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Prophet Muhammad ( | '''Prophet Muhammad (s)''', the son of Abdullah, is the Prophet of Islam. He was born in [[Mecca]], attained prophethood at the age of forty, and began inviting people to Islam in Mecca. Fourteen years later, he went to [[the city of Yathrib]] to expand his invitation, a city that was later named [[Medina]] after the Prophet's arrival and became the center of the Islamic government. He lived in this city for ten years, and the [[Masjid al-Nabī|Prophet's Mosque]] was his residence along with his wives. Later, mosques were built in various places where he visited or prayed. | ||
Birthday | ==Birthday== | ||
Most Shi'ites consider the seventeenth of Rabi' al-Awwal as the date of the birth of the | Most Shi'ites consider the seventeenth of Rabi' al-Awwal as the date of the birth of the prophet, while most Sunnis consider the twelfth of Rabi' al-Awwal as his birthday.<ref>Āyatī, Muḥammad Ibrāhīm. ''Tārīkh-i payāmbar-i Islām'', p. 43</ref>) | ||
His father was Abdullah | His father was [[Abdullah b. Abdul-Muttalib]] and his mother was [[Amina bint Wahb b. Abd Manaf]].<ref>Ibn Hishām, ''Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya'', vol. 1, p. 157.</ref> | ||
Muhammad was born in a house in the neighborhood of Abu Talib, which later became known as the House of the Prophet's Birth and was respected. After his birth, he was entrusted to | Muhammad was born in a house in the neighborhood of [[Abu Talib]], which later became known as [[Prophet's birthplace|the House of the Prophet's Birth]] and was respected. After his birth, he was entrusted to [[Halima]], the daughter of Abu Dhuaib, to nurse him. He resided with Halima among the tribe of Banu Sa'ad ibn Bakr ibn Hawazin for four years, and in the fifth year, Halima returned him to his mother.<ref>Masʿūdī, ''Murūj al-dhahab wa maʿadin al-jawhar'', vol. 2, p. 280.</ref> | ||
From childhood to marriage | ==From childhood to marriage== | ||
From childhood to youth and the marriage of Prophet Muhammad, some events have been highlighted by biographers. | From childhood to youth and the marriage of Prophet Muhammad, some events have been highlighted by biographers. | ||
Death of Parents | ===Death of Parents=== | ||
At the age of six, the Prophet accompanied his mother | At the age of six, the Prophet accompanied his mother Amina to [[Medina]]. Amina passed away on the return journey in a place called [[Abwa]] and was buried there. [[Umm Ayman]], after Amina's death, took the Prophet back to Mecca. [[Abdul-Muttalib]], the grandfather of Muhammad(s), took care of him until the age of eight, and upon Abdul-Muttalib's passing, his care was entrusted to his uncle, [[Abu Talib]].<ref>Ibn Hishām, ''Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya'', vol. 1, p. 168-169,179; Masʿūdī, ''Murūj al-dhahab wa maʿadin al-jawhar'', vol. 2, p. 281.</ref> | ||
Journey to Syria | ===Journey to Syria=== | ||
At the age of twelve, or some say nine or thirteen, Muhammad ( | At the age of twelve, or some say nine or thirteen, prophet Muhammad(s) accompanied Abu Talib on a trade caravan of the [[Quraysh]] to [[Syria]]. Muhammad once again traveled to Syria at the age of twenty-five for trade, financed by [[Khadija]], a journey that laid the groundwork for the marriage of Muhammad (s) and Khadijah.<ref>Ibn Hishām, ''Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya'', vol. 1, p. 181; Yaʿqūbī, ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī'', vol. 2, p. 20.</ref> | ||
==Reconstruction of the Kaba== | |||
Reconstruction of the | Ten years after his marriage to Khadija and fifteen years after the fourth Fijar, when the Messenger of God was thirty-five years old, the Quraysh decided to reconstruct the Kaaba. In this reconstruction, Muhammad placed [[the Black Stone]](Hajar al-aswad) in its place.<ref>Ibn Hishām, ''Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya'', vol. 1, p. 192; Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-Ṭabarī'', p. 321-323.</ref> | ||
Ten years after his marriage to | Some reports suggest that the Prophet's age at the time of this event was twenty-five.<ref>Yaʿqūbī, ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī'', vol. 1, p. 19.</ref> | ||
Some reports suggest that the Prophet's age at the time of this event was twenty-five. | |||
تحنث حرا*** | تحنث حرا*** | ||
The Prophet Muhammad used to spend some time in seclusion and solitude in the cave of Hira every year. Some have said that this period lasted for one month each year, | The Prophet Muhammad used to spend some time in seclusion and solitude in the cave of Hira every year. Some have said that this period lasted for one month each year, | ||
and according to some narrations, it was during the month of Ramadan.(9)( Ibn Hishām, ʿAbd al-Malik. ''Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya.vol 1.p236) | and according to some narrations, it was during the month of Ramadan.(9)( Ibn Hishām, ʿAbd al-Malik. ''Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya.vol 1.p236) | ||
Ba'athat | ==Ba'athat== | ||
According to the widely accepted belief among Shia Muslims (Imamiyyah), the event of the Ba'athat occurred on the 27th day of the month of Rajab. However, according to the popular belief among Sunni Muslims, it took place during the month of Ramadan.(10)( Āyatī, Muḥammad Ibrāhīm. ''Tārīkh-i payāmbar-i Islām.p67) | According to the widely accepted belief among Shia Muslims (Imamiyyah), the event of the Ba'athat occurred on the 27th day of the month of Rajab. However, according to the popular belief among Sunni Muslims, it took place during the month of Ramadan.(10)( Āyatī, Muḥammad Ibrāhīm. ''Tārīkh-i payāmbar-i Islām.p67) | ||
According to some reports, the first encounter of the Prophet Muhammad with the Angel Gabriel occurred during one of his days of seclusion (I'tikaf) in the cave of Hira.(11)( Ibn Hishām, ʿAbd al-Malik. ''Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya.vol1.p236) | According to some reports, the first encounter of the Prophet Muhammad with the Angel Gabriel occurred during one of his days of seclusion (I'tikaf) in the cave of Hira.(11)( Ibn Hishām, ʿAbd al-Malik. ''Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya.vol1.p236) | ||
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During the Hajj of the twelfth year of the Prophethood, twelve individuals from the people of Yathrib pledged allegiance to the Prophet at Aqabah Mani, known as the First Aqabah pledge. In the thirteenth year's Hajj, around seventy dignitaries from Medina met with the Prophet and pledged allegiance, known as the Second Aqabah pledge, inviting him to migrate to Medina(18)( Ibn Hishām, ʿAbd al-Malik. ''Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya.vol1.p438,,, Yaʿqūbī, Aḥmad b. Abī Yaʿqūb al-. ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī.vol2.p38) | During the Hajj of the twelfth year of the Prophethood, twelve individuals from the people of Yathrib pledged allegiance to the Prophet at Aqabah Mani, known as the First Aqabah pledge. In the thirteenth year's Hajj, around seventy dignitaries from Medina met with the Prophet and pledged allegiance, known as the Second Aqabah pledge, inviting him to migrate to Medina(18)( Ibn Hishām, ʿAbd al-Malik. ''Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya.vol1.p438,,, Yaʿqūbī, Aḥmad b. Abī Yaʿqūb al-. ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī.vol2.p38) | ||
Migration to the | ==Migration to the medina== | ||
The migration of Muslims began after the second pledge at Al-Aqabah in Dhu al-Hijjah of the thirteenth year. The Prophet himself migrated in the first of Rabi' al-Awwal of the year 14 after the Prophethood. The Prophet's journey to Medina later became known as the Hijrah route. He entered Quba on the twelfth of Rabi' al-Awwal, which was one of the neighborhoods of Medina.(19)( Ibn Hishām, ʿAbd al-Malik. ''Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya.vol1.p590,,, Masʿūdī, ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn al-. ''Murūj al-dhahab wa maʿadin al-jawhar.vol2.p286) | The migration of Muslims began after the second pledge at Al-Aqabah in Dhu al-Hijjah of the thirteenth year. The Prophet himself migrated in the first of Rabi' al-Awwal of the year 14 after the Prophethood. The Prophet's journey to Medina later became known as the Hijrah route. He entered Quba on the twelfth of Rabi' al-Awwal, which was one of the neighborhoods of Medina.(19)( Ibn Hishām, ʿAbd al-Malik. ''Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya.vol1.p590,,, Masʿūdī, ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn al-. ''Murūj al-dhahab wa maʿadin al-jawhar.vol2.p286) | ||
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The Prophet lived in Medina for ten years and passed away in this city. The migration to Medina later became the beginning of Islamic history. The years following the migration were the years of the establishment of the Muslim state under the leadership of the Prophet. During these years, several small and large battles occurred between the Muslims of Medina and the polytheists of Quraysh or other tribes around or within Medina (the Jews).(20)( Ṭabarī, Muḥammad b. Jarīr al-. ''Tārīkh al-Ṭabarī.vol2.p491 ,,, Masʿūdī, ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn al-. ''Murūj al-dhahab wa maʿadin al-jawhar.vol2.p287-289) | The Prophet lived in Medina for ten years and passed away in this city. The migration to Medina later became the beginning of Islamic history. The years following the migration were the years of the establishment of the Muslim state under the leadership of the Prophet. During these years, several small and large battles occurred between the Muslims of Medina and the polytheists of Quraysh or other tribes around or within Medina (the Jews).(20)( Ṭabarī, Muḥammad b. Jarīr al-. ''Tārīkh al-Ṭabarī.vol2.p491 ,,, Masʿūdī, ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn al-. ''Murūj al-dhahab wa maʿadin al-jawhar.vol2.p287-289) | ||
The most important of these are the battles of Badr, Uhud, the Trench, Hudaybiyyah, and Khaybar. Gradually, the power of the Muslims increased, and in the eighth year, with the conquest of Mecca, their power was consolidated in a large part of the Arabian Peninsula. | The most important of these are the battles of Badr, Uhud, the Trench, Hudaybiyyah, and Khaybar. Gradually, the power of the Muslims increased, and in the eighth year, with the conquest of Mecca, their power was consolidated in a large part of the Arabian Peninsula. | ||
The Conquest of Mecca | ==The Conquest of Mecca== | ||
The Conquest of Mecca took place in the eighth year after the Hijra.(21)( Masʿūdī, ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn al-. ''Murūj al-dhahab wa maʿadin al-jawhar.vol2.p296) | The Conquest of Mecca took place in the eighth year after the Hijra.(21)( Masʿūdī, ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn al-. ''Murūj al-dhahab wa maʿadin al-jawhar.vol2.p296) | ||
He went to the Masjid al-Haram riding on a camel and circumambulated the Kaaba seven times, then touched the Black Stone with a stick he had in his hand.(22)( Āyatī, Muḥammad Ibrāhīm. ''Tārīkh-i payāmbar-i Islām.p464) | He went to the Masjid al-Haram riding on a camel and circumambulated the Kaaba seven times, then touched the Black Stone with a stick he had in his hand.(22)( Āyatī, Muḥammad Ibrāhīm. ''Tārīkh-i payāmbar-i Islām.p464) | ||
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Many of these memorials are still standing today. The most important of these buildings is the Prophet's Mosque (Masjid al-Nabawi), which was connected to the house of the Prophet and his wives. The Prophet's body was buried in this mosque after his death. Today, the Prophet's Mosque is the largest pilgrimage site for Muslims after the Masjid al-Haram in Mecca. | Many of these memorials are still standing today. The most important of these buildings is the Prophet's Mosque (Masjid al-Nabawi), which was connected to the house of the Prophet and his wives. The Prophet's body was buried in this mosque after his death. Today, the Prophet's Mosque is the largest pilgrimage site for Muslims after the Masjid al-Haram in Mecca. | ||
Even outside the cities of Mecca and Medina, places where the Prophet prayed during his journeys and expeditions later became mosques. Among them, one can mention the 17 mosques along the route of the Tabuk Expedition, which were built from Medina to Tabuk.(25)( Āyatī, Muḥammad Ibrāhīm. ''Tārīkh-i payāmbar-i Islām'.p500) | Even outside the cities of Mecca and Medina, places where the Prophet prayed during his journeys and expeditions later became mosques. Among them, one can mention the 17 mosques along the route of the Tabuk Expedition, which were built from Medina to Tabuk.(25)( Āyatī, Muḥammad Ibrāhīm. ''Tārīkh-i payāmbar-i Islām'.p500) | ||
Pilgrimage (Hajj) | ==Pilgrimage (Hajj)== | ||
After migrating to Medina, the Prophet performed Umrah once in the month of Dhu al-Qi'dah of the sixth year after the Hijra, which is known as Umrah al-Qada.(26)( Āyatī, Muḥammad Ibrāhīm. ''Tārīkh-i payāmbar-i Islām'.p427) | After migrating to Medina, the Prophet performed Umrah once in the month of Dhu al-Qi'dah of the sixth year after the Hijra, which is known as Umrah al-Qada.(26)( Āyatī, Muḥammad Ibrāhīm. ''Tārīkh-i payāmbar-i Islām'.p427) | ||
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It was during the return from this same pilgrimage that the event of Ghadir Khumm occurred, where the Prophet (peace be upon him) selected Ali ibn Abi Talib (may Allah be pleased with him) as his successor. | It was during the return from this same pilgrimage that the event of Ghadir Khumm occurred, where the Prophet (peace be upon him) selected Ali ibn Abi Talib (may Allah be pleased with him) as his successor. | ||
Passing Away | ==Passing Away== | ||
Most historians have reported the Prophet's (peace be upon him) date of passing as the twelfth of Rabi' al-Awwal, but Shia scholars believe it to be the 28th of Safar. Ali and Abbas conducted the ritual washing of the Prophet's body, and he was buried in the same place where he passed away (the chamber of the Prophet).(29)( Ibn Hishām, ʿAbd al-Malik. ''Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya.vol2.p663,,, Fayyāz ʿAlī Akbar. Tārīkh-i Islām.p111/112) | Most historians have reported the Prophet's (peace be upon him) date of passing as the twelfth of Rabi' al-Awwal, but Shia scholars believe it to be the 28th of Safar. Ali and Abbas conducted the ritual washing of the Prophet's body, and he was buried in the same place where he passed away (the chamber of the Prophet).(29)( Ibn Hishām, ʿAbd al-Malik. ''Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya.vol2.p663,,, Fayyāz ʿAlī Akbar. Tārīkh-i Islām.p111/112) | ||
Wives and Children | Wives and Children | ||
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The Messenger of Allah had three sons and four daughters. His sons passed away at a young age. Qasim and Abdullah were born in Mecca and passed away there, while Ibrahim was born in the eighth year after the Hijra in Medina and passed away in the tenth year. His daughters were Zaynab, Ruqayyah, Umm Kulthum, and Fatimah (peace be upon her).(31)( Āyatī, Muḥammad Ibrāhīm. ''Tārīkh-i payāmbar-i Islām.p60-61) | The Messenger of Allah had three sons and four daughters. His sons passed away at a young age. Qasim and Abdullah were born in Mecca and passed away there, while Ibrahim was born in the eighth year after the Hijra in Medina and passed away in the tenth year. His daughters were Zaynab, Ruqayyah, Umm Kulthum, and Fatimah (peace be upon her).(31)( Āyatī, Muḥammad Ibrāhīm. ''Tārīkh-i payāmbar-i Islām.p60-61) | ||
==Notes== | |||
References | {{Notes}} | ||
==References== | |||
{{References}} | |||
.Ibn Hishām, ʿAbd al-Malik. ''Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya''. Edited by Muṣṭafā al-Saqā. Beirut: Dār al-Maʿrifa, [n.d]. | .Ibn Hishām, ʿAbd al-Malik. ''Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya''. Edited by Muṣṭafā al-Saqā. Beirut: Dār al-Maʿrifa, [n.d]. | ||