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The Prophet Muhammad used to spend some time in seclusion and solitude in the cave of Hira every year. Some have said that this period lasted for one month each year, and according to some narrations, it was during the month of Ramadan.<ref>Ibn Hishām, ''Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya'', vol. 1, p. 236.</ref> | The Prophet Muhammad used to spend some time in seclusion and solitude in the cave of Hira every year. Some have said that this period lasted for one month each year, and according to some narrations, it was during the month of Ramadan.<ref>Ibn Hishām, ''Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya'', vol. 1, p. 236.</ref> | ||
== | ==Bi'tha== | ||
According to the widely accepted belief among Shia Muslims (Imamiyyah), the event of the Ba'athat occurred on the 27th day of the month of Rajab. However, according to the popular belief among Sunni Muslims, it took place during the month of Ramadan. | According to the widely accepted belief among Shia Muslims (Imamiyyah), the event of the Ba'athat occurred on the 27th day of the month of Rajab. However, according to the popular belief among Sunni Muslims, it took place during the month of Ramadan.<ref> Āyatī, ''Tārīkh-i payāmbar-i Islām'', p. 67.</ref> | ||
According to some reports, the first encounter of the Prophet Muhammad with the Angel Gabriel occurred during one of his days of seclusion (I'tikaf) in the cave of Hira. | According to some reports, the first encounter of the Prophet Muhammad with the Angel Gabriel occurred during one of his days of seclusion (I'tikaf) in [[cave of Hira|the cave of Hira]].<ref>Ibn Hishām, ''Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya'', vol. 1, p. 236.</ref> It is said that Muhammad was forty years old at this time.<ref>Yaʿqūbī, ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī'', vol. 2, p. 22.</ref> | ||
It is said that Muhammad was forty years old at this time. | There is a difference of opinion regarding the first verses revealed to the Prophet Muhammad(s). Some believe that the first five verses of Sura Al-Alaq (Sura 96) were the initial revelations, while others argue that the first verses were from Sura Al-Muddathir (Surah 74). Additionally, some scholars consider the Surah Al-Fatiha (Sura 1), as the first revelation.<ref> Āyatī, ''Tārīkh-i payāmbar-i Islām'', p. 70.</ref> | ||
There is a difference of opinion regarding the first verses revealed to the Prophet Muhammad. Some believe that the first five verses of | ==The commencement of the Prophet's call in Mecca== | ||
The commencement of the Prophet's call in Mecca | Among the family members of Prophet Muhammad, the first believers and supporters were [[Ali]] and [[Khadija]].<ref>Yaʿqūbī, ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī'', vol. 2, p. 23.</ref> | ||
Among the family members of Prophet Muhammad, the first believers and supporters were Ali and | [[Hamza b. Abdul-Muttalib]] also embraced Islam in the second or sixth year after the commencement of the Bi'tha. Besides them, a group of Meccans joined him. The companions of the Prophet used to go to the outskirts of [[Mecca]] to pray until a confrontation between them and the Meccan polytheists led them to thereafter pray at [[the house of Arqam]]. | ||
Hamza | |||
Three years after the beginning of the Prophet's mission, he publicly declared his call in Mecca and expanded it. From then on, the polytheists sought to constrain the Prophet. The Messenger of Allah also explored new ways to expand his call. In the fifth year of the mission, he sent a group of Muslims to Abyssinia and traveled to Ta'if to find supporters in that city. | Three years after the beginning of the Prophet's mission, he publicly declared his call in Mecca and expanded it. From then on, the polytheists sought to constrain the Prophet. The Messenger of Allah also explored new ways to expand his call. In the fifth year of the mission, he sent a group of Muslims to Abyssinia and traveled to Ta'if to find supporters in that city.<ref>Yaʿqūbī, ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī'', vol. 2, p. 36.</ref> During the pilgrimage days, the Prophet would engage in discussions with the pilgrims and invite them to Islam.<ref>Yaʿqūbī, ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī'', vol. 2, p. 36.</ref> | ||
During the pilgrimage days, the Prophet would engage in discussions with the pilgrims and invite them to Islam. | ===The acquaintance of the people of Medina with the Prophet=== | ||
The acquaintance of the people of Medina with the Prophet | In the eleventh year after Bi'tha, during the days of Hajj, the Prophet met with six individuals from the [[tribe of Khazraj]] in [[Yathrib]] (later known as Medina) and invited them to Islam. After returning to Yathrib, this group brought up the Prophet's invitation.<ref>Ibn Hishām, ''Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya'', vol. 1, p. 428-431.</ref> | ||
In the eleventh year, during the days of Hajj, the Prophet met with six individuals from the tribe of Khazraj in Yathrib (later known as Medina) and invited them to Islam. After returning to Yathrib, this group brought up the Prophet's invitation. | |||
During the Hajj of the twelfth year of the | During the Hajj of the twelfth year of the Bi'tha, twelve individuals from the people of Yathrib pledged allegiance to the Prophet at [[Aqaba]], known as the [[First Aqaba pledge]]. In the thirteenth year's Hajj, around seventy dignitaries from [[Medina]] met with the Prophet and pledged allegiance, known as the [[Second Aqaba pledge]], inviting him to migrate to Medina.<ref>Ibn Hishām, ''Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya'', vol. 1, p. 438; Yaʿqūbī, ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī'', vol. 2, p. 38.</ref> | ||
==Migration to the medina== | ==Migration to the medina== | ||
The migration of Muslims began after the second pledge at Al- | The migration of Muslims began after the second pledge at Al-Aqaba in Dhu al-Hijjah of the thirteenth year after Bi'tha . The Prophet himself migrated in the first of Rabi' al-Awwal of the year 14 after the Bi'tha. The Prophet's journey to Medina later became known as the Hijra route. He entered Quba on the twelfth of Rabi' al-Awwal, which was one of the neighborhoods of Medina.<ref>Ibn Hishām, ''Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya'', vol. 1, p. 590; Masʿūdī, ''Murūj al-dhahab wa maʿadin al-jawhar'', vol. 2, p. 286.</ref> | ||
The Prophet in Medina | ==The Prophet in Medina== | ||
The Prophet lived in Medina for ten years and passed away in this city. The migration to Medina later became the beginning of Islamic history. The years following the migration were the years of the establishment of the Muslim state under the leadership of the Prophet. During these years, several small and large battles occurred between the Muslims of Medina and the polytheists of Quraysh or other tribes around or within Medina (the Jews). | The Prophet lived in [[Medina]] for ten years and passed away in this city. The migration to Medina later became the beginning of Islamic history. The years following the migration were the years of the establishment of the Muslim state under the leadership of the Prophet. During these years, several small and large battles occurred between the Muslims of Medina and the polytheists of Quraysh or other tribes around or within Medina (the Jews).<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-Ṭabarī'', vol. 2, p. 491; Masʿūdī, ''Murūj al-dhahab wa maʿadin al-jawhar'', vol. 2, p. 287-289.</ref> | ||
The most important of these are the battles of Badr, Uhud, the Trench, | The most important of these are the battles of [[Badr]], [[Uhud]], the Trench, [[Hudaybiyya]], and [[Khaybar]]. Gradually, the power of the Muslims increased, and in the eighth year, with the conquest of Mecca, their power was consolidated in a large part of the Arabian Peninsula. | ||
==The Conquest of Mecca== | ==The Conquest of Mecca== | ||
The Conquest of Mecca took place in the eighth year after the Hijra. | The Conquest of Mecca took place in the eighth year after the Hijra.<ref>Masʿūdī, ''Murūj al-dhahab wa maʿadin al-jawhar'', vol. 2, p. 296.</ref> He went to the [[al-Masjid al-Haram|Masjid al-Haram]] riding on a camel and circumambulated the [[Ka'ba]] seven times, then touched [[the Black Stone]] with a stick he had in his hand.<ref> Āyatī, ''Tārīkh-i payāmbar-i Islām'', p. 464.</ref> | ||
He went to the Masjid al-Haram riding on a camel and circumambulated the | After the [[conquest of Mecca]], the prophet(s) entered the Ka'ba, smashed the idols, stood at the door of the Ka'ba, and addressed the people.<ref>Yaʿqūbī, ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī'', vol. 2, p. 60; Āyatī, ''Tārīkh-i payāmbar-i Islām'', p. 466.</ref> | ||
After the conquest of Mecca, the | ==The memorials of Muhammad in Mecca and Medina== | ||
The memorials of Muhammad | In addition to the Quran, which is the holy book of Muslims and the result of divine revelation to the Prophet, Muslims consider many places or buildings associated with him as valuable memorials. Among them, mosques have been built in various locations in Mecca and Medina where the Prophet prayed.<ref>Numayrī, ''Tārīkh al-madīna al-munawwara'', vol. 1, p. 75.</ref> | ||
In addition to the Quran, which is the holy book of Muslims and the result of divine revelation to the Prophet, Muslims consider many places or buildings associated with him as valuable memorials. Among them, mosques have been built in various locations in Mecca and Medina where the Prophet prayed. | Many of these memorials are still standing today. The most important of these buildings is the [[Al-Masjid al-Nabawi|Prophet's Mosque]], which was connected to the house of the Prophet and his wives. The Prophet's body was buried in this mosque after his death. Today, the Prophet's Mosque is the largest pilgrimage site for Muslims after the Masjid al-Haram in Mecca. | ||
Many of these memorials are still standing today. The most important of these buildings is the Prophet's Mosque | Even outside the cities of Mecca and Medina, places where the Prophet prayed during his journeys and expeditions later became mosques. Among them, one can mention the 17 mosques along the route of the Tabuk Expedition, which were built from Medina to [[Tabuk]].<ref>Āyatī, ''Tārīkh-i payāmbar-i Islām'', p. 500.</ref> | ||
Even outside the cities of Mecca and Medina, places where the Prophet prayed during his journeys and expeditions later became mosques. Among them, one can mention the 17 mosques along the route of the Tabuk Expedition, which were built from Medina to Tabuk. | ==Hajj== | ||
== | |||
After migrating to Medina, the Prophet performed [[Umra]] once in the month of Dhu al-Qi'dah of the sixth year after the Hijra, which is known as [[Umrah al-Qada]].<ref>Āyatī, ''Tārīkh-i payāmbar-i Islām'', p. 427.</ref> | |||
Once again, after the [[Battle of Hunayn]], in the month of Dhu al-Qi'dah of the eighth year after the Hijra, the Prophet performed Umra. He also performed Hajj once in the tenth year after the Hijra. This pilgrimage is known as the [[Hajjat al-Wida']].<ref>Masʿūdī, ''Murūj al-dhahab wa maʿadin al-jawhar'', vol. 2, p. 297.</ref> | |||
Reports of the Prophet's pilgrimage serve as one of the sources for understanding the jurisprudence and rituals of Hajj among Muslims.<ref>Ibn Hishām, ''Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya'', vol. 2, p. 605-606.</ref> | |||
It was during the return from this same pilgrimage that the event of [[Ghadir Khumm]] occurred, where the Prophet (s) selected Ali b. Abi Talib (s) as his successor. | |||
==Passing Away== | ==Passing Away== | ||
Most historians have reported the Prophet's ( | Most historians have reported the Prophet's(s) date of passing as the twelfth of Rabi' al-Awwal, but Shia scholars believe it to be the 28th of Safar. Ali and Abbas conducted the ritual washing of the Prophet's body, and he was buried in the same place where he passed away ([[The Prophet's Chamber|the chamber of the Prophet]]).<ref>Ibn Hishām, ''Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya'', vol. 2, p. 663; Fayyāz, ''Tārīkh-i Islām'',p.111-112.</ref> | ||
Wives and Children | ==Wives and Children== | ||
The number of wives of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) has been recorded differently by various sources. | The number of wives of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) has been recorded differently by various sources.<ref>Ibn Hishām, ''Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya'', vol. 1, p. 643; Masʿūdī, ''Murūj al-dhahab wa maʿadin al-jawhar'', vol. 2, p. 290.</ref> | ||
The | The prophet muhammad(s) had three sons and four daughters. His sons passed away at a young age. Qasim and Abdullah were born in [[Mecca]] and passed away there, while Ibrahim was born in the eighth year after the Hijra in Medina and passed away in the tenth year. His daughters were Zaynab, Ruqayya, Umm Kulthum, and [[Fatima(s)]].<ref>Āyatī, ''Tārīkh-i payāmbar-i Islām'', p. 60-61.</ref> | ||
==Notes== | ==Notes== | ||