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Ḥijr Ismāʿīl (Arabic: حجر اسماعيل) is a Semicircular area near [[Ka'ba]], and according to Islamic narratives is the burial place of [[Ishmael]], [[Hajar|Hājar]] and some prophets.
Hijr Isma'il (Arabic: {{ia|حجر اسماعيل}}) is a semicircular area beside the [[Ka'ba]], and according to Islamic narrations is the burial place of [[Isma'il]], [[Hajar]] and some prophets.
According to some hadiths, a segment of Ḥijr Ismāʿīl was a part of Ka'ba; therefore, according to Shia jurists and most of Sunni jurists, during Ṭawāf, Ḥijr Ismāʿīl should be placed inside the [[Tawaf|Ṭawāf]].
 
According to some hadiths, a segment of Hijr Isma'il was a part of the Ka'ba; therefore, according to Shia jurists and most Sunni jurists, during tawaf, one should go round Hijr Isma'il.
 
==Introduction==
==Introduction==


Ḥijr Ismāʿīl is said to be the Semicircular area on the northwest side of [[Ka'ba]], in front of the gold gutter.<ref>Kurdī, ''Al-Tārīkh al-qawīm'', vol. 2, p. 569.</ref>
Hijr Isma'il is the semicircular area on the northwest side of [[Ka'ba]], in front of the gold gutter.<ref>Kurdi, ''Al-Tarikh al-qawim'', vol. 2, p. 569.</ref>
[[File: حجر اسماعیل.jpg|270px|thumbnail|right|A top-view of Ḥijr Ismāʿīl ]]
[[File: حجر اسماعیل.jpg|270px|thumbnail|right|A top-view of Hijr Isma'il ]]


Ḥijr Ismāʿīl is marked by a wall with a height of 1.32 meters and a width of 1.52 meters. The distance of this wall from the [[gold gutter]] is nearly 6.80 meters and it covers an area of 8.44 meters between the [[Rukn al-'Irāqī]]  and the Rukn al-Shāmī .<ref>Rafʿat Pāshā. ''Mirʾāt al-ḥaramayn'', vol. 1, p. 266; Kurdī, ''Al-Tārīkh al-qawīm'', vol. 2, p. 576.</ref>
Hijr Isma'il is marked by a wall with a height of 1.32 meters and a width of 1.52 meters. The distance of this wall from the [[gold gutter]] is nearly 6.80 meters and it covers an area of 8.44 square meters between the [[al-Rukn al-'Iraqi]]  and the al-Rukn al-Shami.<ref>Raf'at Pasha. ''Mirʾat al-ḥaramayn'', vol. 1, p. 266; Kurdi, ''Al-Tarikh al-qawim'', vol. 2, p. 576.</ref>


==History==
==History==
Based on religious traditions, Hijr Isma'il dates back to the time of the construction of the [[Ka'ba]] by [[Ibrahim(a)]]. There are different and sometimes conflicting reports about the reason for the Hijr's construction. Some reports show that [[Isma'il(s)]] took shelter from the scorching sun in this part.<ref>Qaʾidan, ''Tarikh wa athar-i Islami Makka wa Madina'', p. 117.</ref> and probably Hijr is introduced as his house.<ref>Kulayni, ''Al-Kafi'', vol. 4, p. 210.</ref> Other narrations have attributed the construction of the first Hijr to Prophet Abraham(s), to protect the Isma'il's sheep.<ref>Azraqi, ''Akhbar Makka'', Vol. 1, pp. 64-65;  Hurr al-'Āmili, ''Wasaʾil al-Shi'a'', vol. 13, p. 355.</ref>


Based on religious traditions, the history of creation of Ḥijr Ismāʿīl goes back to the time of the construction of [[Ka'ba]] by Prophet [[Abraham(s)]]. There are different and sometimes conflicting reports about the reason of the Ḥijr's construction; Some reports show that [[Ishmael(s)]] took shelter from the scorching sun in this part,<ref>Qāʾidān, ''Tārīkh wa āthār-i Islāmi Makka wa Madīna'', p. 117.</ref> and  in this regard, perhaps the Ḥijr is introduced as his house.<ref>Kulaynī, ''Al-Kāfī'', vol. 4, p. 210.</ref>Some other narrations have attributed the construction of the first Ḥijr to Prophet Abraham(s) with the aim of protecting the sheep of Ishmael(s).<ref>Azraqī, ''Akhbār Makka'', Vol. 1, pp. 64-65;  Ḥurr al-ʿĀmilī, ''Wasāʾil al-Shīʿa'', vol. 13, p. 355.</ref>
===Burial Place of Prophets ===
 
Islamic narrations have reported that some prophets are buried in Hijr Isma'il without mentioning their names. According to these reports, Isma'il, his mother [[Hajar]], and some of his daughters were buried there.<ref>Kulayni, ''Al-Kafi'', vol. 4, p. 210; Ibn Hisham,''Al-Sira al-nabawiyya'', vol. 1, p. 5.</ref>
==Burial of prophets in the Ḥijr==  
Islamic narratives have reported that some prophets were buried in the Ḥijr without mentioning their names. According to these reports, Ishmael, his mother [[Hājar]] and some of his daughters were buried in this place.<ref>Kulaynī, ''Al-Kāfī'', vol. 4, p. 210; Ibn Hishām,''Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya'', vol. 1, p. 5.</ref>


==The importance of Ḥijr Ismāʿīl among Meccans and Muslims==
===Importance Among Meccans and Muslims===
Ḥijr Ismāʿīl has always attracted the attention of people of Mecca. There are reports of [[ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib]] sitting in Ḥijr Ismāʿīl,<ref>Ibn Saʿd, ''Al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā'' ,vol. 1, p. 82.</ref> and verbal disputes between Prophet Muhammad (s) and polytheists of [[Quraysh]] in this place,<ref>Ibn Hishām,''Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya'', vol. 1, pp. 289-290.</ref> and also the gathering of polytheists to decide on his assassination.<ref>Wāqidī, ''Al-Maghāzī'', vol. 1, p. 125.</ref> The number of dreams attributed to grandees such as ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib<ref>Ibn Hishām,''Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya'', vol. 1, p. 142; Ibn Kathīr,''Al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya'', Vol. 2, p. 244. </ref>and the Prophet(s) in Ḥijr Ismāʿīl<ref>Ibn Ṭāwūs, ''Saʿd al-suʿūd'', p. 100; Majlisī, Biḥār al-anwār, vol. 18, p. 317.</ref>shows that this place is suitable for resting after worshiping.
Hijr Isma'il has always attracted the attention of the people of Mecca. There are reports of [['Abd al-Muttalib]] sitting in Hijr Isma'il,<ref>Ibn Sa'd, ''Al-Tabaqat al-kubra'' ,vol. 1, p. 82.</ref> and verbal disputes between Prophet Muhammad (s) and polytheists of [[Quraysh]] in this place,<ref>Ibn Hisham,''Al-Sira al-nabawiyya'', vol. 1, pp. 289-290.</ref> and also the gathering of polytheists to decide on his assassination.<ref>Waqidi, ''Al-Maghazi'', vol. 1, p. 125.</ref> The number of dreams attributed to grandees such as 'Abd al-Muttalib<ref>Ibn Hisham,''Al-Sira al-nabawiyya'', vol. 1, p. 142; Ibn Kathir,''Al-Bidaya wa l-nihaya'', Vol. 2, p. 244. </ref>and the Prophet(s) in Hijr Isma'il<ref>Ibn Tawūs, ''Sa'd al-su'ūd'', p. 100; Majlisi, Biḥar al-anwar, vol. 18, p. 317.</ref>shows that this place is suitable for resting after worshiping.


Reports related to the designation of Ḥijr Ismāʿīl as the starting point of the [[ascension]] of the Prophet(s),<ref>Ibn Ṭāwūs, ''Saʿd al-suʿūd'', p. 100; Majlisī, Biḥār al-anwār, vol. 18, p. 317</ref> the holding of some of his speeches,<ref>Qummī, ''Tafsīr al-Qummī'', vol. 1, p. 379.</ref> the presence of Shia imams on various occasions, and their prayers and supplications at this place<ref>ʿAyyāshī, Tafsīr al-ʿAyyāshī, vol. 2, p. 337; Ṭūsī, Al-Ghayba. , p. 259; Ṣaffār, Baṣāʾir al-darajāt p. 373.</ref> show prominent position of Ḥijr Ismāʿīl among religious grandees.
Reports related to the designation of Hijr Isma'il as the starting point of the [[ascension]] of the Prophet(s),<ref>Ibn Tawūs, ''Sa'd al-su'ūd'', p. 100; Majlisi, Biḥar al-anwar, vol. 18, p. 317</ref> the holding of some of his speeches,<ref>Qummi, ''Tafsir al-Qummi'', vol. 1, p. 379.</ref> the presence of Shia imams on various occasions, and their prayers and supplications at this place<ref>'Ayyashi, Tafsir al-'Ayyashi, vol. 2, p. 337; Tūsi, Al-Ghayba. , p. 259; Ṣaffar, Baṣaʾir al-darajat p. 373.</ref> show prominent position of Hijr Isma'il among religious grandees.


==Reconstructions of Ḥijr Ismāʿīl throughout history==
==Reconstructions of Hijr Isma'il throughout history==
Some scholars, citing a hadith attributed to [[Prophet Muhammad(s)]] addressed to [[ʿĀʾisha]]<ref>Khuzaymah,Ṣaḥīḥ ibn Khuzaimah , vol. 2, p. 1413; Muslim Nayshābūrī, ''Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim'', vol. 2, p. 968.</ref> believe that a part of the current Ḥijr Ismāʿīl was part of [[Ka'ba]], which was placed in the inner Ḥijr due to the financial inability of the [[Quraysh]] to rebuild the Ka'ba in the fifth year before [[Biʿtha]]/605 CE.<ref>Kurdī,''Al-Tārīkh al-qawīm'', vol. 2, p. 573.</ref> They have even considered the naming of the Ḥijr to be appropriate to the stones marking the remaining part of the [[Ka'ba]] and to prevent people from entering it.<ref>Ḥamawī, ''Muʿjam al-buldān'', vol. 2, p. 221.</ref>
Some scholars, citing a hadith attributed to [[Prophet Muhammad(s)]] addressed to [['Āʾisha]]<ref>Khuzaymah,Ṣaḥiḥ ibn Khuzaimah , vol. 2, p. 1413; Muslim Nayshabūri, ''Ṣaḥiḥ Muslim'', vol. 2, p. 968.</ref> believe that a part of the current Hijr Isma'il was part of [[Ka'ba]], which was placed in the inner Hijr due to the financial inability of the [[Quraysh]] to rebuild the Ka'ba in the fifth year before [[Bi'tha]]/605 CE.<ref>Kurdi,''Al-Tarikh al-qawim'', vol. 2, p. 573.</ref> They have even considered the naming of the Hijr to be appropriate to the stones marking the remaining part of the [[Ka'ba]] and to prevent people from entering it.<ref>Hamawi, ''Mu'jam al-buldan'', vol. 2, p. 221.</ref>


[[ʿAbd Allāh b. al-Zubayr]] in 64 AH/683-4 CE In [[rebuilding the Ka'ba]], he added the mentioned part to the Ka'ba, but [[Al-Ḥajjāj b. Yūsuf]] after permission from [[ʿAbd al-Malik b. Marwān]] (R: 65-86 AH/ 65/684-5 - 86/705 CE) in 74 AH/ 693-4 CE. He restored the building of the [[Ka'ba]] to its previous form.<ref>Rustā, ''Al-aʿlāq al-nafīsa'', p. 30;  Azraqī, ''Akhbār Makka'', Vol. 1, p. 214.</ref>The area of the Ḥijr has remained unchanged since then.
[['Abd Allah b. al-Zubayr]] in 64 AH/683-4 CE In [[rebuilding the Ka'ba]], he added the mentioned part to the Ka'ba, but [[Al-Hajjaj b. Yūsuf]] after permission from [['Abd al-Malik b. Marwan]] (R: 65-86 AH/ 65/684-5 - 86/705 CE) in 74 AH/ 693-4 CE. He restored the building of the [[Ka'ba]] to its previous form.<ref>Rusta, ''Al-a'laq al-nafisa'', p. 30;  Azraqi, ''Akhbar Makka'', Vol. 1, p. 214.</ref>The area of the Hijr has remained unchanged since then.


According to Sources the paving of Ḥijr was done in 140 AH/757-8 By order of [[Mansūr al-'Abbasī]](R: 136-158 AH/754-775<ref>Azraqī,''Akhbār Makka'', vol. 1, p. 313;sanjārī, ''Manāʾiḥ al-karam'', vol. 2, p. 92.</ref> and reconstructed in 164 AH/780-1 By the order of [[Mahdī al-'Abbasī]] (R:158-169 AH/775-785-6).<ref>Azraqī,''Akhbār Makka'', Vol 1, pp. 313-314; Kurdī, ''Al-Tārīkh al-qawīm'', vol. 2, p. 579.</ref>Other renovations were done in 1040 AH/1630-1, 1260 AH/1844-5 and 1283 AH/1866-7. It was done during the period of the Ottoman sultans.<ref>Kurdī, ''Al-Tārīkh al-qawīm'', vol. 2, p. 579.</ref>
According to Sources the paving of Hijr was done in 140 AH/757-8 By order of [[Mansūr al-'Abbasi]](R: 136-158 AH/754-775<ref>Azraqi,''Akhbar Makka'', vol. 1, p. 313;sanjari, ''Manaʾiḥ al-karam'', vol. 2, p. 92.</ref> and reconstructed in 164 AH/780-1 By the order of [[Mahdi al-'Abbasi]] (R:158-169 AH/775-785-6).<ref>Azraqi,''Akhbar Makka'', Vol 1, pp. 313-314; Kurdi, ''Al-Tarikh al-qawim'', vol. 2, p. 579.</ref>Other renovations were done in 1040 AH/1630-1, 1260 AH/1844-5 and 1283 AH/1866-7. It was done during the period of the Ottoman sultans.<ref>Kurdi, ''Al-Tarikh al-qawim'', vol. 2, p. 579.</ref>


==Ṭawāf in Ḥijr Ismāʿīl==
==Tawaf in Hijr Isma'il==
The method of [[Ṭawāf]] and also the obligatory and recommended prayers at Ḥijr Ismāʿīl have been disputed by Shia and Sunni jurists. The root of this disagreement is the difference in their views on Ḥijr Ismāʿīl whether is a part of [[Ka'ba]] or not.<ref>PūrAmīnī, Ḥijr Ismaʿīl. pp. 42-61;    Quarterly magazine of Mīqāt-I Ḥajj. vol. 8, p. 111.</ref>
The method of [[Tawaf]] and also the obligatory and recommended prayers at Hijr Isma'il have been disputed by Shia and Sunni jurists. The root of this disagreement is the difference in their views on Hijr Isma'il whether is a part of [[Ka'ba]] or not.<ref>PūrAmini, Hijr Isma'il. pp. 42-61;    Quarterly magazine of Miqat-I Hajj. vol. 8, p. 111.</ref>


Shia scholars have unanimously placed Ḥijr Ismāʿīl inside Ṭawāf, and in the case of entering Ḥijr Ismāʿīl while doing Ṭawāf, they have ruled to return Ṭawāf and repeat it.<ref>Ṭūsī,''Al-Khilāf'', vol. 2, p. 324; Majmaʿ al-fāʾida wa al-burhān, Vol. 7, p. 79.</ref> Sunni jurists have also considered [[Ṭawāf]] outside the Ḥijr as permissible and only to Abū Ḥanīfa’s belief is that entering the Ḥijr does not disturb the correctness of Ṭawāf.<ref>Shāfiʿī, ''Al-Umm'', vol. 2, p. 193; kalūdhānī, ''Al-Hidāya'', p. 190.</ref>
Shia scholars have unanimously placed Hijr Isma'il inside Tawaf, and in the case of entering Hijr Isma'il while doing Tawaf, they have ruled to return Tawaf and repeat it.<ref>Tūsi,''Al-Khilaf'', vol. 2, p. 324; Majma' al-faʾida wa al-burhan, Vol. 7, p. 79.</ref> Sunni jurists have also considered [[Tawaf]] outside the Hijr as permissible and only to Abū Hanifa’s belief is that entering the Hijr does not disturb the correctness of Tawaf.<ref>Shafi'i, ''Al-Umm'', vol. 2, p. 193; kalūdhani, ''Al-Hidaya'', p. 190.</ref>


==Notes==
==Notes==
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{{References}}
{{References}}


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*Shafi'i, Muḥammad b. Idris. ''Al-Umm''. Beirut: 1403 AH
*Ṭūsī, Muḥammad b. al-Ḥaasn al-. ''Al-Khilāf''. Edited by ʿAlī Khurāsānī et.al. Qom: Daftar-i Intishārāt-i Islāmī, 1407 AH.
*Tūsi, Muḥammad b. al-Haasn al-. ''Al-Khilaf''. Edited by 'Ali Khurasani et.al. Qom: Daftar-i Intisharat-i Islami, 1407 AH.
*Ṭūsī, Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan al-. ''Al-Ghayba''. Edited by ʿIbād Allāh Tihrānī and ʿAlī Aḥmad Nāṣiḥ. Qom: Muʾassisat al-Maʿārif al-Islāmīyya, 1411 AH.
*Tūsi, Muḥammad b. al-Hasan al-. ''Al-Ghayba''. Edited by 'Ibad Allah Tihrani and 'Ali Aḥmad Naṣiḥ. Qom: Muʾassisat al-Ma'arif al-Islamiyya, 1411 AH.
*Wāqidī, Muḥammad b. ʿUmar al-. ''Al-Maghāzī''. Translated to Farsi by Maḥmūd Mahdawī Dāmghānī. 2nd edition. Tehran: Markaz-i Nashr-i Dānishgāhī, 1388 Sh.
*Waqidi, Muḥammad b. 'Umar al-. ''Al-Maghazi''. Translated to Farsi by Maḥmūd Mahdawi Damghani. 2nd edition. Tehran: Markaz-i Nashr-i Danishgahi, 1388 Sh.
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