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''' | '''Rukn al-Hajar al-Aswad''' is the southeast corner of the Ka'ba building. The structure of the Ka'ba is quadrangular, and each corner is called a rukn, and the sum of the four corners is referred to as [[the pillars of the Ka'ba]]. Hajar al-Aswad pillar, which is located in the southeast of the Ka'ba, is the starting point of the [[Tawaf|tawaf]], and at a height of one and a half meters, the Black Stone (Hajar al-Aswad) is situated there. Therefore, it is known as Rukn Hajar al-Aswad or Rukn al-Aswad. | ||
==Location== | ==Location== | ||
Rukn Hajar al-Aswad is located in the southeast of the | Rukn al-Hajar al-Aswad is located in the southeast of the [[Ka'ba]] and is the starting point of the [[tawaf]].<ref>Azraqī, ''Akhbār Makka'', vol. 1, p. 65; Kurdī,''Al-Tārīkh al-qawīm li Makka wa bayt Allāh al-karīm'', vol. 3, p. 236; Ibn Jubayr, ''Riḥla Ibn Jubayr'', p. 53.</ref> | ||
At a height of one and a half meters, the Black Stone (Hajar al-Aswad) is located. | At a height of one and a half meters, the Black Stone (Hajar al-Aswad) is located.<ref>Kurdī,''Al-Tārīkh al-qawīm li Makka wa bayt Allāh al-karīm'', vol. 3, p. 236; Ibrāhīm Rafʿat Pāshā. ''Mirʾāt al-ḥaramayn, aw, al-raḥlāt al-ḥijāziyya wa al-ḥaj wa mashāʿirihi al-dīniyya'', vol. 1, p. 264.</ref> | ||
Rukn Hajar al-Aswad is more famous than the other | Rukn al-Hajar al-Aswad is more famous than the other [[pillars of the Ka'ba]]. This pillar is the closest to the entrance door of the Ka'ba and is located opposite the Z[[amzam well]]. Facing the Hajar al-Aswad pillar is the well-known [[Mount Abu Qubays]].<ref>Maqdisī al-Bashārī, '' Aḥsan al-taqāsīm fī maʿrifat al-aqālīm'', p. 72.</ref> | ||
"The distance from Rukn Hajar al-Aswad to | "The distance from Rukn al-Hajar al-Aswad to [[rukn al-Iraqi ]] is 11.68 meters, and to [[rukn Yamani]] is more than 10 meters.<ref>Khārazmī, ''al-. Ithara al-targhīb'' , vol. 1, p. 227; Ibn Rusta,''Al-Aʿlāq al-nafīsa'', p. 30.</ref> | ||
Hajar al-Aswad pillar is in the direction of the qibla for the southern regions of [[Hijaz]] and the countries of Australia, India, and China, which are aligned with this pillar.<ref>Ibrāhīm Rafʿat Pāshā. ''Mirʾāt al-ḥaramayn, aw, al-raḥlāt al-ḥijāziyya wa al-ḥaj wa mashāʿirihi al-dīniyya'', vol. 1, p. 264.</ref> | |||
==Other Names== | ==Other Names== | ||
Some refer to Rukn Hajar al-Aswad as the Eastern | Some refer to the Rukn al-Hajar al-Aswad as the Eastern pillar (Rukn al-Sharqi).<ref> Ibn Jubayr, ''Riḥla Ibn Jubayr'', p. 53.</ref> | ||
At times, both Rukn Hajar al-Aswad and | At times, both Rukn al-Hajar al-Aswad and [[rukn al-Yamani]] are referred to as rukn Yamani due to their location in the direction of Yemeni territory.<ref>Qalashqandī,''Ṣubḥ al-aʿshā'', vol. 4, p. 258.</ref> | ||
The term 'Rukn' alone is frequently used to refer to Rukn Hajar al-Aswad, and in many contexts, 'Rukn' essentially means the Black Stone. | The term 'Rukn' alone is frequently used to refer to Rukn al-Hajar al-Aswad, and in many contexts, 'Rukn' (pillar) essentially means the Black Stone.<ref>Fākihī,''Akhbār Makka fī qadīm al-dahr wa ḥaīthih'', vol. 1, p. 134; Kurdī,''Al-Tārīkh al-qawīm li Makka wa bayt Allāh al-karīm'', vol. 3, p. 236; Qazwīnī, '' Āthār al-bilād wa-akhbār al-ʿibād'' , p. 118.</ref> | ||
== | ==Istilām== | ||
Istilām"(Ar: استلام) refers to touching and laying hands on something. | |||
The Prophet Muhammad ( | The [[Prophet Muhammad (s)]] paid special attention to both Rukn al-Hajar al-Aswad and rukn al-Yamani, advising his companions to respect them and perform their specific rituals and acts. He considered touching them (Istilam) a means for the forgiveness of sins.<ref>Fākihī,''Akhbār Makka fī qadīm al-dahr wa ḥaīthih'', vol. 1, p. 127; Azraqī, ''Akhbār Makka'', vol. 1, p. 331. , Khārazmī, ''al-. Ithara al-targhīb'' , vol. 1, p. 258.</ref> | ||
"In some Sunni sources, the practice of touching Rukn Hajar al-Aswad | "In some Sunni sources, the practice of touching Rukn al-Hajar al-Aswad is considered recommended (mustahabb).<ref>Kurdī,''Al-Tārīkh al-qawīm li Makka wa bayt Allāh al-karīm'', vol. 3, p. 255.</ref> | ||
"Additionally, a number of Shia jurists, based on narrations, have considered touching Rukn Hajar al-Aswad and the other | "Additionally, a number of Shia jurists, based on narrations, have considered touching Rukn al-Hajar al-Aswad and the other pillars to be recommended.<ref>Ṭūsī, ''Al-Istibṣār fīmā ikhtalafa min al-akhbār'' ,vol. 2, p. 216; Ṭūsī,''Miṣbāḥ al-mutahajjid wa-silāḥ al-mutʿabbid'', p. 681; Ibn Idrīs, '' Al-Sarāʾir al-ḥāwī li-taḥrīr al-fatāwī'', vol. 1, p. 572.</ref> | ||
==Prayers of the Prophet== | ==Prayers of the Prophet== | ||
According to sources, the Prophet ( | According to sources, the Prophet (s) would whisper or recommend certain prayers between Rukn Hajar al-Aswad and Rukn Yamani, such as: " الّلهم ربّنا آتنا فی الدنیا حسنة و فی الآخرة حسنة و قنا عذاب النار و یا الّلهم إنّی أعوذ بک من الکفر و الفقر O Allah, our Lord, give us good in this world and good in the Hereafter, and save us from the punishment of the Fire" and "O Allah, I seek refuge in You from disbelief and poverty.<ref> Fākihī,''Akhbār Makka fī qadīm al-dahr wa ḥaīthih'', vol. 1, p. 145.</ref> | ||
"Also, numerous prayers and invocations from the Prophet (s) and his companions have been mentioned during the performance of the Rukn (pillar), such as: | |||
"Also, numerous prayers and invocations from the Prophet ( | *بسم الله و الله اکبر In the name of Allah, and Allah is the greatest.<ref>Azraqī, ''Akhbār Makka'', vol. 1, p. 339.</ref> | ||
* بسم اللّه و اللّه اکبر علی ما هدانا اللّه، لا اله الا اللّه وحده لا شریک له، آمنت بالله و کفرت بالطاغوت In the name of Allah, and Allah is the greatest; upon what Allah has guided us. There is no god but Allah, He alone, without partner. I believe in Allah and disbelieve in the Taghut.<ref>Azraqī, ''Akhbār Makka'', vol. 1, p. 339.</ref> | |||
* باسم اللّه و اللّه أکبر إیمانا باللّه و تصدیقا لإجابة محمد صلی اللّه علیه و سلم In the name of Allah, and Allah is the greatest, in faith in Allah and affirming the response of Muhammad, peace be upon him.<ref>Kurdī,''Al-Tārīkh al-qawīm li Makka wa bayt Allāh al-karīm'', vol. 3, p. 257.</ref> | |||
==Notes== | ==Notes== | ||
{{Notes}} | {{Notes}} | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{References}} | {{References}} | ||
* Azraqī, Muḥammad b. ʿAbd Allāh al-. ''Akhbār Makka. Qom: Maktaba al-Sharīf al-Raḍī, [n.d]. | |||
*Bashārī, Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad al-Maqdisī al-. ''Aḥsan al-taqāsīm fī maʿrifat al-aqālīm''. Cairo: Maktabat Madbūlī, 1411 AH. | |||
* Fākihī, Muḥammad b. Isḥāq. ''Akhbār Makka fī qadīm al-dahr wa ḥaīthih''. Beirut: Dār al- Khiḍr, 1414 AH. | |||
* Ibn Jubayr, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad. ''Riḥla Ibn Jubayr''. Beirut: Dār al-Maktaba al-Hilāl, 1986. | |||
*Ibn Idrīs, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad. ''Al-Sarāʾir al-ḥāwī li-taḥrīr al-fatāwī''. Qom: Intishārāt al-Islāmī, 1410 AH. | |||
*Ibn Rusta, Aḥmad b. ʿUmar. ''Al-Aʿlāq al-nafīsa''. Beirut: Dār Ṣādir, 1892 CE. | |||
*Ibrāhīm Rafʿat Pāshā. ''Mirʾāt al-ḥaramayn, aw, al-raḥlāt al-ḥijāziyya wa al-ḥaj wa mashāʿirihi al-dīniyya''. Beirut: Dār al-Maʿrifa, [n.d]. | |||
*Khārazmī, Muḥammad b. Isḥāq al-. Ithara al-targhīb. Mecca: Maktabat Nazār Muṣṭafā al-Bāz, 1418 AH. | |||
.Qazwīnī, Zakarīyā b. Muḥammad al-. | *Kulaynī, Muḥammad b. Yaʿqūb al-. ''Al-Kāfī''. Edited by ʿAlī Akbar Ghaffārī & Muḥammad Ākhūndī. Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmīyya, 1407 AH. | ||
.Ṭūsī, Muḥammad b. Ḥasan al- | *Kurdī, Muḥammad Ṭāhir. ''Al-Tārīkh al-qawīm li Makka wa bayt Allāh al-karīm''. Beirut: : Dār al- Khiḍr, 1420 AH. | ||
*Qalashqandī, Aḥmad b. ʿAlī. ''Ṣubḥ al-aʿshā''. Cairo: 1383 AH-1963. | |||
*Qazwīnī, Zakarīyā b. Muḥammad al-. ''Āthār al-bilād wa-akhbār al-ʿibād''. Beirut: Dār Ṣādir, 1998 CE. | |||
*Sibāʿī, Aḥmad al-. *Tārīkh Makka*. Mecca: Maktabat Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth, 1420 AH. | |||
*Ṭūsī, Muḥammad b. Ḥasan al-. ''Al-Istibṣār fīmā ikhtalafa min al-akhbār''. Edited by Sayyid Ḥasan Mūsawī al-Khurasān. Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmiyya, 1363 SH. | |||
*Ṭūsī, Muḥammad b. Ḥasan al-. ''Miṣbāḥ al-mutahajjid wa-silāḥ al-mutʿabbid''. Edited by Ismāʿīl Anṣārī Zanjānī, prepared by ʿAlī Aṣghar Marwārīd. Beirut: Fiqh al-Shīʿa, 1411 AH. | |||
{{end}} | {{end}} | ||