Hajj of the Prophets: Difference between revisions

'''Hajj of the Prophets''' is the report of the Islamic narratives of performing [[hajj]] of the  Prophets from [[Adam]] to [[Muhammad (pbuh)|Muhammad (s)]]. According to some hadiths, all the prophets have performed Hajj and some of them have been specially clarified to perform Hajj. According to Islamic traditions, prophet Adam first built the [[Ka'ba]] and performed Hajj with the help of [[Gabriel]], and the other prophets performed Hajj after him. The Ka'ba was destroyed by the flood of Noah, but the prophets after [[Noah]] used to perform Hajj without knowing the exact location of the Ka'ba until Prophet [[Abraham]] rebuilt the Ka'ba. [[Moses]], [[Jesus]], [[solomon]], [[David]], [[Khidr]], [[Jonah]] and [[Elijah]] are among the prophets whose presence in [[Mecca]] for Hajj is mentioned in Islamic narratives.

== The place in narrations ==

Performng hajj  of the Prophets has been mentioned in numerous traditions in Islamic sources; In some collective narrative books, there is a chapter which is collected hadiths under the title "Hajj al-Anbiya".<ref>Kulayni, Al-Kafi, vol. 4 p. 212; </ref> Some of these hadiths<ref>ʿAyyāshī, Tafsīr al-ʿAyyāshī, vol. 1, p. 60, 186.</ref> are below the verse that introduced the [[ Ka'ba]] as the first house on earth {{enote| إِنَّ أَوَّلَ بَیتٍ وُضِعَ لِلنَّاسِ لَلَّذِی بِبَکهَ The first House established for the people was that at Bekka.}}<ref>Qurʾān,3:96.</ref>. and another, under the [[verse]] that considers the Ka'ba as (الْبَيْتِ الْعَتِيقِ) [{{enote|Al-Bayt al-Atiq means Ancient house.}}<ref>Qurʾān,22:34</ref>. <ref>Ṣadūq,ʿIlal al-sharāʾiʿ, vol. 2, p. 399, Ṭūsī, Al-Khilāf, vol. 6, p. 58.</ref>Also, some [[hadiths|hadith]] under the verse( و لکل امه جعلنا منسکا){{enote| We have appointed for every nation a holy rite.}}, have considered [[Hajj]] rituals as one of the obligatory rituals for all nations.<ref>Ṭabrisī, Majmaʿ al-bayān, vol. 7, p. 134; Qurṭubī, Tafsīr al-Qurtubī, vol. 12, p. 58.</ref>

== Narratives about the Hajj of the Prophets ==

According to Islamic narrations, after the fall of Adam to the earth, he was commissioned by God to build the Ka'ba and hold the Hajj ceremony.<ref>Al-Arzaqī, ''Akhbār-i Makkih'', vol. 1, p. 34-36; Ṣadūq, ''Man lā yaḥḍuruh al-faqīh'', vol. 2, p. 235; Ḥurr al-ʿĀmilī,''Wasāʾil al-Shīʿa'', vol. 13, p. 332.</ref> It has been narrated about the hajj of Adam that After Adam's exit from the heaven,  he descended on the [[Ṣafā |Safa mountain]], then [[Gabriel]] taught him the rites of Hajj, and Adam performed all Hajj rituals, including [[Tawaf|Tawāf]], [[Ramy al-Jamarat|Ramy al-Jamarāt]], [[Make a sacrifice]], [[Taqsir or Halq|Al-Ḥalq]], [[Sa'y|Saʿy]] and [[Tawaf al-Nisa'|Tawāf Al-Nisā']].<ref>Kulayni, Al-Kafi, vol. 4 p. 190-191; Ṣadūq,ʿIlal al-sharāʾiʿ, vol. 2, p. 400.</ref> Some narrations have reported about 700 Hajj and 300 Umrah of Adam on his foot. <ref>Ṣadūq, ''Man lā yaḥḍuruh al-faqīh'', vol. 2, p. 229.</ref> After Adam , his son the propht  Seth rebuilt the Ka'ba and performed Hajj [[Al-ʿUmra al-Mufrada]]. <ref>Ṭabarī,''Tārīkh al-Ṭabarī'', vol. 1, p. 162; ʿAynī,''ʿUmdat al-qarī'', vol. 15, p. 217; Majlisī, ''Biḥār al-anwār'', vol. 11, p. 261.</ref> The [[Hajj|Hajj ceremony]] continued after Adam among his children<ref>Ṭabarī,''Tārīkh al-Ṭabarī'', vol. 1, p. 162; ʿAynī,''ʿUmdat al-qarī'', vol. 15, p. 217; Majlisī, ''Biḥār al-anwār'', vol. 11, p. 261.</ref> and the prophets After him, paid special attention to performing Hajj.<ref>Al-Arzaqī, ''Akhbār-i Makkih'', vol. 1, p. 51,68-69, 72-74; Qurṭubī, Tafsīr al-Qurtubī, vol. 2, p. 130; Ṣāliḥī Shāmī, Subul al-hudā, vol. 1, p. 210.</ref>

Prophet Noah performed Hajj before the flood<ref>Nūrī, Mustadrak al-wasāʾil, vol. 8, p. 9; Al-Arzaqī, ''Akhbār-i Makkih'', vol. 1, p. 72.</ref> and during the storm, he was assigned to [[Tawaf|circumambulate]] his passengers around the [[Ka'ba]] and take them to [[Mina|Minā]]. On the way back, this ship circumambulated the Ka'ba again, and the ship's passengers tried to travel between Safa and Marwah.<ref>Kulayni, Al-Kafi, vol. 4 p. 212-213; ʿAyyāshī, Tafsīr al-ʿAyyāshī, vol. 2, p. 149; Ṣadūq, ''Man lā yaḥḍuruh al-faqīh'', vol. 2, p. 230.</ref>

According to some reports, the Ka'ba disappeared in the storm of Noah. Prophets used to perform Hajj without knowing the exact location of the Ka'ba<ref>Al-Arzaqī, ''Akhbār-i Makkih'', vol. 1, p. 38; Ṭūsī, Al-Tibyān, vol. 1, p. 436; Haythamī, 'Majmaʿ al-zawāʾid, vol. 3, p. 288.</ref> until Prophet Abraham was commissioned to rebuild the [[Ka'ba]] and revive the ritual of Hajj.<ref>Qurʾān,22:26; Qurʾān,2:127-128.</ref> After the reconstruction of the Ka'ba, he asked God to represent the Hajj rituals to him{{enote|وَأَرِنَا مَنَاسِكَنَا and show us our holy rites.}} <ref>Qurʾān,2:128.</ref> Gabriel came to him and taught him the rituals of Hajj one by one<ref>Kulayni, Al-Kafi, vol. 4 p. 205; Bayhaqī, ''Sunan al-kubrā'', vol. 5, p. 145.</ref> and after the command to call people to perform Hajj,<ref>Qurʾān,22:27.</ref> Abraham  stood up on a high place{{enote| On Mount Abū Qubays, or the stone that later became known as [[Maqām Ibrāhīm]].}} and loudly called the people to performing  Hajj<ref>Ṭabrisī, Majmaʿ al-bayān, vol. 7, p. 128-129; Ibn Abī l-Ḥātam, ''Tafsīr al-Qurʾān al-ʿaẓīm'', vol. 8, p. 2487.</ref> and he and his son Ishmael and a group of Jarhamites performed Hajj.<ref>Al-Arzaqī, ''Akhbār-i Makkih'', vol. 1, p. 66-72; Ṭabarī,''Tārīkh al-Ṭabarī'', vol. 1, p. 260-262; Ḥurr al-ʿĀmilī,''Wasāʾil al-Shīʿa'', vol. 11, p. 8.</ref> After that, Hajj as a sacred tradition with special actions continued by the other Prophets and their followers<ref>Al-Arzaqī, ''Akhbār-i Makkih'', vol. 1, p. 68; Dar rāh-i Barpāei-h hajj-i Ibrāhīmī, p. 200.</ref>

After Abraham and Ishmael, other prophets performed Hajj as it is narrated that Prophet Moses along with 70 prophets for performing Hajj on a red-haired camel after passing through the area of "[[Safāḥ al-Ruḥā]]" while speaking “labbayk yā karīm labbayk”  and Putting on [[Ihram|Ihrām]].<ref>Kulaynī, Al-Kāfī, vol. 4 p. 213-214; ʿAyyāshī, Tafsīr al-ʿAyyāshī, vol. 1, p. 186; Ṣadūq, ''Man lā yaḥḍuruh al-faqīh'', vol. 2, p. 234-235.</ref> In a tradition, [[IbnʿAbbas]] has narrated from Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) that 70 prophets, including Moses, came to [[Mina|Minā]] and prayed in [[Al-Khaif Mosque]].<ref>Ṭabarānī, ''Al-Muʿjam al-kabīr'', vol. 11, p. 358; Haythamī, 'Majmaʿ al-zawāʾid, vol. 3, p. 221; Muttaqī Hindī, ''Kanz al-ʿummāl'', vol. 12, p. 228.</ref>

According to some narrations, Jesus started the [[Hajj]] or [[ʿUmrah]] by saying "Labbayk Abduk ibn Amatik Labbayk".<ref>Aḥmad bin Ḥanbal, Musnad Aḥmad bin Ḥanbal, vol. 2, p. 240; Ṣadūq,ʿIlal al-sharāʾiʿ, vol. 2, p. 419.</ref>David also prayed in [[ʿArafāt]] when he saw the huge wave of pilgrims<ref>Kulayni, Al-Kafi, vol. 4 p. 214; Fayḍ al-Kāshānī, ''Kitāb al-Wāfī'', vol. 12, p. 162-163.</ref>. prophet Solomon performed Hajj together with humans, elves and birds and covered the Ka'ba with Egyptian cloth. <ref>Kulayni, Al-Kafi, vol. 4 p. 213; Fayḍ al-Kāshānī, ''Kitāb al-Wāfī'', vol. 12, p. 162-163.</ref> According to other traditions, Jonah recited the [[Talbīya]] "Labbayk kāshshāf al-kurab al-ʿaẓīm labbayk", and Khidr and Elijah perform Hajj every year in the appointed season.<ref>Ṣadūq, ''Man lā yaḥḍuruh al-faqīh'', vol. 2, p. 234-235; Ṣadūq, ''Kamāl al-dīn'', p. 390-391; Majlisī, ''Biḥār al-anwār'', vol. 14, p. 387, vol . 96, p. 185.</ref> In some traditions, performing the hajj of Hud and Saleh is also mentioned. <ref>Aḥmad bin Ḥanbal, Musnad Aḥmad bin Ḥanbal, vol. 1, p. 232; Ibn Kathīr,  ''Al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya'', vol. 1, p. 138; Haythamī, 'Majmaʿ al-zawāʾid, vol. 3, p. 220.</ref>

With the rise of [[Islam]], the Hajj ritual was legislated as one of the religious obligations for Muslims, and Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) performed the Hajj ritual. According to some narrations, Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) performed 20 Hajj and three separate ʿUmrahs, all of which took place in the month of [[Dhu al-Qaʿda]].<ref>Kulayni, Al-Kafi, vol. 4 p. 251-252; Ṣadūq, ''Man lā yaḥḍuruh al-faqīh'', vol. 2, p. 238; Ṭūsī, ''Tahdhīb al-aḥkām'', vol. 5, p.443.</ref> His only Hajj after the Hijrah was performed in the 10th year of the Hijri along with a hundred thousand Muslims and was known as the Farewell Hajj([[Ḥajjat al-Wadāʿ]] means The last Hajj).<ref>Nawawī, ''Al-Majmūʿ'', vol. 7, p. 104; Amīnī, ''Al-Ghadīr'', vol. 1, p. 266.</ref>

==Hajj of all the prophets in hadiths without mentioning their names==

Some hadiths have reported about the Hajj of the Prophets without mentioning their names. According to some reports, all the prophets except Hud and Saleh did not succeed in performing Hajj because they were engaged in preaching. The rest of them performed [[Hajj]].<ref>Ibn Isḥāq, ''Al-Sīyar wa al-maghāzī'', vol. 2, p, 73; Bayhaqī, ''Sunan al-kubrā'', vol. 5, p. 177; Ibn Kathīr, ''Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya'', vol. 1, p. 272.</ref> But this view is considered weak.<ref>Ṣāliḥī Shāmī, Subul al-hudā, vol. 1, p. 210.</ref> In addition, in some hadiths, Hud and Saleh have been explicitly mentioned <ref>Aḥmad bin Ḥanbal, Musnad Aḥmad bin Ḥanbal, vol. 1, p. 232; Ibn Kathīr, ''Al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya'', vol. 1, p. 138; Haythamī, 'Majmaʿ al-zawāʾid, vol. 3, p. 220. .</ref> and it has even been said that They died in [[Mecca]] and were buried near the [[Ka'ba]].<ref>Al-Arzaqī, ''Akhbār-i Makkih'', vol. 1, p. 68</ref> Therefore, all the prophets performed Hajj. Some narrations quoted from Shia imams also confirm this point of view;<ref>Ṣadūq, ''ʿUyūn akhbār al-Riḍā'', vol. 2, p. 127; Ṣadūq,ʿIlal al-sharāʾiʿ, vol. 1, p. 274.</ref> as [[Imam Ali]](a.s) has said in a speech that the Ka'ba is the place of many prophets from Adam to the end of the world.<ref>Sayyid Raḍī, ''Nahj al-balāgha'', kh. 192.</ref>

*Aḥmad b. Ḥanbal. ''Musnad al-Imām Aḥmad b. Ḥanbal''. Istanbul: 1402 AH/1982.

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