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'''Badr Martyrs Cemetery''' is the Badr battlefield where, according to historical traditions, the martyrs of Badr are buried there. Badr is located near the city of [[Medina]] in Saudi Arabia.The cemetery of the Badr martyrs, according to historical travelogues, was an area adjacent to the [[Arish Mosque]]. Today, there is still a cemetery with a wall in the city of Badr, recognized as the burial place of the martyrs of Badr."
The Prophet's Mosque.
The Prophet's (PBUH) prayer ground was an open area without any buildings to the west of the Prophet's Mosque, where the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) used to perform the Eid prayers. This location, originally used as a resting place for the camels of caravans and the market of Medina, was known as "Minaqah," later referred to as the "Maidan-i-Masjid."


==The Battle of Badr==
Three mosques were eventually built in this area: the Mosque of Ghamama (or Masjid al-Musalla), the Mosque of Ali ibn Abi Talib, and the Mosque of Abu Bakr. It is reported that the Prophet (PBUH) performed various prayers, including the Eid prayers, the prayers for rain, and some other prayers, such as the funeral prayer for the Negus of Abyssinia, in the Masjid-i-Masjid.
[[The Battle of Badr]] was the first military expedition led by the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) in a region of the same name, occurring in the year 2 AH/624. At that time, Badr was a gathering place for the Arabs, hosting an annual market for eight days starting from the beginning of the month of Dhu al-Qa'dah.<ref>Wāqidī, ''Al-Maghāzī'', vol. 1, p. 384; Najafī, ''Madīna shināsī'', vol. 2, p. 28.</ref>"The Battle of Badr, which lasted half a day, concluded with the killing of seventy and the capture of the same number of polytheists. Only fourteen Muslims, consisting of six migrants and eight supporters, achieved martyrdom in this battle.<ref>Ibn Saʿd, ''Al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā'', vol. 2, p. 12; Wāqidī, ''Al-Maghāzī'', vol. 1, p. 145-152.</ref>
Location of the Prayer Ground


==Martyrs of Badr==
The Prophet's (PBUH) prayer ground in Medina was an open area without any buildings to the west of the Prophet's Mosque.(1)( • Samhūdī, ʿAlī b. ʿAbd Allāh. Wafāʾ al-wafā bi akhbār dar al-Muṣṭafā.vol3.p122). This area was known as "Minaqah," used as a resting place for camels and as the location for the market of Medina. It was also referred to as the "Maidan-i-Masjid," the prayer ground.(2)( • ʿAbdu-l Ghanī, Muḥammad ʾIlyās. Al-Masājid al-Atharīyya fī al- madīna al-munawwara.p223).
Most historians have identified the martyrs of Badr as fourteen individuals. These fourteen include the following individuals:<ref> Zāhidī Muqaddam, ''Qazwi-yi badr, shuhadā wa mazārāt-i ān'', p. 91.</ref>
===Martyrs of Badr from the immigrants===


1. Ubaidah bin Harith
The Prophet's Prayer Spaces in Minaqah
2. Umayr bin Abi Waqqas
In the sources, reference has been made to places in Minaqah where the Prophet performed the Eid prayers. It should be noted that the locations identified as the Prophet's prayer grounds based on these narratives did not exist during the Prophet's time; they were constructed later.(3)( • ʿAbdu-l Ghanī, Muḥammad ʾIlyās. Al-Masājid al-Atharīyya fī al- madīna al-munawwara.p224/225).
3. Umayr bin Abd Amr bin Nudlah Khazai
According to the narrations transmitted by Ibn Shu'ba, the Prophet performed the Eid prayers in the following locations, all of which are in Minaqah: [4] Numīrī, Ibn Shubba. ''Tārīkh al-madīna al-munawwara' .vol1.p133-135
4. Aqil bin Bukayr
5. Mihja' Ghulam of Umar bin Khattab
6. Safwan bin Bayda


===Martyrs of Badr from the Ansar===
Near Dar al-Shifa,
In Harat al-Dawus,
In the house of Hakim ibn 'Adda,
In the residence of the family of Dura,
In the house of Kathir ibn al-Salt,
Next to the stones at the Hanatin,
In the fortress of Bani Zariq.


1. Sa'd bin Khuthaimah
2. Mubashir bin Abdul-Mundhir bin Zunbur
3. Yazid bin Harith bin Fushum
4. Umayr bin Humam
5. Rafi bin Mu'awi
6. Harithah bin Suraqah bin Harith
7. Awf bin Harith bin Rufa'ah
8. Mu'adh bin Harith bin Rufa'ah."


==The city of Badr==
The mosques in the Masjid-i-Masalla area in Minaqah include:
Today, the region of Badr, also known as [[Badr Hunayn]], has transformed into a city located 153 kilometers from [[Medina]] and 310 kilometers from [[Mecca]]. Its population in the year 1425 AH/2004-5 was over 33,000 people, and considering the population of its suburbs, it exceeded 58,000 people.<ref>Zāhidī Muqaddam, ''Qazwi-yi badr, shuhadā wa mazārāt-i ān'', p. 17.</ref>
The mosques in the Masjid-i-Masalla area in Minaqah were not built during the time of the Prophet and the caliphs. The construction of these mosques took place for the first time during the reign of Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz, the governor of Medina.(5)( • Samhūdī, ʿAlī b. ʿAbd Allāh. Wafāʾ al-wafā bi akhbār dar al-Muṣṭafā.vol3.p122).
During his time, many of the Prophet's prayer spaces were transformed into mosques. The ancient mosques built in the Masjid-i-Masalla area include three mosques: Ghamama Mosque, Mosque of Ali ibn Abi Talib, and Mosque of Abu Bakr.(6)( • Samhūdī, ʿAlī b. ʿAbd Allāh. Wafāʾ al-wafā bi akhbār dar al-Muṣṭafā.vol3.p122/123).
In the ninth century, within the same vicinity, a mosque named after Umar ibn Khattab was also constructed. Additionally, in the fifteenth century, another mosque in Masjid-i-Masalla was built, named Mosque of Uthman.(7)( ʿAbdu-l Ghanī, Muḥammad ʾIlyās. Al-Masājid al-Atharīyya fī al- madīna al-munawwara.p223).
Some researchers have studied the mosque called "Masjid Qashla."(8) Khiyārī, Sayyid Aḥmad Yāsīn.Tārīkh maʿālimal-madīna al-munawwara qadīman wa ḥadīthan.p148).
And the mosque named "Masjid Bilal" in Minaqah.(9)( Khiyārī, Sayyid Aḥmad Yāsīn.Tārīkh maʿālimal-madīna al-munawwara qadīman wa ḥadīthan.p148).
They have also considered it as one of the mosques in the Prophet's prayer grounds in Minaqah.
The Ghamama Mosque
The Mosque of Masjid-i-Masalla or Ghamama is built in a location where the Prophet (PBUH) used to perform prayers in the last years of his life.(***)
The Mosque of Abu Bakr
During his caliphate, Abu Bakr performed the Eid prayers in a location in Minaqah, and later, the Mosque of Abu Bakr was built in that place. [10]( ʿAbdu-l Ghanī, Muḥammad ʾIlyās. Al-Masājid al-Atharīyya fī al- madīna al-munawwara.p223).
The Mosque of Ali ibn Abi Talib (AS)
Ali ibn Abi Talib (AS) also performed the Eid prayers in a specific location within this prayer ground, and later, a mosque was built in that place named after him. [11)( ʿAbdu-l Ghanī, Muḥammad ʾIlyās. Al-Masājid al-Atharīyya fī al- madīna al-munawwara.p223).


==Historical reports about the Badr Cemetery==
Location Map of the Masjid-i-Masalla Mosques
One of the oldest known reports about the Badr Cemetery dates back to Waqidi (d. 207 AH/822-3).<ref>Zāhidī Muqaddam, ''Qazwi-yi badr, shuhadā wa mazārāt-i ān'', p. 110.</ref>
According to Waqidi's report, the burial places of the martyrs were at some distance from each other.<ref>Wāqidī, ''Al-Maghāzī'', vol. 1, p. 147.</ref>
In the fifth century, Bayhaqi (d. 458 AH/1065-6) visited this cemetery as a place of pilgrimage.<ref> Bayhaqī, ''Dalāʾil al-nubuwwa wa maʿrifat aḥwāl ṣāḥib al-sharīʿa'', vol. 3, p. 125.</ref>


In the sixth century, [[Ibn Jubayr]] observed the burial place of the martyrs of Badr in the year 578 AH. According to him, on that day, the battlefield of Badr had been transformed into a date palm grove, and the cemetery of the martyrs of Badr was located behind that date palm grove.<ref>Ibn Jubayr,  ''Riḥla Ibn Jubayr'', p. 148.</ref>
The image below illustrates the distance of the Masjid-i-Masalla mosques to one of the corners of the current Prophet's Mosque building.
Approximately a century later, in the year 688 AH/1289-90, Abdari visited Badr and reported a large cemetery where the graves of the martyrs of Badr were located, west of the Arish Mosque.<ref>ʿAbdarī, ''Riḥla al- ʿAbdarī'', p. 346-347.</ref>
The Prophet's prayers at the prayer ground
Several centuries later, in the year 1110AH/1698-9 , [[Muhammad Taqi Sharifi Fasi]](d. 1170AH/1756-7) reported about the location of the graves of the martyrs of Badr, surrounded by a short wall. He also mentioned a sanctuary attached to the cemetery.<ref>Sharifi Fasi's travelogue, p. 354</ref> In 1179AH/1765-6, Warthilani reported on the cemetery and the surrounding wall.<ref>Warthīlānī, ''Al-Riḥla al- Warthīlānīyya'', vol. 1, p. 419.</ref>
It has been narrated that the Prophet (PBUH), on the day of Eid al-Fitr and Eid al-Adha, used to go to the prayer ground (Musalla). He would first perform the prayer and then stand in front of the people. While they were seated in prayer rows, he would address them. In one report, it is mentioned that the Prophet once prayed the Fajr prayer in his mosque, then went to the prayer ground, where he sat and spoke to the people. After the sun had risen, he performed the Eid prayer and then delivered a sermon. It is reported that the Prophet prayed the Eid prayer for the first time in the second year in the prayer ground.( 12]( • Numīrī, Ibn Shubba. ''Tārīkh al-madīna al-munawwara''.vol1.p134).
Other reports do not provide significantly different information.<ref>Burckhardt, ''Tarḥāl fī al-jazīra al-ʿarabīyya'', vol. 2, p. 193-195; Hājib al-Dawla, ''Safarnāma Hāj ʿAlīkhān Iʿtimād al-salṭana'', p. 97.</ref>
spear" یا "lance"
It is also narrated that on the day of Eid, beforehand, the Prophet would carry a tall staff (spear). During the prayer, this staff would be planted in the ground, and the Prophet would pray facing towards it.(13)( • Numīrī, Ibn Shubba. ''Tārīkh al-madīna al-munawwara''.vol1.p139-141).
It is said that this spear was gifted to the Prophet by Najashi (the Negus of Abyssinia).(14)( Numīrī, Ibn Shubba. ''Tārīkh al-madīna al-munawwara''.vol1.p139)


==The current status of Badr Martyrs Cemetery==
Mohammad Ali Najafi, who visited the city of Badr between 1354-1357 SH (1975-1979), writes about the graves of the martyrs of Badr: 'During a period of pilgrimage and research in this area, I observed that the graves of the martyrs are situated among the general cemetery of Badr. Similar to all cemeteries in [[Saudi Arabia]], they are flat, nameless, and unmarked. Only a short wall covered with white cement, fenced with iron rods, separates these graves from other tombs, giving them distinction.<ref>Najafī, ''Madīna shināsī'', vol. 2, p. 172.</ref>
The images available today of the cemetery of the martyrs of Badr depict a large graveyard surrounded by a white wall, with the graves marked by specific stones.<ref>[https://foursquare.com/v/%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%B1/4f312e40e4b0a160e75cb203/photos Images of Badr Martyrs graveyard]</ref>
==Gallary==
<gallery>
file:مقبره شهدای بدر3.jpg
file:مقبره شهدای بدر2.jpg
file:مقبره شهدای بدر.jpg
</gallery>
==Notes==
{{Notes}}
==References==
{{References}}
Ibn Saʿd, Muḥammad b. Manīʿ al-Ḥāshimī al-Baṣrī. ''Al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā''. Edited by Muḥammad ʿAbd al-Qādir ʿAṭā. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya,1410AH-1990.
• Ibn Jubayr, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad. ''Riḥla Ibn Jubayr''. Beirut: Dār al-Maktaba al-Hilāl, 1986.
• Warthīlānī, Ḥusayn b. Muḥammad. Al-Riḥla al- Warthīlānīyya. Cairo: Maktabat al-Thaqāfa, 1429 AH.
Wāqidī, Muḥammad b. ʿUmar al-. ''Al-Maghāzī''. Edited by Marsden Jones. Beirut: Muʾassisa al-Aʿlām, 1409 AH.


Bayhaqī, Aḥmad b. al-Ḥusayn al-. ''Dalāʾil al-nubuwwa wa maʿrifat aḥwāl ṣāḥib al-sharīʿa''. Edited by ʿAbd al-Muʿṭī al-Qalʿajī. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmīyya, 1405 AH.
The Prophet's Journey to the Prayer Ground
• Burckhardt,  John Lewis. Tarḥāl fī al-jazīra al-ʿarabīyya (Travels in Arabia). Cairo: Al-Markaz al-Raqūmī li-l-Tarjuma, 2007.
• ʿAbdarī, Muḥammad b. Muḥammad. Riḥla al- ʿAbdarī.  Damascus: Dār al- Saʿd al-Din, 1426 AH.
• Zāhidī Muqaddam, Muḥammad. Qazwi-yi badr, shuhadā wa mazārāt-i ān. Tehran: Hajj and Pilgrimage Research Institute, 1401 sh.


• Najafī, Sayyid Muḥammad Bāqir. Madīna shināsī. Tehran: Mashʿar, 1387 sh.
In a collection of narrations mentioned by Ibn Shu'ba in his book, it is emphasized that on the day of Eid, the Prophet would go to the prayer ground through one route and return through another.(15)( Numīrī, Ibn Shubba. ''Tārīkh al-madīna al-munawwara''.vol1.p136-137)
• Hājib al-Dawla, ʿAlī b. Ḥusayn. Safarnāma Hāj ʿAlīkhān Iʿtimād al-salṭana. . Tehran: Mashʿar, 1379 sh.
The Rain Prayer
 
It is narrated that once the Prophet performed the rain-seeking prayer (Salat al-Istisqa) in a place called Zoraa, located in the Masjid-i-Masalla (Minaqah) field. [16)( ( Numīrī, Ibn Shubba. ''Tārīkh al-madīna al-munawwara''.vol1.p135)
 
The Prayer for Najashi
 
It is reported that after the death of Najashi, the king of Abyssinia, the Prophet prayed for him from a distance at the prayer ground (Masjid-i-Masalla).
Supplication
 
It is also narrated that when the Prophet returned from a journey and passed by the prayer ground (Masjid-i-Masalla), he would stand facing the Qibla and supplicate.(17)( Numīrī, Ibn Shubba. ''Tārīkh al-madīna al-munawwara''.vol1.p138)
The Pulpit of Masjid-i-Masalla
 
During the time of the Prophet (PBUH) and until the era of Marwan ibn Hakam, the Prophet's prayer ground did not have a pulpit. It is reported that after performing the prayer, the Prophet would stand in front of the worshipers and deliver a sermon.(18) Samhūdī, ʿAlī b. ʿAbd Allāh. Wafāʾ al-wafā bi akhbār dar al-Muṣṭafā .vol3.p125).
However, during the time of Marwan ibn Hakam, a pulpit was placed in the prayer ground. Marwan would deliver a sermon before performing the prayer, as it was believed that after the prayer, people might not stay to hear his words.(19)( Samhūdī, ʿAlī b. ʿAbd Allāh. Wafāʾ al-wafā bi akhbār dar al-Muṣṭafā .vol3.p126).
Some narrations also attribute the use of the pulpit and delivering the sermon before the prayer to Uthman ibn Affan.( 20]( Samhūdī, ʿAlī b. ʿAbd Allāh. Wafāʾ al-wafā bi akhbār dar al-Muṣṭafā .vol3.p127/128).
 
"sources"
• Samhūdī, ʿAlī b. ʿAbd Allāh. Wafāʾ al-wafā bi akhbār dar al-Muṣṭafā. Edited by Muḥammad Muḥyi al-Dīn ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd. Beirut: 1984.
• ʿAbdu-l Ghanī, Muḥammad ʾIlyās. Al-Masājid al-Atharīyya fī al- madīna al-munawwara. Medina: [n.p], 2000.
 
Khiyārī, Sayyid Aḥmad Yāsīn.Tārīkh maʿālimal-madīna al-munawwara qadīman wa ḥadīthan. Riyadh: al-Amāna alʿāmma li-liḥtifāl miʾat ʿām ʿalā tʾsīs al-mamlika al- ʿarabiyya al-suʿūdiyya, 1419 AH/1999.
 
• Numīrī, Ibn Shubba. ''Tārīkh al-madīna al-munawwara''. Edited by Fahīm Muḥammad Shaltūt. Tehran: Mashʿar, 1380 sh.
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