[15] A brotherhood pact was established. Earlier in Mecca, a brotherhood pact had been made between him and Umar.[16] Abu Bakr participated in all the expeditions and some crucial events during the time of the Prophet Muhammad (s).[17] Abu Bakr participated in all the expeditions and some crucial events during the time of the Prophet Muhammad(s). Based on a report, in the Battle of Bani Mustaliq in 5 AH/626-7, the flagbearer was from the Emigrants.[18]

Emirate of Hajj in the 9AH

Abu Bakr, in the ninth year, as the Emir of Hajj, led the first pilgrimage of the Muslims.[19] And according to a report, for the proclamation of Sura Bara'at (Al-Tawbah) by the prophet(s), he set out from Medina to Mecca with 300 people.[20] In this journey, he had five sacrificial camels with him and was instructed to perform the standing (wuquf) on the Day of Arafa in Arafat, not in Muzdalifa, contrary to the polytheists. He would leave Arafat after sunset and depart from Muzdalifa after sunrise.[21] After becoming muhrim in Dhul-Hulayfa, he met Ali (a) at Arj. At first, he thought that he had been relieved of the emirate of Hajj.[22] But with the words of Ali, he realized that Ali(a) had been solely tasked with conveying the initial verses of Sura Al-Tawba (Bara'at).[23] Based on this, Abu Bakr went to Mecca alongside Ali and during the pilgrimage, he delivered sermons in Mina on the afternoon of the seventh day, the Day of Arafa, and the afternoon of Eid al-Adha.[24] According to reports, including a narration from Ibn Abbas, Abu Bakr was relieved of the emirate of Hajj and returned to Medina.[25]

Caliphate

After the passing of the Prophet (a) and before his burial, a group of Ansar gathered at the Saqifa of Bani Sa'ida and pledged allegiance to Abu Bakr as the successor to the Prophet (a).[26] Although before that on 18 Dhul Hijja of year 10 Hijri/ 16 March 632, the Prophet had raised the hand of Ali bin Abi Talib (a.s.) in the farewell Hajj (Ghadir incident) and introduced him to the people as the master and guardian after him.[27]

Supervision of Pilgrims During the Caliphate

In the 11th AH/ 632-3, Abu Bakr appointed Umar b. Khattab as the head of the pilgrims, and he performedUmra in the month of Rajab of the 12th AH/ 633-4, and in the season of the same year, he became the head of the pilgrims.[28] Some reports suggest that during his caliphate, Abu Bakr did not perform Hajj, and Umar or Attab b. Usaid, the agent of the Prophet (a) in Mecca, carried out the pilgrimage.[29] Or he appointed Abdul-Rahman b. Awf to the emirate of Hajj.[30]

Death

Abu Bakr passed away due to illness on the seventh of Jumada al-thani in the year 13 AH/ August 8, 634, after two years, three months, and 26 days of caliphate, at the age of 63.[31] And upon his death, he left behind a date palm grove from the spoils of Banu Nadir, as well as lands in Bahrain, Ghaba, and Khaybar.[32]

Notes

  1. ↑ Ibn Saʿd, Al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā, vol. 5, p. 142; Balādhurī, Ansāb al-ashrāf, vol. 10, p. 51.
  2. ↑ Balādhurī, Ansāb al-ashrāf, vol. 10, p. 100.
  3. ↑ Ibn Saʿd, Al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā, vol. 3, p. 151.
  4. ↑ Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, Al-Istīʿāb fī maʿrifat al-aṣḥāb, vol. 3, p. 963.
  5. ↑ Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, Al-Istīʿāb fī maʿrifat al-aṣḥāb, vol. 3, p. 963; Ibn Abī l-Ḥadīd, Sharḥ Nahj al-balāgha, vol. 3, p. 207.
  6. ↑ Ibn Ḥajar al-ʿAsqalānī, Al-Iṣāba fī tamyīz al-ṣaḥāba, vol. 4, p. 146-147; Ibn Saʿd, Al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā, vol. 3, p. 126-128; Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, Al-Istīʿāb fī maʿrifat al-aṣḥāb, vol. 3, p. 963.
  7. ↑ Balādhurī, Ansāb al-ashrāf, vol. 10, p. 101.
  8. ↑ Ibn Saʿd, Al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā, vol. 3, p. 126.
  9. ↑ Balādhurī, Ansāb al-ashrāf, vol. 3, p. 167; Mufīd, Kitāb al-amālī, p. 79.
  10. ↑ Ibn Hishām, Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya, vol. 1, p. 266; Ibn Saʿd, Al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā, vol. 3, p. 128; Kūfī, Al-Muṣannaf, vol. 7, p. 498; Ṭabarī, Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk, vol. 2, p. 316; Balādhurī, Ansāb al-ashrāf, vol. 10, p. 100.
  11. ↑ Ibn Qutayba al-Dīnawarī, Al-Maʿārif, p. 177.
  12. ↑ Ṭabarānī, Al-Muʿjam al-kabīr, vol. 6, p. 62; Maghribī, Sharḥ al-akhbār, vol. 2, p. 382-386.
  13. ↑ Ṭabarī, Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk, vol. 2, p. 100
  14. ↑ Ibn Qutayba al-Dīnawarī, Al-Maʿārif, p. 273.
  15. ↑ Ibn Ḥabīb Baghdādī, Kitāb al-muḥabbar, p. 73.
  16. ↑ Ibn Hishām, Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya, vol. 4, p. 206.
  17. ↑ Ibn Athīr, Usd al-ghāba, vol. 3, p. 318.
  18. ↑ Wāqidī, Al-Maghāzī, vol. 1, p. 407.
  19. ↑ Wāqidī, Al-Maghāzī, vol. 3, p. 1077; Ibn Saʿd, Al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā, vol. 3, p. 132.
  20. ↑ Ibn Hishām, Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya, vol. 4, p. 188.
  21. ↑ Wāqidī, Al-Maghāzī, vol. 3, p. 1077.
  22. ↑ Wāqidī, Al-Maghāzī, vol. 3, p. 1077.
  23. ↑ Wāqidī, Al-Maghāzī, vol. 3, p. 1077; Ibn Hishām, Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya, vol. 4, p. 190.
  24. ↑ Wāqidī, Al-Maghāzī, vol. 3, p. 1078.
  25. ↑ Aḥmad b. Ḥanbal. Musnad al-Imām Aḥmad b. Ḥanbal, vol. 1, p. 3; Mufīd, Al-Irshād, vol. 1, p. 65.
  26. ↑ Ṭabarī, Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk, vol. 2, p. 459; Mufīd, Al-Jumal wa al-nuṣra li sayyid al-ʿitra fī ḥarb al-Baṣra, p. 119.
  27. ↑ Kulaynī, Al-Kāfī, vol. 8, p. 27; Ibn Athīr, Usd al-ghāba, vol. 3, p. 136.
  28. ↑ Ibn Saʿd, Al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā, vol. 3, p. 139.
  29. ↑ Ibn Ḥabīb Baghdādī, Kitāb al-muḥabbar, p. 12.
  30. ↑ Ibn ʿAsākir, Tārīkh-i damishq, vol. 30, p. 217.
  31. ↑ Ibn Saʿd, Muḥammad. Al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā, vol. 3, p. 150-151.
  32. ↑ Ṣanʿānī, Al-Muṣannaf, vol. 9, p. 101-102.

References

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Mufīd, Muḥammad b. Muḥammad al-. Kitāb al-amālī. Edited by Ḥusayn Ustād Walī and ʿAlī Akbar Ghaffārī. Beirut:Dār al-Mufīd, 1414 AH.

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Ibn Saʿd, Muḥammad. Al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā. Beirut: Dār al-Ṣādir, [n.d].

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Ṣanʿānī, ʿAbd al-Razzāq b. Humām. Al-Muṣannaf. Edited by Ḥabīb al-Raḥmān Aʿzamī. Beirut: al-Majlis al-ʿIlmī,1403 AH.

Ibn Qutayba al-Dīnawarī, ʿAbd Allāh b. Muslim . Al-Maʿārif. Edited by Tharwat ʿAkkāsha. Qom: Sharīf Raḍī, 1373 sh. Ṭabarānī, Sulaymān b. Aḥmad. Al-Muʿjam al-kabīr. Edited by Ḥamdī ʿAbd al-Majīd Salafī. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 1405 AH.

Wāqidī, Muḥammad b. ʿUmar al-. Al-Maghāzī. Edited by Marsden Jones. Beirut: Muʾassisa al-Aʿlām, 1409 AH.

Yaʿqūbī, Aḥmad b. Abī Yaʿqūb al-. Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī. Beirut: Dār Ṣādir, n.p. Kulaynī, Muḥammad b. Yaʿqūb al-. Al-Kāfī. Edited by ʿAlī Akbar Ghaffārī & Muḥammad Ākhūndī. Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmīyya, 1407 AH.

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