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==Types==
==Types==
For every kind of hajj, that is, hajjat al-Islam and hajj on behalf there are rulings and conditions.
Obligatory hajj is further classified into three forms:  
Obligatory hajj is further classified into three forms:  


*Al-Tamattu': is obligatory for a person whose homeland is located at a distance more than 90 km from the holy city of Mecca
*[[Hajj al-tamattu']]: is obligatory for a person whose homeland is located at a distance more than 90 km from the holy city of Mecca (see: [[Afaqi]])
*Al-Ifrad,
*[[Hajj al-ifrad]],
*Al-Qiran.
*[[Hajj al-qiran]].


Hajj al-ifrad and hajj al-qiran are obligatory for people who reside within the holy city of Mecca or those who are settled at a distance less than the aforementioned one.  
Hajj al-ifrad and hajj al-qiran are obligatory for people who reside within the holy city of Mecca or those who are settled at a distance less than the aforementioned one.  


===Hajj al-Tamattu'===
===Hajj al-Tamattu'===
Hajj al-tamattu' differs from hajj al-ifrad and hajj al-qiran with regard to rituals.
{{main|Hajj al-Tamattu'}}
 
The basic feature that distinguishes hajj al-tamattu' from hajj al-ifrad and hajj al-qiran is 'umra. Hajj al-tamattu' comprises two parts: 'umra and hajj. It starts with 'umra. A gap exists between 'umra and hajj during which the pilgrim comes out of [[ihram]] state and is allowed to [[al-tamattu']] (literally enjoy) things which are prohibited for a muhrim (a person who is in state of ihram). Both 'umra al-tamattu' and hajj al-tamattu' should be performed in the same year.
 
Hajj al-ifrad and al-qiran comprise only hajj rituals, and 'umra in these cases is considered an independent worship termed as 'umra al-mufrada. So, a person may perform 'umra al-mufrada in one year and hajj al-ifrad/al-qiran in another year.
 
'Umra al-tamattu' and al-'umra al-mufrada have common rites and differences.
 
Similar to hajj, 'umra is sometimes obligatory and other times it is mustahabb.
 
In Islamic jurisprudential rulings, 'umra is obligatory once in life. If a person fulfills the required conditions of 'umra, he should perform it. Like hajj, it is obligatory for those who are mustati' to perform 'umra as soon as possible. For those who reside in Mecca or its vicinity (not further than ninety km from Mecca), being mustati' for hajj is separable from being mustati' for 'umra. Therefore, if a person is mustati' only for one of them, he should perform it as soon as possible.
 
It is noteworthy to mention here that this rule is specific only for those who live in the holy city of Mecca or reside at a distance of less than ninety kilometers from the holy city of Mecca. With regard to the people living far from Mecca and their duty is to perform hajj al-tamattu', ability and qualification for hajj and 'umra is not separate from each other because hajj al-tamattu' includes 'umra al-tamattu' and hajj and both of them should be performed in the same year.
 
It is not lawful for a person intending to perform hajj or 'umra to enter the Holy City of Mecca without ihram. And if he wants to enter in the Holy city of Mecca in days other than hajj season, it is obligatory for him to enter the Holy City with ihram of al-'umra al-mufrada. However, the following two groups are exempted from this commandment:
 
*Those who frequently visit the holy city of Mecca for job/occupational purposes.
*Those who have exited the Holy city of Mecca after performing the rites and acts of hajj/'umra and want to re-enter the holy city of Mecca during the same [lunar] month.
 
The repetition of 'umra is recommended similar to repetition of hajj and there lies no particular gap limit between two 'umras. But, on cautionary terms one can perform only one 'umra for himself within a month. If he performs two 'umras on behalf of others or he performs one 'umra for himself and the second for another person, this caution is not necessary. Therefore, if he performs the second 'umra on behalf of another person, it is permissible for him to receive the wages of performing 'umra and 'umra al-mufrada will be sufficient for the performer whether it is obligatory or not.
 
Hajj al-tamattu' includes two acts: 'umra al-tamattu' and hajj al-tamattu', the two acts are essentially just one act but because there is permission to go out of ihram in between, they are considered two. 'Umra al-tamattu' is prior to hajj al-tamattu' and both these acts have specific deeds which are discussed below.
 
The deeds of 'umra al-tamattu':
 
#Wearing [[ihram]] (hajj dress) from a [[miqat]];
#[[Tawaf]] around the Holy [[Ka'ba]];
#[[Prayer of tawaf]];
#[[Sa'y]] (to walk) between the mountains of [[Safa]] and [[Marwa]];
#[[Taqsir]] (cutting a small quantity of hair or nail)
 
The deeds of hajj al-tamattu' are mentioned below:
 
#Ihram (wearing dress of hajj) in the holy city of Mecca;
#[[Wuquf at 'Arafat|Wuqūf (staying) in 'Arafat]] from the noon of the ninth of Dhu l-Hijja to sunset;
#[[Wuquf at al-Mash'ar al-Haram|Wuqūf (staying) in al-Mash'ar al-Haram]] on the night before the tenth of Dhu l-Hijja to sunrise;
#Stoning at [[al-Jamara al-ʿAqaba]] on the day of [[Eid al-Adha]] (the tenth of Dhu l-Hijja);
#Slaughtering animal;
#Shaving head or taqsir (cutting a small quantity of hair or nail);
#[[Tawaf]] around the Holy Ka'ba;
#Prayer of tawaf ;
#Sa'y (to walk) between the mountains of Safa and Marwa;
#Tawaf of nisa' (women);
#Prayer of tawaf of nisa';
#To stay awake during the night before the eleventh in [[Mina]];
#Stoning three jamaras on the eleventh of Dhu l-Hijja;
#To stay awake during the night before the twelfth in Mina;
#Stoning three jamaras on the twelfth of Dhu l-Hijja.
 
Hajj al-ifrad and hajj al-tamattu' are similar in terms of rituals and acts of worship except for one major difference of animal slaughtering. It is mandatory in hajj al-tamattu' whereas it is a recommended act in hajj al-ifrad.
 
'Umra al-mufrada is similar to 'umra al-tamattu' except for the following differences:
 
#The rituals of 'umra al-tamattu' comprise taqsir as obligatory act; whereas in 'umra al-mufrada, it is optional for the men, i.e. either he can have his head shaved or perform taqsir. The rulings for the women are that they should perform taqsir in both 'umra al-mufrada and 'umra al-tamattu'.
#In 'umra al-tamattu, tawaf of nisa' and its prayer are not obligatory. However on the basis of caution, one should perform both of them before taqsir with the intention of raja' (hope of being desired by Allah). In 'umra al-mufrada, tawaf of nisa' and its prayer are obligatory.
#'Umra al-tamattu' should be performed during the months of hajj: Shawwal, Dhu l-Qa'da or Dhu l-Hijja; whereas 'umra al-mufrada can be performed any time during the year.
#There are five miqats (the place where the dress for hajj or 'umra is worn) for 'umra al-tamattu'. miqat for 'umra al-mufrada varies with distance from Mecca. People residing in Mecca have adana al-hill as miqat whereas people living out of Mecca are obliged to wear ihram from one of the five miqats nearest to them.


Hajj al-qiran differs from hajj al-ifrad mainly in two aspects: animal slaughtering and becoming muhrim. During hajj al-qiran, the animal for slaughtering should accompany the person wearing ihram, thereby animal slaughtering is obligatory for him.
Likewise, in the hajj al-qiran, ihram is carried out by saying "Labbayk" (specific slogan of hajj) or by [[ish'ar]] or [[taqlid]]  but in hajj al-ifrad, ihram is materialized only by saying Labbayk.


For the hajj al-tamattu' to be valid, there are certain conditions be fulfilled. They are as follows:
For the hajj al-tamattu' to be valid, there are certain conditions be fulfilled. They are as follows:

Revision as of 19:04, 24 February 2020

Ḥajj الحج is one of the most integral pillars of Islam upon which Islam has been established. Imam Baqir (a) says "Islam has been established on the following five elements: prayer, zakat, fast, hajj and wilaya".[1]

Hajj holds immense virtue and abundant reward. Many traditions have been narrated from the Holy Prophet (s) and Ahl al-Bayt (a) on the merits of hajj. Imam al-Sadiq (a) says: "Those who perform hajj and 'umra form the delegation of Allah; if they beg Him, He will grant them; if they call upon Him, He will answer them; if they want to intercede for others, He will accept it; and if they keep quiet, He will speak on their behalf, and they will be compensated with a reward of one million dirhams for the expense of one dirham".[2]

In the light of many verses and hadiths, a person who has qualified for Hajj and is well aware that hajj is obligatory upon him and yet does not perform it has committed a major sin.

Allah Almighty says in the Holy Qur'an:

It is narrated from Imam al-Sadiq (a): "If a person dies and does not perform hajj while there was no pressing need, severe illness, or any cruel ruler which may prevent him from performing it, he will die as a Jew or a Christian".[4]

Hajj on Bahalf

Main article: Hajj on Behalf

Hajj on behalf is the hajj performed on behalf of another person, whereas hajj for oneself is hajj accomplished for oneself.

If a person was mustati' for hajj and hajj became obligatory for him but now does not have power to perform hajj due to old age, sickness, or unbearable hardship and has no hope of recovery and power to perform hajj without hardship in the coming years, it is obligatory for him to hire someone to perform hajj on his behalf. However, if hajj did not become fully obligatory for him, he is not required to hire someone else for this purpose.

Recommended Hajj

Hajj for oneself is further classified into two forms: obligatory hajj and recommended hajj.

Obligatory Hajj

The obligatory hajj becomes an obligation in itself according to the Islamic law, or it becomes obligatory because of nadhr or invalidation of previous hajj.

Types

Obligatory hajj is further classified into three forms:

Hajj al-ifrad and hajj al-qiran are obligatory for people who reside within the holy city of Mecca or those who are settled at a distance less than the aforementioned one.

Hajj al-Tamattu'

Main article: Hajj al-Tamattu'


For the hajj al-tamattu' to be valid, there are certain conditions be fulfilled. They are as follows:

  1. Intention, i.e. from the time of wearing ihram for 'umra al-tamattu', he should intend to perform hajj al-tamattu'; otherwise, his hajj is not in order;
  2. Both 'umra and hajj need to be performed in the months of hajj;
  3. Both 'umra and hajj need to be performed in the same year;
  4. 'Umra and hajj should be performed for one person and by one person. This implies that a person who is performing hajj on the behalf of a dead person needs to perform both 'umra and hajj himself. Hiring two individuals to carry out the 'umra and hajj separately is not permitted.

A person, whose duty is to perform hajj al-tamattu', cannot change it on purpose and by choice to perform hajj al-ifrad or al-qiran.

A person, whose duty is to perform hajj al-tamattu' but knows that the time is too short to complete 'umra and join hajj, should change his intention from hajj al-tamattu' to hajj al-ifrad and after completing the rites of hajj, he should perform al-'umra al-mufrada.

Istita'a

Main article: Istita'a

Istiṭāʿa, In Islamic law, means enjoying all the required characteristics that make hajj obligatory, such a person is called mustati'.

After one becomes mustati', if the act of performing hajj requires travelling and managing provisions, the person should take every step possible to accomplish this noble pilgrimage the same year. When a mustati' person is negligent and does not perform hajj, he has committed a sin and hajj would remain obligatory for him even if he no longer meets the conditions of being mustati'.

Going Toward Mecca

After wearing ihram in miqat, pilgrims move towards the holy city of Mecca to perform other rites of 'umra.

Before entering the holy city of Mecca, the boundary of the Holy Haram begins. Entry to the Holy Haram and holy city of Mecca and Masjid al-Haram is accompanied by a huge collection of supplications, prayers and etiquette (see: Supplications of Entering Haram)

Tawaf and Prayer of Tawaf

Main articles: Tawaf and Prayer of Tawaf

The second obligation of 'umra is tawaf. The person, who wears ihram with intention of 'umra al-tamattu' and enters the holy city of Mecca in order to perform all deeds of 'umra, must first perform the tawaf and turn around the Ka'ba seven times. After tawaf he should perform the prayer of tawaf.

Sa'y

Main article: Sa'y

Sa'y is the fourth obligation of 'umra. After performing tawaf and its prayer, it is obligatory to perform Sa'y between Safa and Marwa. Sa'y means covering the distance between these two mountains. The first round should start from Safa and end at Marwa and the second from Marwa to Safa. In this way, the seven rounds should be completed and he/she should complete this rite at Marwa. Therefore, it is incorrect to start Sa'y from Marwa and end it at Safa.

Taqsir

Main article: Taqsir

Taqsir involves cutting some strands of the hair from head, beard, mustache, or alternatively one may cut a nail of hand or foot. It is the fifth obligation of 'umra. In 'umra al-tamattu' it is obligatory for a person to perform taqsir after finishing sa'y.

Tawaf al-Nisa'

Main article: Tawaf al-Nisa'

Tawaf al-nisa' is a tawaf and a two rak'a prayer which is one of the obligatory rites of hajj al-tamattu' and al-'umra al-mufrada. It is not obligatory in 'umra al-tamattu'.

Notes

  1. ↑ Al-Kulayni, Al-Kafi, vol. 2 p. 18, H. 1
  2. ↑ Al Kafi, vol. 4, p. 255, H. 14.
  3. ↑ Quran 3:97
  4. ↑ Tahzib al-ahkam, vol. 5, p. 17.

References

  • The Rites of Hajj, In Accord with Fatwas of Grand Ayatollah Sayyid Ali Hosseini Khamenei, Hajj and Ziarah Research Center
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