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Aisha

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ʿĀʾisha (Arabic: عائشة) was the third wife of Prophet Muhammad (s) and the daughter of Abu Bakr. Aisha is regarded as one of the outstanding women of early Islam, holding both political and social status, and more than two thousand hadiths have been narrated from her. Aisha has been criticized by Shi'a due to her disagreements with Imam Ali (a) and her confrontation with him in the Battle of the Camel.

There are places in Medina associated with Aisha. The most famous of these is the chamber of the Prophet (s), which was Aisha's residence with the Prophet (s) and is now the burial place of the Prophet (s), located within al-Masjid an-Nabawi (the Prophet's Mosque). A column in al-Masjid an-Nabawi is also known by her name. The al-Tan'im Mosque in Mecca is also commonly known as Aisha's Mosque. Aisha is buried in al-Baqi Cemetery alongside the other wives of the Prophet.

Biography

Aisha, the daughter of Abu Bakr b. Abi Quhafa, was one of the wives of the Prophet (s).[1] She was the Prophet's third wife after Khadija (a) and Sawda.[2]

There is disagreement about Aisha's age at the time of her marriage to the Prophet.[3] Some state she was nine years old,[4] but some reports suggest she was between 13 and 17,[5] or even 17 to 20 years old at the time of her marriage.[6]

Aisha passed away in 57/676-77, 58/677-78,[7] or 59/678-79,[8] and Abu Hurayra led her funeral prayer.[9]

During the Caliphate

After the Prophet's demise, Aisha strongly supported the rule of her father Abu Bakr, then 'Umar b. al-Khattab, and even during the first half of 'Uthman b. 'Affan's caliphate, she was a staunch supporter of the government of the time.[10] In the second half of 'Uthman's rule, she became dissatisfied with him, but after his assassination, she demanded revenge for his blood and confronted Imam Ali (a) in the Battle of the Camel.[11]

Aisha was defeated in the Battle of the Camel, and Imam Ali (a) returned her to Medina with respect.[12] She lived in Medina until Imam Ali's martyrdom (40/661) and did not leave the city afterward.[13] Due to Aisha's stance against Ali (a) —especially her role in the Battle of the Camel— she has faced criticism from Shi'a scholars,[14] and she also prevented the burial of Imam al-Hasan (a) next to the Prophet (s).[15]

Status

Aisha is regarded as a prominent figure in the early Islamic period for her contributions in political, theological, hadith, and jurisprudential matters.[16] She is said to have been a jurist,[17] a Quran memorizer, an eloquent speaker,[18] and was known for her remarkable memory.[19] Sunni scholars have written extensively about her virtues.[20] She narrated many hadiths from the Prophet (s);[21] it is said that after the Prophet's demise, she was a scholarly reference for the companions.[22] After Abu Hurayra and Abd Allah b. 'Umar b. al-Khattab, she is the third most prolific narrator of hadith from the Prophet (s). The number of her hadiths is said to exceed two thousand.[23]

Hadiths from Aisha include accounts about al-Masjid al-Haram[24] and other places like al-Baqi'; for instance, she narrated that the Prophet would visit al-Baqi' and pray for forgiveness for those buried there.[25]

Places Associated with Aisha in Medina

Aisha's Column in al-Masjid an-Nabawi

Aisha spent most of her life in Medina, and there are places in the city named after her or connected to her life.

Al-Tan'im Mosque

Main article: al-Tan'im Mosque

Al-Tan'im Mosque is a site designated as a miqat (place for donning ihram) for al-Umra al-Mufrada. It was once popularly known as Aisha's Mosque because the Prophet (s) instructed her to assume ihram from this location.[26] An inscription from the mosque's renovation in 310/922-23 also mentions Aisha's name.[27]

The Sacred Chamber (al-Hujra al-Sharifa)

Main article: Prophet's Chamber

According to the well-known view, the Prophet (s) is buried in Aisha's chamber (his residence with Aisha) within al-Masjid an-Nabawi. Later, Abu Bakr and 'Umar were also buried there.[28]

Aisha's Column

Main article: Aisha's Column

One of the columns in the Prophet's Rawda is called the Aisha's Column. It is the third column from the Prophet's pulpit and tomb, next to the current mihrab.[29] There is disagreement about the reason for its name. The common view is that it was named so because Aisha narrated a hadith about the virtue of praying beside this column, or possibly because she designated and identified its location.[30]

Aisha's Tomb in Al-Baqi'

Main article: Shrine of the Wives of the Prophet (s)

According to her will, Aisha was buried in al-Baqi' Cemetery, alongside the other wives of the Prophet (s).[31] Her grave is near the burial site of Jabir b. 'Abd Allah al-Ansari.[32] Later, a walled enclosure without a roof was built over her grave and the graves of other wives of the Prophet who were buried beside her. In the 9th/15th century, a dome was constructed over it, which was called Qubbat al-Zawjat (The Dome of the Prophet's Wives).[33]

Notes

  1. ↑ "Bāzpazhūhishī dar sinn-i ʿĀʾisha hingām-i izdiwāj bā Payāmbar", p. 26; Shinākhtnāma-yi ḥadīth, p. 147.
  2. ↑ "Tabyīn-i naqsh wa jāygāh-i ʿilmī-yi ʿĀʾisha bint Abī Bakr dar ḥawza-yi ʿulūm-i Qurʾān wa ḥadīth bar asās-i riwāyāt wa manābiʿ-i tārīkhī", p. 48.
  3. ↑ Al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā, vol. 8, pp. 46–47; Tahdhīb al-kamāl fī asmāʾ al-rijāl, vol. 35, p. 227.
  4. ↑ "Tabyīn-i naqsh wa jāygāh-i ʿilmī-yi ʿĀʾisha bint Abī Bakr dar ḥawza-yi ʿulūm-i Qurʾān wa ḥadīth bar asās-i riwāyāt wa manābiʿ-i tārīkhī" p. 48; "Bāzpazhūhishī dar sinn-i ʿĀʾisha hingām-i izdiwāj bā Payāmbar", p. 25.
  5. ↑ Al-Ṣaḥīḥ min sīrat al-Nabī al-aʿẓam (ṣ), vol. 3, p. 287.
  6. ↑ "Bāzpazhūhishī dar sinn-i ʿĀʾisha hingām-i izdiwāj bā Payāmbar", p. 37.
  7. ↑ "Bāzpazhūhishī dar sinn-i ʿĀʾisha hingām-i izdiwāj bā Payāmbar", p. 27; Tārīkh-i Payambar-i Islām, p. 58; Shinākhtnāma-yi ḥadīth, p. 148.
  8. ↑ Naqsh-i ʿĀʾisha dar tārīkh-i Islām, vol. 1, p. 46.
  9. ↑ Tārīkh al-Islām wa wafayāt al-mashāhīr wa al-aʿlām, vol. 4, p. 164.
  10. ↑ Naqsh-i ʿĀʾisha dar tārīkh-i Islām, vol. 1, p. 45.
  11. ↑ Shinākhtnāma-yi ḥadīth, p. 147.
  12. ↑ Naqsh-i ʿĀʾisha dar tārīkh-i Islām, vol. 1, p. 46; Dānishnāma-yi Amīr al-Muʾminīn bar pāya-yi Qurʾān, ḥadīth wa tārīkh, vol. 4, p. 415.
  13. ↑ Naqsh-i ʿĀʾisha dar tārīkh-i Islām, vol. 1, p. 46.
  14. ↑ Naqsh-i ʿĀʾisha dar tārīkh-i Islām, vol. 1, pp. 205–206, vol. 3, p. 322; Al-Ṣaḥīḥ min sīrat al-Nabī al-aʿẓam (ṣ), vol. 3, p. 291; Dānishnāma-yi Baqīʿ-i sharīf, p. 449.
  15. ↑ Dānishnāma-yi Amīr al-Muʾminīn bar pāya-yi Qurʾān, ḥadīth wa tārīkh, vol. 4, p. 415.
  16. ↑ "Tabyīn-i naqsh wa jāygāh-i ʿilmī-yi ʿĀʾisha bint Abī Bakr dar ḥawza-yi ʿulūm-i Qurʾān wa ḥadīth bar asās-i riwāyāt wa manābiʿ-i tārīkhī" p. 42.
  17. ↑ Tahdhīb al-kamāl fī asmāʾ al-rijāl, vol. 35, pp. 233–235; Shinākhtnāma-yi ḥadīth, p. 148.
  18. ↑ Dānishnāma-yi Amīr al-Muʾminīn bar pāya-yi Qurʾān, ḥadīth wa tārīkh, vol. 4, p. 513.
  19. ↑ "Tabyīn-i naqsh wa jāygāh-i ʿilmī-yi ʿĀʾisha bint Abī Bakr dar ḥawza-yi ʿulūm-i Qurʾān wa ḥadīth bar asās-i riwāyāt wa manābiʿ-i tārīkhī" pp. 43 & 48; Naqsh-i ʿĀʾisha dar tārīkh-i Islām, vol. 1, p. 47.
  20. ↑ Tahdhīb al-kamāl fī asmāʾ al-rijāl, vol. 35, pp. 233–235; Siyar aʿlām al-nubalāʾ, vol. 2, pp. 140–141.
  21. ↑ "Tabyīn-i naqsh wa jāygāh-i ʿilmī-yi ʿĀʾisha bint Abī Bakr dar ḥawza-yi ʿulūm-i Qurʾān wa ḥadīth bar asās-i riwāyāt wa manābiʿ-i tārīkhī" p. 42.
  22. ↑ Tahdhīb al-kamāl fī asmāʾ al-rijāl, vol. 35, pp. 233–235; "Tabyīn-i naqsh wa jāygāh-i ʿilmī-yi ʿĀʾisha bint Abī Bakr dar ḥawza-yi ʿulūm-i Qurʾān wa ḥadīth bar asās-i riwāyāt wa manābiʿ-i tārīkhī" p. 42; Shinākhtnāma-yi ḥadīth, p. 148.
  23. ↑ Shinākhtnāma-yi ḥadīth, p. 149.
  24. ↑ See: Sīra Ibn Kathīr, vol. 4, pp. 410 & 413.
  25. ↑ Āthār-i Islāmī-yi Makka wa Madīna, p. 347.
  26. ↑ Āthār-i Islāmī-yi Makka wa Madīna, p. 172.
  27. ↑ Āthār-i Islāmī-yi Makka wa Madīna, p. 172.
  28. ↑ Āthār-i Islāmī-yi Makka wa Madīna, p. 278.
  29. ↑ Dānishnāma-yi ḥajj wa ḥaramayn-i sharīfayn, vol. 2, p. 380.
  30. ↑ Dānishnāma-yi ḥajj wa ḥaramayn-i sharīfayn, vol. 2, p. 381.
  31. ↑ Naqsh-i ʿĀʾisha dar tārīkh-i Islām, vol. 1, p. 46; "Khuftigān dar Baqīʿ (13)", p. 49.
  32. ↑ Dānishnāma-yi Baqīʿ-i sharīf, p. 154.
  33. ↑ Baqīʿ dar āyina-yi nigāra-hā-yi hunarī, p. 23.

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