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| '''Tomb of Khadija <small>(S)</small>''', the resting place of Khadija, the daughter of Khuwaylid and the wife of Prophet Muhammad <small>(PBUH)</small>, is located in the [[cemetery of Abu Talib]] ([[Jannat al-Mu'lla]] or Hajun) in [[Mecca]].
| | Mosque of Abu Ben Ka'b |
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| Historical sources mention the burial of Khadija <small>(A.S)</small> in Hajun, but the exact location of her grave was not known until the first half of the eighth century of Hijra/629. From the mid-8th century of Hijra, a location in the Mu'lla cemetery in Mecca was identified as the burial place of Hazrat Khadijah, and a tombstone was erected for her. Later, a tall dome was constructed over the shrine in the later centuries. The shrine was demolished in 1218/1803-4 by the Wahhabis but was later reconstructed. However, it was demolished again in 1343/1924-5 with the establishment of the Saudi government.
| | The Mosque of Abu Ben Ka'b, also known as the Mosque of Bani Judailah (Bani Hudailah) or the Mosque of Al-Baqi, was one of the ancient mosques in the city of Medina. It was constructed at the location of the Prophet's (PBUH) prayer area but is no longer present today. This mosque was situated inside the Baqi' Cemetery, west of the graves of the Mothers of the Believers and the grave of Aqil. |
| ==Lady Khadija <small>(S)</small>==
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| Lady Khadija <small>(S)</small>, the daughter of Khuwaylid ibn Asad, was the first wife of the Prophet Muhammad <small>(PBUH)</small>.<ref>Ibn Isḥāq, ''Sīra Ibn Isḥāq: al-Sīra al-Nabawiyya li Ibn Isḥāq'', p. 245; Ibn Maghāzīlī, ''Manāqib ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib'', vol 1, p. 149; Shahīdī, ''Tārīkh-i taḥlīlī-yi Islām'', p. 39-40.</ref> )
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| Prophet married Khadija at the age of 25.<ref>Shahīdī, ''Tārīkh-i taḥlīlī-yi Islām'', p. 39-40.</ref>
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| From this marriage, six children were born: two sons named Qasim and Abdullah, and four daughters named Zainab, Ruqayyah, Umm Kulthum, and [[Fatima]] <small>(S)</small>.<ref>Ziriklī, ''Al-Aʿlām'', vol. 2, p. 302.</ref>
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| In a narration, Prophet Muhammad <small>(PBUH)</small> identifies Khadija <small>(S)</small>, Fatimah <small>(S)</small>, Maryam (Mary), and Asiya as the leaders of the women of the world.<ref>Ibn Kathīr, ''Al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya'', vol. 2, p. 129.</ref>
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| Khadija lived for approximately 25 years with Prophet Muhammad. She passed away on the 10th of Ramadan in the year 10 of [[Bi'tha]]/, in [[Medina]].<ref>Ibn Saʿd, ''Al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā'', vol. 8, p. 14; Ibn Hishām, ''Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya'', vol. 1, p. 416.</ref>
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| ==Location==
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| Sources have reported the burial of Khadija in the cemetery of Hajun. This is the same cemetery that was situated in Bab al-Mu'alla and is also known as the [[Bab al-Mu'alla Cemetery]].<ref>Maqrizī, ''Imtāʿ al-asmāʾ'', vol. 6, p. 30.</ref>
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| However, the earliest reports about the exact location of her grave date back to the eighth century and have been recorded in historical sources. The precise location of her grave was unknown before that. Ibn Jubayr (d. 614 AH/1217-8) in the sixth century reported that the graves in the cemetery of Hajun in Bab al-Mu'alla were ruined and forgotten.<ref>Ibn Jubayr, ''Riḥla Ibn Jubayr'', p. 78.</ref>
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| Taqī al-Dīn, who visited [[Mecca]] in the year 696, mentions that the people of Mecca say the grave of Khadija (s) is in Shu'bah, located on the side of Ma'la, but no grave is visible there.<ref>Tajībī, ''Mustafād al-riḥla wa al-ightirāb'', p. 340-341.</ref>
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| Since the eighth century of Hijra, the grave of Khadija gained prominence in [[Jannat al-Mu'alla]] and has been mentioned in various sources. Ibn Batuta, who resided in [[Mecca]] in the years 729-730/1328-9 , reported that in the Mu'alla cemetery, only a small number of graves, including the grave of Khadija, were recognized.<ref>Ibn Baṭūṭa, ''Al-Raḥla Ibn Baṭūṭa'',vol. 1, p. 381; Shahīd al-Awwal, ''Al-Durūs al-sharʿīyya fī fiqh al-imāmiyya'', vol. 1, p. 468.</ref>
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| Marjani (770 AH/1368-9), an eighth-century geographer, reported that the exact location of Khadijah's grave in Mecca was unknown. However, it was revealed to one of the righteous individuals in a dream or a state of spiritual unveiling that her grave is next to the grave of [[Fudayl ibn 'Iyad]]. In 749 AH/1348-9, a stone was placed at that location.<ref>Marjānī,''Bahjat al-nufūs wa al-asrār'', vol. 2, p. 1016.</ref>
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| Fasi (d. 832 AH/1428-9), a renowned Meccan historian, expressed doubt about the accuracy of attributing this grave to Khadija. He argued that in Mu'alla, none of the companions of the Prophet were buried.<ref>Fāsī al-Makkī, ''Shifāʾ al-gharām bi akhbār al-balad al-ḥarām'', vol. 1, p. 376.</ref>
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| Some contemporary researchers have also expressed doubt about the accuracy of attributing this grave.<ref>Jāsir,''Al-ʿArab al-sunna al- ʿĀshira'', vol. 3 and 4, p. 278-279.</ref>
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| ==Construction of the Dome and Mausoleum==
| | According to reports, this mosque was built during the time of Umar ibn Abdulaziz, the governor of Medina. However, it had been destroyed in the 8th and 9th centuries of the Islamic calendar. During the Ottoman rule, the mosque was reconstructed, but it was again ruined, and nowadays, there is no trace of it inside the Baqi' Cemetery. |
| For the first time in 749 AH/1348-9, a stone with the inscription "«ان هذا قبر السیدة خدیجه»This is the grave of Khadija(s)" was placed on her grave. The dome of the mausoleum of Khadija (on the right) and her son Qasim (on the left) is shown in the image before its demolition.<ref>Ṣabbāgh, ''Taḥṣīl al-marām'', vol. 2, p. 646.</ref>
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| Later, a wooden box was constructed over her grave.<ref>Ṣabbāgh, ''Taḥṣīl al-marām'', vol. 2, p. 647.</ref>
| | Location of the Mosque |
| In the year 950 AH/1543-4, Muhammad ibn Sulaiman, an Egyptian official, built a shrine and a stone dome for this mausoleum.<ref>Ṣabbāgh, ''Taḥṣīl al-marām'', vol. 2, p. 647.</ref>
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| He also placed a new box on the grave, covered it with exquisite fabric, and appointed a caretaker for the shrine.<ref>Ṣabbāgh, ''Taḥṣīl al-marām'', vol. 2, p. 647; Gāzī, ''Ifādat al-anām'', vol. 2, p. 150.</ref>
| | This mosque was situated in the west of the graves of the Mothers of the Believers and the grave of Aqil in Baqi'.(1)( Kaʿkī, ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz. Maʿālim al-Madīna al-munawwara bayn al-ʿimāra wa l-tārīkh.part4.vol2.p633) |
| After being demolished by the hands of the [[Al Saud]], the shrine was reconstructed in the year 1242 AH/1826-7.<ref>Gāzī, ''Ifādat al-anām'', vol. 2, p. 151.</ref> And it remained intact until the fourteenth century after hijra. Reports indicate that fabrics were sent by the [[Ottoman rulers]] of [[Egypt]] to be used on the shrine's box during this period.<ref>Gāzī, ''Ifādat al-anām'', vol. 2, p. 170.</ref>
| | In ancient sources, the location of the mosque was described as on the right side at the entrance of Baqi'. However, the current meaning of "entrance," constructed during the Saudi era, does not refer to the northern side of the present Baqi'. Instead, it is a reference to a place that was previously situated north, in close proximity to the graves of the Prophet's relatives.(2)( Kaʿkī, ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz. Maʿālim al-Madīna al-munawwara bayn al-ʿimāra wa l-tārīkh.part4.vol2.p637) |
| Travel accounts from the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries after hijra have mentioned the mausoleum of Khadijah. For example, Farahani in 1302 AH mentioned the wooden mausoleum.<ref>Farāhānī, ''Safarnāma-yi Mīrzā Muḥammad Ḥusayn Farāhānī'', p. 202.</ref>
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| Rifat Pasha reported in 1318 AH/1900-1 about the tall dome over the grave of Khadijah(s).<ref>Rafʿat Pāshā, ''Mirʾāt al-ḥaramayn'' ,vol. 1, p. 30.</ref>
| | House of Abu Ben Ka'b |
| ==Destruction of the Mausoleum==
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| With the rise of [[Wahhabism]] in [[Mecca]] and the establishment of the first [[Saudi state]], all structures and domes in [[Jannat al-Mu'alla]] were demolished on Thursday, 29 Rabi' al-Thani 1218 AH/August 18,1803. The graves in this cemetery were leveled with the ground.<ref>Sanjārī, ''Manāʾiḥ al-karam''.vol. 4, p. 422; Amīn, ''Kashf al-irtīyāb'', p. 27.</ref>
| | Originally, this mosque was the residence of Abu Ben Ka'b, which later transformed into a mosque. Subsequently, it became part of the Baqi' Cemetery. According to a narration, the Prophet had a preference for praying in this location and offered prayers there multiple times.(3)( • Numīrī, Ibn Shabbah. ''Tārīkh al-madīna al-munawwara'.vol1.p64) |
| After the defeat of this state by Ottoman forces, a dome was once again constructed over the grave and mausoleum of Khadijah. However, this structure was also demolished in 1343 AH/1924-5 following the establishment of the third Saudi state.<ref>Gāzī, ''Ifādat al-anām'',vol. 2, p. 151.</ref>
| | This mosque was located in the neighborhood of Bani Hudailah or Bani Judailah.(4)( • Numīrī, Ibn Shabbah. ''Tārīkh al-madīna al-munawwara'.vol1.p64) And this mosque has been referred to by these names as well. |
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| | Building History |
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| | The name of the mosque is mentioned in ancient historical records of Medina. However, reports from the 8th and 9th centuries indicate that the mosque had been demolished. Samhudi (d. 911) listed the name of this mosque among those whose general location is known, but no trace of it remains. He quotes Matri (741 AH), stating that even during his time, the mosque remained in the same condition.(5)( • Samhūdī, ʿAlī b. ʿAbd Allāh. Wafāʾ al-wafā bi akhbār dar al-Muṣṭafā.vol3.p211) |
| | According to Samhudi, the Mosque of Abu Ben Ka'b was situated in the west of the tombs of Aqil and the Mothers of the Believers. During his time, only one column of the mosque remained, and according to Samhudi, the remaining ruins indicated that this mosque was built during the time of Umar ibn Abdulaziz.(5)( • Samhūdī, ʿAlī b. ʿAbd Allāh. Wafāʾ al-wafā bi akhbār dar al-Muṣṭafā.vol3.p211) |
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| | 14th Century |
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| | Some historians from later periods have mentioned the existence of this mosque. According to Ibrahim Rafat Pasha in "Miraat al-Haramayn," the mosque was reconstructed during the Ottoman rule. The Ottomans had built a sturdy structure with a mihrab for the mosque.(6)( Ibrāhīm Rafʿat Pāshā. ''Mirʾāt al-ḥaramayn.vol 1.p420) |
| | His book is the result of his pilgrimage journeys between the years 1318 to 1325 Hijri (1901-1907 AD).(7)( Ibrāhīm Rafʿat Pāshā. ''Mirʾāt al-ḥaramayn.vol*.p3) |
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| | Yasin Ahmad Khayyari (d. 1380 AH / 1960 AD) has also quoted the same expression from the book "Miraat al-Haramayn."(8)( Khiyārī, Sayyid Aḥmad Yāsīn.Tārīkh maʿālimal-madīna al-munawwara qadīman wa ḥadīthan.p203) |
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| | He, who wrote his book in the year 1380 Hijri, states: "This mosque is still the same building located inside the walls of Baqi', on the right side. Allah knows best." ."(8)( Khiyārī, Sayyid Aḥmad Yāsīn.Tārīkh maʿālimal-madīna al-munawwara qadīman wa ḥadīthan.p203) |
| | Ayyashi, in the late 14th century, also witnessed this mosque and reported on it. He explicitly mentions that the Turkish government had constructed a mosque inside Baqi', on the right side, near the northern gate of the western wall. During his time, this mosque was in a state of ruin.(9)( ʿAyyāshī, Ibrāhīm .Al-Madīna al-munawwara bayn al-māḍī wa al-ḥāḍir.p169) |
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| | وضعیت امروزی* |
| | Today, this mosque no longer exists, and its location is an empty piece of land. It is said that the site of this mosque is now to the east of the Sabeeni area, on the right side for someone entering from the Baqi' gate.(10)( Kaʿkī, ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz. Maʿālim al-Madīna al-munawwara bayn a |
| | l-ʿimāra wa l-tārīkh, part4.vol2.p629-630) |
| | According to Kaki, the distance between the location of the Mosque of Abu and the current Baqi' wall is reported to be sixteen meters. The distance from the mosque to the graves of the Mothers of the Believers is 14.5 meters, and the distance from the mosque to the graves of the Ahl al-Bayt is 38.5 meters.(11)( Kaʿkī, ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz. Maʿālim al-Madīna al-munawwara bayn a |
| | l-ʿimāra wa l-tārīkh, part4.vol2.p638) |
| | Currently, there is no trace of this mosque. Abdullah bin Muhammad Amin Kordi, who wrote a commentary on the book "Ma'alim al-Madinah al-Munawwarah" by Khayyari in 1410 Hijri, notes in the footnote that "the Mosque of Abu Ben Ka'b is ruined, and there is no trace of it."(8)(Khiyārī, Sayyid Aḥmad Yāsīn.Tārīkh maʿālimal-madīna al-munawwara qadīman wa ḥadīthan.p203) |
| ==Notes== | | ==Notes== |
| {{Notes}} | | {{Notes}} |
| ==References== | | ==References== |
| {{References}} | | {{References}} |
| *Amīn, Sayyid Muḥsin al-. ''Kashf al-irtīyāb''. Edited by Ḥasan al-Amīn. Qom: Maktabat al-Ḥarīs, 1382 AH. | | *ʿAyyāshī, Ibrāhīm .Al-Madīna al-munawwara bayn al-māḍī wa al-ḥāḍir. Medina: al-Maktab al-ʿilmīyya, 1972. |
| *Farāhānī, Muḥammad Ḥusayn. ''Safarnāma-yi Mīrzā Muḥammad Ḥusayn Farāhānī''. Tehran: Firdaws, 1362 Sh.
| | *Kaʿkī, ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz. Maʿālim al-Madīna al-munawwara bayn al-ʿimāra wa l-tārīkh, part 1: al-Maʿālim al-Ṭabīʿīyya, vol. 1: al-Jibāl, Beirut: Muʾallif, 1419AH. |
| *Fāsī al-Makkī, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad. ''Shifāʾ al-gharām bi akhbār al-balad al-ḥarām.
| | *Khiyārī, Sayyid Aḥmad Yāsīn.Tārīkh maʿālimal-madīna al-munawwara qadīman wa ḥadīthan. Riyadh: al-Amāna alʿāmma li-liḥtifāl miʾat ʿām ʿalā tʾsīs al-mamlika al- ʿarabiyya al-suʿūdiyya, 1419 AH/1999. |
| *Ibn al-Athīr al-Jazarī, ʿAlī b. Muḥammad. ''Usd al-ghāba fī maʿrifat al-ṣaḥāba''. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1409 AH.
| | *Numayrī, Ibn Shabbah. ''Tārīkh al-madīna al-munawwara''. Edited by Fahīm Muḥammad Shaltūt. Tehran: Mashʿar, 1380 sh. |
| *Gāzī, ʿAbdullāh b. Muḥammad al-. Ifādat al-anām. Mecca: Maktabat al-Asadī, 1430 AH.
| | *Rafʿat Pāshā, Ibrāhīm . ''Mirʾāt al-ḥaramayn, aw, al-raḥlāt al-ḥijāziyya wa al-ḥaj wa mashāʿirihi al-dīniyya''. Beirut: Dār al-Maʿrifa, [n.d]. |
| *Ibn Baṭūṭa, Muḥammad b. ʿAbd Allāh. ''Al-Raḥla Ibn Baṭūṭa''. Edited by ʿAbd al-Hādī Tāzī. Rabat: Ākādimīyya al-Mamlikat al-Maghribīyya, 1417 AH. | | *Samhūdī, ʿAlī b. ʿAbd Allāh. Wafāʾ al-wafā bi akhbār dar al-Muṣṭafā. Edited by Muḥammad Muḥyi al-Dīn ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd. Beirut: 1984. |
| *Ibn Hishām, ʿAbd al-Malik. ''Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya''. Edited by Muṣṭafā al-Saqā. Beirut: Dār al-Maʿrifa, [n.d].
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| *Ibn Isḥāq, Muḥammad. ''Sīra Ibn Isḥāq: al-Sīra al-Nabawiyya li Ibn Isḥāq''. Edited by Aḥmad Farīd al-Mazīdī''. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 1424 AH.
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| *Ibn Jubayr, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad. ''Riḥla Ibn Jubayr''. Beirut: Dār al-Maktaba al-Hilāl, 1986.
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| *Ibn Kathīr, Ismāʿīl b. ʿUmar. ''Al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya''. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1407 AH.
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| *Ibn Maghāzīlī, ʿAlī b. Muḥammad. ''Manāqib ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib''. Beirut: Dār al-Aḍwaʾ, 1424 AH. | |
| *Ibn Saʿd, Muḥammad b. Manīʿ al-Ḥāshimī al-Baṣrī. ''Al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā''. Edited by Muḥammad ʿAbd al-Qādir ʿAṭā. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya,1410AH-1990.
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| *Jāsir, Ḥamad al-. Al-ʿArab al-sunna al- ʿĀshira. Riyadh: [[n.p]], [[n.d]].
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| *Maqrizī, Aḥmad b. ʿAlī. ''Imtāʿ al-asmāʾ''. Edited by Muḥammad ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd al-Namīsī. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 1420 AH. | |
| *Marjānī, ʿAbdullāh al-. Bahjat al-nufūs wa al-asrār. Beirut: Dār al-Gharb al-Islāmī, 2002.
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| *Rafʿat Pāshā, Ibrāhīm. ''Mirʾāt al-ḥaramayn, aw, al-raḥlāt al-ḥijāziyya wa al-ḥaj wa mashāʿirihi al-dīniyya''. Beirut: Dār al-Maʿrifa, [n.d]. | |
| *Ṣabbāgh, Muḥammad. Aḥmad. Taḥṣīl al-marām. Mecca, Maktabat al-Asadī, 1424 AH. | |
| *Sanjārī,ʿAlī b. Tāj al-ddīn al-.Manāʾiḥ al-karam. Mecca: umm al-qurā university, 1998.
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| *Shahīd al-Awwal, Muḥammad b. Makkī. Al-Durūs al-sharʿīyya fī fiqh al-imāmiyya. Qom: Intishārāt-i Islāmī (Jāmiʿat al-Mudarrisīn,1417 AH.
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| *Shahīdī, Sayyid Jaʿfar. ''Tārīkh-i taḥlīlī-yi Islām''. Tehran: Markaz-i Nashr-i Dānishgāhī, 1390 Sh.
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| *Tajībī, Qāsim b. Yūsuf.Mustafād al-riḥla wa al-ightirāb. Edited by ʿAbd al-Ḥafiẓ Mansūr. Tunisia, Dār al- ʿarabīyya li-l kitāb, 1975.
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| *Ziriklī, Khayr al-Dīn al-. ''Al-Aʿlām qāmus tarājum li ashhur al-rijāl wa al-nisāʾ min al-ʿarab wa al-mustaʿribīn wa al-mustashriqīn''. Eighth edition. Beirut: Dār al-ʿIlm li-l-Malāyyīn, 1989.
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