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| '''Shajara mosque'''(Arabic: مسجد الشجره) in [[Medina]] is one of the [[five Miqats]]. This place is the Miqat for the people of Medina and those who travel from Medina to [[Mecca]]. It is said that the Prophet of Islam, peace be upon him, would don the [[ihram]] from this location when he set out for [[Hajj]]. [[Dhul Hulayfa]], [[Miqat Mosque]], and [[Abar 'Ali|Abar Ali]] are other names for this mosque. | | '''Al-Ijaba Mosque'''(Arabic: مسجد الإجابه) is one of the historical mosques in the city of [[Medina]]. This mosque, located in the Banu Muawiya b. Malik neighborhood, is also called by this name. [[Prophet Muhammad (s)|Prophet Muhammad (s)]] prayed in this mosque. Reports indicate that this mosque had an ancient structure that was destroyed in the seventh century but was later reconstructed in the ninth century and possibly once again during the Ottoman era. The mosque was last renovated in the year 1418 AH/1998 AD. |
| According to historians, the Masjid Shajara was built during the caliphate of [[Umar b. Khattab]] and has been reconstructed several times since then. Today, the Shajara mosque is located about three kilometers from Medina, near the Medina-Mecca highway.
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| ==location== | | ==location== |
| Shajara mosque is one of the historical mosques of [[Medina]].<ref>Ṣabrī Pāshā, ''Mawsūʿa mirʾāt al-ḥaramayn'', vol. 4, p. 811.</ref> And it is located about eight kilometers south of this city.<ref>Ibn Najīm, ''Al-Baḥr al-rāʾiq'', vol. 2, p. 341.</ref> The Prophet of Islam would don the [[ihram]] from this mosque for performing [[Hajj]] and [[Umra]]. <ref>Ṣabrī Pāshā, ''Mawsūʿa mirʾāt al-ḥaramayn'', vol. 4, p. 811.</ref>
| | Al-Ijaba Mosque is located in the northeast of [[Al-Baqi'|al-Baqi']]. It is next to King Faisal Street and approximately 580 meters away from the [[Masjid al-Nabī|Masjid al-nabi]].<ref>Abd al-Ghanī, ''Al-masajid al-atharīyya fī al-madīna al-nabawīyya'', p. 33; Kaʿakī, '' Ma ʿālim al-madina al-munawwara bayn al-ʿMārat wa al-Tārīkh'', vol. 2, p. 187.</ref> |
| [[Imam Ali(S)]] took the verses of dissociation from [[Abu Bakr]], the first caliph, at this place and proclaimed them to the polytheists in [[Mecca]].<ref>A group of authors. ''dānishnāma-yi kalām islāmī'', vol. 1, p. 77.</ref>
| | ==The Origin and Name of the Mosque== |
| According to a report, there is another mosque with the same name in Mecca that is among the oldest mosques in that city.<ref> Qāʾidān, ''Tārīkh wa āthār-i Islāmī-yi Makka wa Madīna'', vol. 1, p. 118.</ref>
| | Al-Ijaba Mosque was located in the Banu Muawiya neighborhood or village in [[Medina]].<ref>Maṭarī, |
| ==Names==
| | ''al-. Al-Taʿrīf bimā ʾānasat al-hijra min maʿālim dār al-hijra'', p. 140.</ref> |
| This mosque is called Shajara mosque because there was a tree there under whose shade [[Prophet Muhammad (s)|the Prophet]] would sit.<ref>Samhūdī, '' Wafāʾ al-wafā bi akhbār dar al-Muṣṭafā '', vol. 3, p. 421.</ref>
| | And for this reason, it is also known as the Mosque of Banu Muawiya b. Malik.<ref>Samhūdī, '' Wafāʾ al-wafā bi akhbār dar al-Muṣṭafā'', vol. 3, p. 179.</ref> |
| The mosque has been built in an area called [[Dhul-Hulayfa]]. This area is also known as [[Abar 'Ali|Abar]] or Abiar Ali and is attributed to [[Ali b. Abi Talib]]. Consequently, this mosque is also known by the names Masjid Dhul-Hulayfa and Masjid Abar Ali or Bi’r Ali. Additionally, it is popularly referred to by the locals as Masjid Ihram and Masjid Miqat. It is also called Masjid al-Husa.<ref>Kaʿakī, '' Ma ʿālim al-madina al-munawwara bayn al-ʿMārat wa al-Tārīkh'', vol. 4, p. 485-487.</ref>
| | Reports from sources suggest that this mosque was built during the time of the Prophet Muhammad (s).<ref>Abd al-Ghanī, ''Al-masajid al-atharīyya fī al-madīna al-nabawīyya'', p. 36.</ref> |
| ==The construction date== | | Narratives indicate that the [[Prophet Muhammad (s)]] prayed and made supplications in this mosque, and informed his companions that he had asked God to spare his nation from famine, drowning, and internal strife. The first two requests were fulfilled, but the last one was not.<ref>Abd al-Ghanī, ''Al-masajid al-atharīyya fī al-madīna al-nabawīyya'', p. 34-35.</ref>(5) |
| The original construction of this mosque is very ancient. Some historians, based on documents, have also mentioned that the mosque was built in the early decades of Islamic history.<ref>Najafī, ''Madīna shināsī'', vol. 1, p. 183.</ref> Historians speculate that this mosque was first built during the governorship of [[Umar b. Abdul-aziz]] over Medina, between the years 87-93 AH/706- 711-12.<ref>Kaʿakī, '' Ma ʿālim al-madina al-munawwara bayn al-ʿMārat wa al-Tārīkh'', vol. 4, p. 496.</ref> | | For this reason, this mosque is called al-Ijaba Mosque. |
| ===Ninth century reconstruction===
| | ==History of the building== |
| According to Matari (d. 741 AH/1340-1), the old structure of this mosque, which was a large building, had become partially ruined by his time (the first half of the 8th century).<ref>Maṭarī,''Al-Taʿrīf bimā ʾānasat al-hijra min maʿālim dār al-hijra'', p. 190.</ref>
| | The oldest information about the building of al-Ijaba Mosque comes from a report by Ibn Zabala, a historian of Medina in the seventh century. In his time, which was the first half of the seventh century, this mosque had been destroyed and only its columns and mihrab remained.<ref>Najjār, |
| However, according to Samhudi (a historian of Medina who died in 911 AH/1505-6), the mosque was reconstructed in the year 861 AH/1456-7 based on its original structure.<ref>Samhūdī, '' Wafāʾ al-wafā bi akhbār dar al-Muṣṭafā '', vol. 3, p. 424.</ref> | | ''Al-Durra al-thamīna fī akhbār al-madina'', p. 128.</ref> |
| ===fourteenth centuryReconstruction===
| | Matari, in the middle of the eighth century, also mentions that the mosque was in ruins.<ref>Maṭarī,''al-. Al-Taʿrīf bimā ʾānasat al-hijra min maʿālim dār al-hijra'', p. 140.</ref> |
| | | However, Sakhawi, about a century later in the late ninth century, reports that the mosque was reconstructed, but the columns that Ibn Najjar mentioned no longer remained.<ref>Samhūdī, '' Wafāʾ al-wafā bi akhbār dar al-Muṣṭafā'', vol. 3, p. 181.</ref> |
| It is said that this mosque was built in the late 11th century.<ref>Najafī, ''Madīna shināsī'', vol. 1, p. 184.</ref> It was destroyed, and a Muslim from India, in the year 1090 AH/1679-80, with the permission of the Ottoman government, reconstructed it.<ref>ʿAbd al-Ghanī, ''Al-masajid al-atharīyya fī al-madīna al-nabawīyya'', p. 258.</ref> | | It is likely that the mosque did not have a roof during Sakhawi's time.<ref>Kaʿakī, '' Ma ʿālim al-madina al-munawwara bayn al-ʿMārat wa al-Tārīkh'', vol. 2, p. 196.</ref> |
| Hisam al-Saltana, who saw this mosque in the year 1298 AH/1880-1, described it as follows: 'The mentioned mosque is square and fifty-two cubits in length. It is made of stone and plaster. On the south side, there is a porch over which an arch is placed, and its dome has been whitened from the outside, and there is a mihrab in the middle of it.<ref>Sulṭān Murād Mīrzā Ḥisām al-salṭana,''Safarnāma makka'', p. 139.</ref>
| | Ahmad Abbasi, in the tenth century, also described this mosque as a four-walled structure without a roof, with a large mihrab.<ref>Abd al- Ḥamīd, '' umda al-akhbār fī madina al-mukhtār'', p. 150.</ref> |
| Ayyashi, in a report about his first trip in the year 1353 AH/1934-5, writes about this mosque: 'A rectangular building made of mudbrick and mud, with a roof made of date palm wood and leaves, which caught the attention of the officials of the time and was expanded.<ref> ʿAbd al-Ghanī, ''Al-masajid al-atharīyya fī al-madīna al-nabawīyya'', p. 258.</ref>
| | It has been reported that in the middle of the 14th AH century, al-Ijaba Mosque had Ottoman-style stone architecture and a dome, but it was ruined.<ref>Anṣārī, ''Āthār madīna al-munawwara'', p. 137.</ref> |
| | | Until it was reconstructed in the year 1399 AH/ 1979 AD.<ref>Kaʿakī, '' Ma ʿālim al-madina al-munawwara bayn al-ʿMārat wa al-Tārīkh'', vol. 2, p. 198.</ref> |
| ===The current state===
| | And it was reconstructed and expanded for a second time in the year 1418 AH/1998 AD, and its area is about 1000 square meters. This mosque has an octagonal dome and one minaret.<ref>Abd al-Ghanī, ''Al-masajid al-atharīyya fī al-madīna al-nabawīyya'', p. 34; Kaʿakī, '' Ma ʿālim al-madina al-munawwara bayn al-ʿMārat wa al-Tārīkh'', vol. 2, p. 210.</ref> |
| This mosque was reconstructed once during the era of the [[Al Saud]] in the year 1375 AH / 1955 AD.<ref>Najafī, ''Madīna shināsī'', vol. 1, p. 184.</ref> And a minaret was built for it<ref>ʿAbd al-Ghanī, ''Al-masajid al-atharīyya fī al-madīna al-nabawīyya'', p. 258; Kaʿakī, '' Ma ʿālim al-madina al-munawwara bayn al-ʿMārat wa al-Tārīkh'', vol. 4, p. 498.</ref> The mosque was reconstructed and expanded again in the year 1408 AH / 1988 AD.<ref>Qāʾidān, ''Tārīkh wa āthār-i Islāmī-yi Makka wa Madīna'', vol. 1, p. 277; ʿAbd al-Ghanī, ''Al-masajid al-atharīyya fī al-madīna al-nabawīyya'', p. 259.</ref>
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| Facilities such as baths, toilets, parking, a market, and a restaurant were built around it. The total area of the mosque along with its surroundings reaches 290,000 square meters, of which the mosque building and its associated buildings comprise 226,000 square meters.<ref>ʿAbd al-Ghanī, ''Al-masajid al-atharīyya fī al-madīna al-nabawīyya'', p. 260.</ref>
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| ==Miqaat for Hajj==
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| Shajara mosque is one of the Miqats for [[Hajj]].<ref> Kulaynī,''Al-Kāfī'', vol. 4, p. 319.</ref>
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| According to some historians, when [[Prophet Muhammad (s)|the Prophet(s)]] was setting out for [[Mecca]] to perform the Hajj, he would enter into the state of [[Ihram]] at this place.<ref>Qāʾidān, ''Tārīkh wa āthār-i Islāmī-yi Makka wa Madīna'', vol. 1, p. 275.</ref>
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| Jurists consider Masjid al-Shajarah as one of the [[five Miqats]] for Hajj and believe that it is the Miqat for the people of Medina and those who travel from this city to Mecca.<ref>Shāhrūdī, ''Farhang-i fiqh muṭābiq bā madhhab-i Ahl al-Bayt'', vol. 3, p. 712.</ref>
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| ===The necessity of the people of Medina to enter Ihram at Shajara mosque===
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| According to the prevalent opinion among Shia jurists, residents of [[Medina]] must enter Ihram at Shajara mosque, and it is not permissible for them to leave the Miqat of Shajara mosque without entering Ihram and go to another Miqat like [[Juhfa]] to enter [[Ihram]] there.<ref>[https://miqat.hajj.ir/article_43464.html Whose duty is Ihram from Jufah?] p. 64-65.</ref>
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| Only for those who are excused (incapacitated or ill), is it permissible to enter Ihram from Juhfa.<ref>[https://miqat.hajj.ir/article_43464.html Whose duty is Ihram from Jufah?] p. 75.</ref> It has also been stated that this ruling applies to those who go from Medina to [[Dhul Hulayfa]] and pass through without entering Ihram and reach Juhfa; however, if they do not pass through Dhul-Hulayfa and exit via another route to another [[Miqat]], there is no issue, because passing through the Miqat in this manner is not conventionally considered crossing the Miqat.<ref>[https://miqat.hajj.ir/article_43464.html Whose duty is Ihram from Jufah?] p. 65.</ref>
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| ===The exact location of the Miqat===
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| [[Dhul Hulayfa]] was the name of a large area where Shajara mosque was located.<ref>[https://miqat.hajj.ir/article_37980_ed97038f84c6a271f8cd14936a05d7b7.pdf Miqat on the way to Medina], p. 61.</ref>
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| In narratives, sometimes Shajara mosque is referred to as the [[Miqat]] for the Hajj of the people of Medina, and sometimes only the terms 'Shajara' or 'Dhul Hulayfa' are used.<ref>Fāḍil Lankarāni, ''Tafṣīl al-sharīʿa fī sharḥ Taḥrīr al-waṣīla'', vol. 3, p. 20-24.</ref>
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| Some believe that entering into Ihram is only valid inside Shajara mosque, while others consider it valid to enter [[Ihram]] outside the mosque but still in its vicinity.<ref>[https://miqat.hajj.ir/article_37980_ed97038f84c6a271f8cd14936a05d7b7.pdf Miqat on the way to Medina], p. 62.</ref>
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| ==Notes== | | ==Notes== |
| {{Notes}} | | {{Notes}} |
| ==References== | | ==References== |
| {{References}} | | {{References}} |
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| *Abū Ṣalāḥ Ḥalabī, Taqī al-Dīn b. Najm al-Dīn. ''Al-Kāfī fī al-fiqh''. Isfahan: Maktaba Imam Amīr al-Muʾminīn (a), 1403 AH.
| | *ʿAbd al-Ghanī, Muḥammad Ilyās.''Al-masajid al-atharīyya fī al-madīna al-nabawīyya''. Madina: Maṭābiʿ al-Rashīd, 1419 AH. |
| *ʿAbd al-Ghanī, Muḥammad Ilyās.Al-masajid al-atharīyya fī al-madīna al-nabawīyya. Madina: Maṭābiʿ al-Rashīd, 1419 AH. | | *ʿAbd al- Ḥamīd, Aḥmad . ''Umda al-akhbār fī madina al-mukhtār''. Medina: Maktabat al-ʿIlmīyya, [n.d] |
| *A group of authors. ''dānishnāma-yi kalām islāmī''. Qom: Muʾassisat Imām al-Ṣādiq, 1388 sh. | | *Anṣārī, ʿAbdu-l quddūs al-. ''Āthār madīna al-munawwara''. Medina: Maktabat al-Salafīyya, 1973. |
| *Fāḍil Lankarāni, Muḥammad. ''Tafṣīl al-sharīʿa fī sharḥ Taḥrīr al-waṣīla''.Beirut: Dār al-Taʿāruf li-l-Maṭbūʿāt, 1418 AH.
| | *Kaʿakī, ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz b. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān. ''Ma ʿālim al-madina al-munawwara bayn al-ʿMārat wa al-Tārīkh''. Beirut: Dār wa maktabat al-hilāl, 2011. |
| *Ḥillī, Ibn Idrīs al-. ''Kitāb al-sarāʾir al-ḥāwī li taḥrīr al-fatāwī''. Qom: Daftar-i Intishārāt-i Islāmī, 1410 AH. | | *Maṭarī, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad al-. ''Al-Taʿrīf bimā ʾānasat al-hijra min maʿālim dār al-hijra''. Riyadh: Dār al-malik ʿAbdu-l ʿAzīz, 2005. |
| *Ibn Diyāʾ al-Makkī, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad. ''Tārīkh Makka al-musharrafa wa al-Masjid al-ḥarām wa al-Madīna al-sharīfa wa al-qabr al-sharīf''. Edited by ʿAla Ibrāhīm Azharī and Īman Naṣr. Beirut: 1424 AH.
| | *Najjār, Muḥammad b. Maḥmūd al- .''Al-Durra al-thamīna fī akhbār al-madina''. Medina: Markaz Buḥūth wa Darāsāt al-Madina al-Munawwara, 1427 AH. |
| *Ibn Najīm, Zayn al-Dīn al-Ḥanafī. ''Al-Baḥr al-rāʾiq: sharḥ-i kanz al-daqāʾiq''. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya,1418 AH.
| | *Samhūdī, ʿAlī b. ʿAbd Allāh. ''Wafāʾ al-wafā bi akhbār dar al-Muṣṭafā''. Edited by Muḥammad Muḥyi al-Dīn ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd. Beirut: 1984. |
| *Jaʿfariyān, Rasūl. ''Āthār-i islāmi-yi Makka wa Madīna''. Tehran: Mashʿar, 1382 Sh.
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| *Kaʿakī, ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz b. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān. Ma ʿālim al-madina al-munawwara bayn al-ʿMārat wa al-Tārīkh. Beirut: Dār wa maktabat al-hilāl, 2011. | |
| *Kulaynī, Muḥammad b. Yaʿqūb al-. ''Al-Kāfī''. Edited by ʿAlī Akbar Ghaffārī & Muḥammad Ākhūndī. Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmīyya, 1407 AH. | |
| *Maṭarī, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad al-. Al-Taʿrīf bimā ʾānasat al-hijra min maʿālim dār al-hijra. Riyadh: Dār al-malik ʿAbdu-l ʿAzīz, 2005.
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| *Mufīd, Muḥammad b. Muḥammad al-. ''Al-Muqniʿa''. Qom: Kungira-yi Shaykh al-Mufīd, 1413 AH. | |
| *Najafī, Sayyid Muḥammad Bāqir. Madīna shināsī. Tehran: Mashʿar, 1387 sh.
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| *Qāʾidān, Aṣghar. Tārīkh wa āthār-i Islāmī-yi Makka wa Madīna. 4th edition. Qom: Nashr-i Mashʿar, 1381 Sh.
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| *Ṣabrī Pāshā, Ayyūb. ''Mawsūʿa mirʾāt al-ḥaramayn''. Cairo: Shirkat al-Dawlīyya li-l-Ṭibāʿa, 2004.
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| *Ṣadūq, Muḥammad b. ʿAlī al-. ''Al-Muqniʿ fī al-fiqh''. Qom: Muʾassisa al-Imām al-Hādī, 1415 AH.
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| *Samhūdī, ʿAlī b. ʿAbd Allāh. Wafāʾ al-wafā bi akhbār dar al-Muṣṭafā. Edited by Muḥammad Muḥyi al-Dīn ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd. Beirut: 1984. | |
| *Sayyid Murtaḍā, ʿAlī b. Ḥusayn. ''Al-Masāʾil al-nāṣirīyyāt''. First edition. Tehran: Rābitat al-Thiqāfa wa l-ʿAlāqāt al-Islāmiyya, 1417 AH.
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| *Shāhrūdī, Sayyid Maḥmūd. ''Farhang-i fiqh muṭābiq bā madhhab-i Ahl al-Bayt''. Qom: Muʾassisat Dāʾirat al-Maʿārif al-Fiqh al-Islāmī, 1387 Sh.
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| *Sulṭān Murād Mīrzā Ḥisām al-salṭana .''Safarnāma makka''. Edited by Rasūl Jaʿfarīyān, Tehran: Mashʿar, 1374 sh.
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| *Ṭūsī, Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan al-. ''Al-Nihāya fī mujarrad al-fiqh wa al-fatāwā''. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿArabiyya, 1400 AH.
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