Rites of Hajj al-Tamattu': Difference between revisions

The rites of 'umra, which must be performed before the rites of tamattu', include [[ihram]], [[tawaf]], [[prayer of tawaf]], sa'y, and [[taqsir]].<ref>Fallahzada, ''Darsnama-yi manasik-i hajj'', p. 26.</ref>  

The place of ihram for umra is one of [[Miqat|the miqats]], such as [[al-Shajara]] and [[Juhfa]].<ref>Fallahzada, ''Darsnama-yi manasik-i hajj'', p. 28.</ref> Those who go to Mecca from Medina, must become [[Ihram|muhrim]] in the al-Shajara mosque, which is in the [[Dhu l-Hulayfa]] area outside of [[Medina]].<ref>Fallahzada, ''Darsnama-yi manasik-i hajj'', p. 29.</ref>  

After putting on Ihram and entering [[Mecca]], pilgrims should perform [[tawaf]] of the [[Ka'ba]]<ref>Fallahzada, ''Darsnama-yi manasik-i hajj'', p. 33.</ref> and then perform the [[tawaf prayer]], which have two [[rak'as]], behind the [[Maqam Ibrahim]].<ref>Fallahzada, ''Darsnama-yi manasik-i hajj'', p. 41.</ref> The next Rite of 'umra is [[sa'y]] between Safa and Marwah; It means to walk the distance between Mount Safa and Mount Marwa seven times.<ref>Fallahzada, ''Darsnama-yi manasik-i hajj'', p. 44.</ref> At the end, after [[taqsir]], pilgrims come out of ihram and the [[prohibitions of ihram]] are lifted.<ref>Fallahzada, ''Darsnama-yi manasik-i hajj'', p. 49.</ref>  

Of course, in the interval between taqsir of 'umra and the ihram of hajj, some things are forbidden for pilgrims that they should avoid. such as performng [[al-'umra al-mufrada]], shaving the head, going out of the city of Mecca (according to the fatwas of a number of Shia jurists), cutting down trees and plants of [[Haram area]], and hunting (even killing little insects).<ref>Fallahzada, ''Darsnama-yi manasik-i hajj'', p. 51.</ref>

Ihram for hajj must be in the months of hajj (Shawwal, Dhu l-Qa'da, and Dhu l-Hijja); however, ihram in hajj al-tamattu' must be done after completing 'umra. A pilgrim should be muhrim before noon on the ninth day of Dhu l-Hijja ([[day of 'Arafa]]), when he reaches the [['Arafat]] in order to begin [[Staying at Arafat|staying at 'Arafat]], which is from noon on the day of Arafa. The place of ihram of hajj is the city of [[Mecca]].<ref>Fallahzada, ''Darsnama-yi manasik-i hajj'', p. 53.</ref>  

From the time of ihram to [[TaHallul|tahallul]], pilgrims should avoid the [[prohibitions of ihram]], such as verbal disputing, sexual intercourse, and wearing perfume.<ref>Fallahzada, ''Darsnama-yi manasik-i hajj'', p. 55.</ref>  

Staying at Arafat is the second obligatory ritesof [[hajj]].<ref>Fikri, ''Farhang-i IsṭilaHat-i Hajj wa 'Umra'', P. 275.</ref> According to Shia jurists, the time of staying at [[Arafat|'Arafat]] is from noon on the ninth day of Dhu l-Hijja ([[day of Arafa]]) until sunset, which is the time of maghrib prayer.<ref>Fallahzada, ''Darsnama-yi manasik-i hajj'', p. 58.</ref> In the four Sunni denominations, the time of this rite is considered to be the day of 'Arafa. Of course, there is a difference between these denominations in the exact time.<ref>Murwarid, ''Al-Masadir al-fiqhiyya'', vol. 10, p.33; Tusi, ''Al-Khilaf'', vol. 1, p. 453; Sabiq, ''Fiqh al-sunna'', vol. 1, p. 522; Hilli, ''Tadhkirat al-fuqaha''', vol. 8, p. 177; Pishih fard, ''Daramadi bar fiqh-i Muqarin'', p. 387; Jaziri, ''Al-Fiqh 'ala al-mAdhahib al-arba'a'', Vol. 1, p. 597,599; Mughniya, ''Al-Fiqh 'ala al-mAdhahib al-khamsa'', vol. 1, p. 378.</ref>  

For a hajj pilgrim who does not get weak in praying, it is recommended to [[fast]] on this day. Being tahir, doing ghusl and staying at the bottom of the mountain and on flat ground, are other [[Recommendation|recommendations]] of staying at 'Arafat.<ref>Fallahzada, ''Darsnama-yi manasik-i hajj'', p. 59.</ref>  

Reciting [[the supplication of Imam Husayn(a) on the day of 'Arafa]] is one of the customs that Shias perform on this day and at [['Arafat]].<ref>Fallahzada, ''Darsnama-yi manasik-i hajj'', p. 60.</ref> Other customs of this day are [[repentance]] (tawba),<ref>''MisbaH al-shari'a'', P. 92; Fayd al-Kashani, ''Al-MaHjat al-bayda''', vol. 2; p. 207.</ref> and reciting special supplications.<ref>MuHammadi Reyshahri, ''Hajj wa 'Umra dar Quran wa Hadith'', p. 392.</ref>  

Wuquf (staying) at al-Mash'ar is the third obligatory rite of [[hajj]].<ref>Fikri, ''Farhang-i IsṭilaHat-i Hajj wa 'Umra'', p. 276.</ref> The time of this rite, based on Shia jurisprudence, is from dawn on the 10th day of [[Dhu l-Hijja]] ([['Eid of al-Adha|Eid of al-Adha]]) until sunrise.<ref>Qadi'skar, ''Hajj dar andishi-yi islami'', P. 288.</ref>  

Reciting special Supplications,<ref>saduq, ''Man la yaHduruh al-faqih'', vol. 2; p. 543.</ref> dhikr of God, and collecting pebbles for ramy al-Jamrat at [[Mina]] are also recommended while staying at mash'ar.<ref>Fallahzada, ''Darsnama-yi manasik-i hajj'', p. 63.</ref>  

Hajj pilgrims should come out of al-Mash'ar and go to [[Mina]] after sunrise on the 10th day of [[Dhu l-Hijja]] (Eid of al-Adha). A pilgrim in hajj al-tamattu' must perform the rites of Mina, which include three actions:<ref>Fallahzada, ''Darsnama-yi manasik-i hajj'', p. 65.</ref>  

On the day of Eid al-Adha, after sunrise, it is obligatory for a pilgrim to throw seven stones at [[Jamra al-'Aqaba]] (the last jamara in Mina).<ref>Fallahzada, ''Darsnama-yi manasik-i hajj'', p. 26.</ref> Throwing stones should be with the [[intention of Qurba]] and must be thrown one ofter another; So, if he throws several pebbles together, it is not enough, but it is counted as one.<ref>Fallahzada, ''Darsnama-yi manasik-i hajj'', p. 66-67.</ref>  

According to Shia jurisprudence, when a pilgrim is performing ramy al-Jamar it is [[mustahabb]] to turn his back to the [[Qibla]].<ref>Fallahzada, ''Darsnama-yi manasik-i hajj'', p. 67.</ref> Of course, Hanbali and Malikis denominatons have considered it mustahabb to face the Qibla when doing ramy of Jamra al-'Aqaba.<ref>Jaziri, ''Al-Fiqh 'ala al-mAdhahib al-arba'a'', vol. 1, p. 599-605; Tusi, ''Al-Khilaf'', vol. 1, p. 456; Sabiq, ''Fiqh al-sunna'', vol. 1, p. 533; Ibn Quddama, ''Al-Kafi fi fiqh ibn Hanbal'', P. 1045-1046; Namiri al-qurṭubi, ''Al-Kafi fi fiqh ahl al-madina'', p. 502.</ref>

It is obligatory for pilgrims to slaughter an animal in the way of God, as one of the rites of [[hajj]]. Sheep, cows, and camels are animals that can be sacrificed.<ref>Fallahzada, ''Darsnama-yi manasik-i hajj'', p. 67.</ref> The time of sacrifice is after [[Ramy al-Jamarat|ramy al-Jamrah al-'Aqaba]] and before [[Taqsir or Halq|halq or taqsir]].<ref>Fallahzada, ''Darsnama-yi manasik-i hajj'', p. 68.</ref> But based on Hanbali, Hanafi and Maliki jurisprudence, the time of sacrifice is the day of [[Eid al-Adha|Eid al-Adha]] and two days after it.<ref>Jaziri, ''Al-Fiqh 'ala al-mAdhahib al-arba'a'', vol. 1, p. 587-588; Hilli, ''Tadhkirat al-fuqaha''', vol. 8, p. 252-258.</ref>  

The pilgrim can sacrifice the animal hisself, and he can delegate another person to sacrifice the animal on his behalf.<ref>Fallahzada, ''Darsnama-yi manasik-i hajj'', p. 69.</ref>  

According to the majority of Shia jurists, in [[hajj al-tamattu']] it is obligatory for a pilgrim to make a sacrifice, regardless of whether he is [[Afaqi|afaqi]] or not;<ref>Hilli, ''TaHrir al-aHkam'', vol. 1, p. 619-620; Hilli, ''Shara'i' al-Islam'', Vol. 1, p. 234.</ref> but a small number of Shia jurists<ref>Sarakhsi, ''Al-Mabsuṭ'', Vol. 1, p. 308.</ref> and Sunni jurists<ref>Mawurdi, ''Al-Hawi al-kabir'', vol. 4, p. 50, Ibn Qudama, ''Al-Mughni'', vol. 3, p. 501-502; Baghdadi, ''Irshad al-salik'', vol. 1, p. 43.</ref> do not consider it obligatory for a pilgrim who is a Meccan to make a sacrifice.

"Halq" means shaving the hair of the head and "taqsir" means cutting some hair and nails.<ref>Fallahzada, ''Darsnama-yi manasik-i hajj'', p. 71.</ref> The time of this act is from sunrise to sunset on the day of Eid al-Adha and its place is [[Mina]].<ref>Fallahzada, ''Darsnama-yi manasik-i hajj'', p. 72.</ref> for women and men who do not have hair on their head, it is obligatory to do taqsir{{enote|According to Hanafi jurisprudence, it is obligatory for men without hair to shave their heads. In the jurisprudence of other Sunni sects, this practice is considered recommended. (Sabiq, ''Fiqh al-sunna'', Vol. 1, p. 454.)}}. A person who is making pilgrimage for the first time must do halq<ref>Fallahzada, ''Darsnama-yi manasik-i hajj'', p. 71-72.</ref>  

Tawaf is circling seven times around the [[Ka'ba]] in [[al-Masjid al-Haram]]. It is obligatory to start these seven rounds from the corner of the Ka'ba where [[al-Hajar al-Aswad]] is located, and end each round there. Direction of circling should be so that during tawaf, the Ka'ba be on the left side.<ref>Fallahzada, ''Darsnama-yi manasik-i hajj'', p. 33-38.</ref>  

According to fatwa of most Shiite jurists, tawaf should be performed as near to the Ka'ba as possible to the distance that people usually perform tawaf and their walking is considered circling the Ka'ba.<ref>Fallahzada, ''Darsnama-yi manasik-i hajj'', p. 33-38.</ref>  

According to some other Shiite jurists, tawaf should be within the distance between the [[Ka'ba]] and the [[Maqam Ibrahim]], which is about 13 meters. However, if tawaf is difficult or not possible in that area, and they cannot wait to perform tawaf in other time, there is no problem at a further distance.<ref>Fallahzada, ''Darsnama-yi manasik-i hajj'', p. 33-38.</ref>  

[[Tawaf prayer]] is an obligatory prayer that has two-rak'as and should be recited after circumambulation of the Ka'ba with the intention of tawaf prayer, behind the Maqam Ibrahim. This prayer is like morning prayer; But it does not have [[adhan]] and [[iqama]].<ref>Fallahzada, ''Darsnama-yi manasik-i hajj'', p. 41-44.</ref>

Sa'y means walking the distance between the two mountains of [[Safa]] and [[Marwa|Marwa]] seven times. This action starts from Safa and ends at Marwa.<ref>Fallahzada, ''Darsnama-yi manasik-i hajj'', p. 41-44.</ref>  

It is recommended for men to jogg on a part of the path marked with a green line and light. Saying these dhikrs, Allah-u akbar, la ilah-a illa Allah; Alhamd-u li-llah, and Subhan Allah hundred times; is another mustahab of sa'y.<ref>Fallahzada, ''Darsnama-yi manasik-i hajj'', p. 41-44.</ref>  

[[Tawaf al-Nisa'|Tawaf al-nisa']] is seven rounds around the [[Ka'ba]], which is done with the intention of tawaf al-nisa'. After tawaf of al-nisa', its prayer should be recited behind the [[Maqam Ibrahim]]. Tawaf al-nisa and its prayer are like tawaf and tawaf prayer (except for the intention). Therefore, it starts from al-Hajar al-'Aswad and ends there.<ref>Wizhianami-yi 'umra-yi mufradih: Wisal-i dust, P.74-78; Fallahzada, ''Darsnama-yi manasik-i hajj'', p. 80.</ref>  

Baytuta means "to stay the night in a place". It is obligatory for the hajj pilgrims to stay the 11th and 12th nights of Dhu l-Hijja from sunset to midnight with the [[qurba intention]] in [[Mina]]. Therefore, those who have gone to [[Mecca]] should return to Mina before sunset. According to the [[fatwa]] of some Shia jurists, hajj pilgrims can spend the first or second half of the night in Mina.<ref>Fallahzada, ''Darsnama-yi manasik-i hajj'', p. 74-75.</ref> However, according to Hanafi jurisprudence, it is [[mustahabb]] and leaving it is [[makruh]].<ref>Murwarid, ''Al-Masadir al-fiqhiyya'', vol. 10, p. 278.</ref>  

The boundaries of Mina are marked with blue signs, on the outer part of which is written "bidayat Mina" (the beginning of Mina) and on the inner part it is written "nihayat Mina" (the end of Mina).<ref>Fallahzada, ''Darsnama-yi manasik-i hajj'', p. 75.</ref>  

According to Shia jurisprudence,<ref>Mughniya, ''Al-Fiqh 'ala al-mAdhahib al-khamsa'', vol. 1, p. 406; Sabiq, ''Fiqh al-sunna'', vol. 10, p. 534-535; Tusi, ''Al-Khilaf'', vol. 1, p. 461-462; Hilli, ''Tadhkirat al-fuqaha''', vol. 8, p. 358-359.</ref> those who stay the whole night in [[Mecca]] worshiping God until morning and do nothing except the necessary, it is not obligatory for them to go to Mina.<ref>Fallahzada, ''Darsnama-yi manasik-i hajj'', p. 75.</ref>  

Those who have an excuse, can leave baytuta in Mina.<ref>Pishih fard, ''Daramadi bar fiqh-i Muqarin'', p. 419.</ref> For example, patients, their nurses and those who find it difficult to stay in Mina can leave baytuta.<ref>Fallahzada, ''Darsnama-yi manasik-i hajj'', p. 75.</ref>  

Ramy al-Jamrat is throwing stones at the Jamarat is another obligatory rite of [[Hajj]].<ref>Fallahzada, ''Darsnama-yi manasik-i hajj'', p. 76.</ref> At the end of Mina, there are three stones, the first one is called al-Jamara al-Ula (the first), the second one is al-Jamara al-Wusṭa (the middle) and the third one is al-Jamara al-'Aqaba (the last).<ref>Fallahzada, ''Darsnama-yi manasik-i hajj'', p. 66-67.</ref>  

*Al-Niyya (intention): Ramy, like other rituals of [[hajj]], is a worship and should be performed with the intention of closeness and without any hypocrisy and show off.

*Seven pebbles must be thrown into the [[Jamaras|jamarah]], but it is not necessary to hit them one after the other, so for example, if two of them hit the jamrah and the third one does not, if the fourth one hits the jamarah, it is counted as the third one.

*throwing stones, so if hajj pilgrim goes ahead and lays stones, it is not enough.

*The stone should hit the jamara.

*It hits the jamara by throwing it, therefore, it is not enough if it hits a stone by hitting a place or by hitting other people's stones.

*Hajj pilgrim should hit the jamara gradually, so if he/she hits several pebbles together, it is not enough, but one is counted.<ref>Fallahzada, ''Darsnama-yi manasik-i hajj'', p. 66-67.</ref>  

It is recommended to be [[tahir]] while throwing stones and say [[takbir]] with every stone has throwed. It is recommended to throw the first and the middle jamara while facing the [[qibla]] and throwing at the last jamara with one's back to the qibla.<ref>Fallahzada, ''Darsnama-yi manasik-i hajj'', p. 78.</ref>  

Hajj Pilgrims can leave [[Mina]] on the twelfth day of Dhu l-Hijja, after noon; However, if someone does not leave Mina on that day until the sun sets, he should stay the 13th night there as well, and do ramy on the 13th day as well.<ref>Fallahzada, ''Darsnama-yi manasik-i hajj'', p. 78.</ref>  

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