Afaqi: Difference between revisions

'''Afāqī''' is someone who lives out of [[al-Haram al-Makki]] (according to the most of Shia faqihs farther than about 88km out of Mecca).

In fiqh technical usge afaqi is a person who lives in places far from Mecca (in other words outside [[al-Haram al-Makki]]).<ref>see: ''Tuḥfat al-fuqahāʾ'', vol.1, p.394; ''Hāshīyat radd al-mukhtār'', vol.2, p.514-515; ''Muʿjam lughat al-fuqahāʾ'', p.36</ref> The notion is mentioned in Quran with the word “al-bād”<ref>''Nahj al-balāgha'', letter 67; ''Zubdat al-bayān'', p.220</ref> and in fiqh with different words, including, “ahl al-āfāq”,<ref>''Al-Mudawwanat al-kubrā'', vol.1, p.371-72; ''Al-Rawḍa al-bahīyya'', vol.2, p.217; ''Al-Ḥadāʾiq'', vol.14, p.321, 402</ref> “ahl al-amṣār”,<ref>see: ''Al-Muqniʿa'', p.395; compare to: ''Al-Mabsūṭ'', al-Sarakhsī, vol.12, p.18; ''Taḥrīr al-aḥkām'', vol.1, p.559, 565</ref> “al-nāʾī”,<ref>''Al-Durūs'', vol.1, p.330-31; ''Dhikrā'', vol.3, p.184; ''Al-Ḥadāʾiq'', vol.14, p.320-21</ref> and “al-baʿīd”.<ref>see: ''Tuḥfat al-fuqahāʾ'', vol.1, p.386; ''Tadhkirat al-fuqahāʾ'', vol.7, p.51; ''Jawāhir al-kalām'', vol.18, p.5</ref> in opposite some of fiqh sources have called people leaving around the miqats and outside al-Haram al-Makki, “al-bustānī”, as there is a place called [[Bustan Banu Amir]] in the area.<ref>see: ''Tuḥfat al-fuqahāʾ'', vol.1, p.394-95</ref>

In Quran a person living in al-Haram is called “al-ʿākif”,<ref>see: ''Nahj al-balāgha'', letter 67; ''Al-Muʿtabar'', vol.2, p.729; ''Zubdat al-bayān'', p.220</ref> (Quran 22:25) and “ḥāḍirī l-Masjid al-Harām” (Quran 2:196).<ref>''Tuḥfat al-fuqahāʾ'', vol.1, p.411; ''Fatḥ al-ʿazīz'', vol.7, p.128</ref> In fiqh sources such a person is mentioned as “al-ḥaramī”,<ref>''al-Nihāya'', Ibn Athīr, vol.1, p.375; ''Hāshīyat radd al-mukhtār'', vol.2, p.637</ref> “ahl Makka” (people of Mecca),<ref>''Al-Mudawwanat al-kubrā'', vol.1, p.369-71; ''Al-Mabsūṭ'', al-Ṭūsī, vol.1, p.302, 308; ''Al-Kāfī'', al-Ḥalabī, p.191</ref> “ahl Ḥaram” (people of haram),<ref>''Al-Marāsim al-ʿAlawīyya'', p.107; ''Fatḥ al-ʿazīz'', vol.7, p.128</ref> and “al-muqīm”.<ref>''Sharāyiʿ al-Islām'', vol.1, p.178; ''Majmaʿ al-fādʾida'', vol.6, p.35-36</ref>

According to the most Shi'a faqihs<ref>''Al-Muʿtabar'', vol.2, p.785; ''Dhakhīrat al-maʿād'', vol.1, p.551</ref> the distance from Mecca should be 48 Arabic miles (~88km).<ref>''Al-Nihāya'', al-Ṭūsī, p.206; ''Al-Muʿtabar'', vol.2, p.784; ''Taḥrīr al-aḥkām'', vol.1, p.558</ref> Some Shia faqihs consider a quarter of the distance sufficient.<ref>''Al-Mabsūṭ'', al-Ṭūsī, vol.1, p.306; ''Al-Wasīla'', p.157; ''Ghunyat al-nuzuʿ'', p.151</ref> Their main reason is the contrast of “ḥāḍir” (present) and “musāfir” ([[traveler]]) in the verse Quran 2:196; as the minimum distance for a traveler in shari'a is four parasangs (~22 km) that distinguishes the “ḥāḍir” and “āfāqī”.<ref>''Jawāhir al-kalām'', vol.18, p.9</ref> some have summed up the two views that 88km means 22km in four directions of Mecca.<ref>''Al-Sarāʾir'', vol.1, p.519; ''Kashf al-rumūz'', vol.1, p.336; ''Majmaʿ al-fādʾida'', vol.6, p.15</ref>

The last view is not accepted by many faqihs for several reasons,<ref>''Mukhtalaf al-Shīʿa'', vol.4, p.27; ''Dhakhīrat al-maʿād'', vol.1, p.551</ref> including, there are hadiths<ref>''Tahdhīb'', vol.5, p.32-33; ''Al-Istibṣār'', vol.2, p.157-58</ref> that people of places like [[Dhāt ʿĪrq]], [[ʿUsfān]], [[Marr]], and [[Sarf]] that are more than 22km away from Mecca,<ref>''Mukhtalaf al-Shīʿa'', vol.4, p.26; ''Kashf al-lithām'', vol.1, p.277</ref> are considered people of Mecca. There is a rare view in Shi'a fiqh that afaqi are considered people that have a distance of more than 33km from Mecca.<ref>see: ''Al-Kāfī'', al-Kulaynī, vol.4, p.300; ''Jawāhir al-kalām'', vol.18, p.8</ref>

* '''''Al-Muʿtabar''''': al-Muḥaqqiq al-Ḥillī (676AH), Muʾassisa Sayyid al-Shuhadāʾ, 1363Sh.

* '''''Ghunyat al-nuzuʿ''''': al-Ḥalabī (585AH), ed. Bahādurī, Qom, Muʾassisa-yi Imām Ṣādiq, 1417AH.

* '''''Taḥrīr al-aḥkām al-sharʿīyya''': al-ʿAllāma al-Ḥillī (726AH), ed. Bahādurī, Qom, Muʾassisat al-Imām al-Ṣādiq, 1420AH.