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Gabriel

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Gabriel is one of the four archangels of God who is mentioned in the holy books of the Torah, the Gospel, and the Quran.

In the Holy Quran, the name of this angel appears three times with the word "Jibril."

Considering the various attributes mentioned in the Quran for Gabriel (peace be upon him), it can be understood that, in addition to his exalted status with God, this angel plays an important role in managing the affairs of existence, the most significant of which is the revelation of divine guidance.

By God’s command, Gabriel (peace be upon him) aided the Muslims in certain battles, such as Badr, Uhud, and the battle against the Jews of Banu Qurayza.

It is reported that during the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah in the sixth year of the Hijra, Gabriel (peace be upon him) came to the Prophet (peace be upon him) and asked him to sacrifice the camels and return to Medina.

During the Conquest of Mecca, Gabriel (peace be upon him) also assisted the Prophet (peace be upon him) in uncovering a spying plot.

Then the Prophet (peace be upon him), following Gabriel’s (peace be upon him) guidance, destroyed the idols surrounding the Kaaba with his staff.

According to narrations, Gabriel played a role in the construction of the Kaaba and in guiding and assisting the prophets, including teaching them the rituals of Hajj.

Etymology of Gabriel

"Jibril" is composed of "Jabr," meaning servant [1] or power[2] and "Il," which, according to some, is one of the names of God[3] And according to some, it means "Allah."[4] This word is originally Hebrew[5] or Syriac[6] and means “servant of God”[7] or “power of God.” This word in Hebrew is Gabriel (Gabriel).[8] and in Arabic in various forms[9]

It has been reported in various forms, including: Jibril, Jabril, Jibra’il, Jabra’il, Jabr’el, Jibrin, and Jibrīn.[10]

Gabriel in the Holy Books

Gabriel is one of the four archangels of God (Gabriel, Michael, Israfil, and Azrael)[11]

who is mentioned in the holy books, the Torah and the Gospel[12]

He is mentioned in the Quran. In the Holy Quran, the name of this angel appears three times with the word "Jibril."[13] Explicit Mention of the Names Gabriel and Michael[14]

Among all the angels, it indicates the superiority of these two over the others.[15]

In numerous verses, Gabriel (peace be upon him) is also described with attributes such as "Spirit,"[16] the Holy Spirit,[17] the Trustworthy Spirit,[18] Our Spirit[19]

Almighty and Powerful,[20] of high rank[21] Possessing strength, a noble messenger, firm, obedient, and trustworthy has been mentioned.[22]

Gabriel’s Role in the World

The Holy Quran, in numerous verses, refers to the role of angels in the affairs of the world[23]

Considering the various attributes mentioned in the Holy Quran for Gabriel(a), it can be understood that, in addition to his exalted status with God, this angel plays an important role in managing the affairs of existence, the most significant of which is the revelation of divine guidance.[24] and its instruction[25]to the Prophet of Islam(s).

Regarding Gabriel’s (a) role in cosmic affairs, for example, one can refer to the expansion of the earth (Dahw al-Ard). It is said that the spreading of the earth mentioned in the verseوَالاَرْضَ بَعْدَ ذَلِکَ دَحَاهَا﴾[26]

It is mentioned that this was carried out by Gabriel (a) from beneath the Ka'ba.[27]

Teaching Hajj to Adam(a)

According to Shia narrations, the descent of Adam and Eve from Paradise to the land of Mecca, and the placement of Adam (peace be upon him) on Mount Safa and Eve on Mount Marwah, was carried out by God’s command and through Gabriel (a).

Then Gabriel (a), by God’s command, erected one of the heavenly tents at the place where the Ka'ba was later built and placed Adam and Eve in it.

The light of the tent’s pillar illuminated the mountains of Mecca and its surroundings, and God named the area reached by the pillar’s light as the Sacred Sanctuary (Haram).

Then Gabriel (a), by God’s command, dismantled the tent and built the Ka'ba in its place.[28]


On the eighth day of Dhu al-Hijjah, Adam (a) was commanded to perform Ghusl (ritual purification) and enter Ihram, and then the rituals of Hajj, such as Talbiyah, standing at Mina and Arafat, Halq (shaving the head), stoning the Jamrah, and Tawaf, were taught to him.[29]

According to Sunni narrations, Gabriel (a) also accompanied Adam (a) in the plains of Arafat and Mina.

In Arafat, he reminded Adam that the angels had performed Tawaf around the House of God fifty thousand years before his creation.[30] When parting from Adam(a) in the land of Mina, he said: “Tamann” means: “Ask God for whatever you wish.[31]

According to a Shia narration, Gabriel(a) said these words to Abraham.[32]

For this reason, this land was named Mina.[33]Teaching Abraham and Ishmael After Hagar and Ishmael settled in Mecca, causing the Zamzam water to flow beneath Ishmael’s feet was one of Gabriel’s (a) missions.[34]

For this reason, one of the names of Zamzam is Raqdat Jibril (the place where Gabriel stepped).[35]

When Abraham(a) was commanded by God to build the Ka'ba, Gabriel (a) showed him its location.[36]

Then, upon reaching the location of the Black Stone, he sent Ishmael(a) to bring a stone for that place.* (37)** [37]

Gabriel(a), who had hidden the Black Stone on Mount Abu Qubays during the flood of Noah(a),[38] he entrusted it to Ishmael (a) to give to his father.[39] *** After the construction of the Ka'ba, Gabriel (a) commanded Abraham(a) to call people to Hajj.[40]

Abraham and Ishmael (a) asked God to teach them the rituals of Hajj.[41]

Gabriel (a) came to the two of them and taught them the rituals of Hajj.[42]

In Islamic narrations, there are details of Gabriel’s accompaniment of Abraham in Muzdalifah,[43] Arafah,[44] and the Jamrat[45]have been reported.

According to some Sunni narrations, Abraham, with Gabriel’s guidance, determined and marked the boundaries of the Sacred Sanctuary of Mecca.[46]

Teaching Moses

According to a Shia narration, Gabriel (peace be upon him) was also present when Moses (peace be upon him) performed Hajj, and in response to Moses’ question about the reward for one who performs Hajj sincerely, he conveyed God’s message that such a person would be placed in the highest realm of Paradise alongside the prophets, the truthful, the martyrs, and the righteous(47) al-Ṣadūq, " Man lā Yaḥḍuruhu al-Faqīh ", vol. 2, p. 235–236.


Gabriel During the Prophethood

The prophethood of the Prophet (peace be upon him) began with the revelation of verses of the Quran to him by Gabriel (peace be upon him) in the Cave of Hira.(48) al-Dhahabī , "Tārīkh al-Islām wa Wafayāt al-Mashāhīr  " , vol. 1, p. 65.

After that, Gabriel (peace be upon him) continuously appeared to the Prophet (peace be upon him) throughout the 23 years of his prophethood, whether in Mecca or Medina, for the revelation of Quranic verses and to guide and assist him in specific situations.(49) Al-Isrāʾ, Sūrat al-Isrāʾ (17), āyah 1. ,,, al-ʿAyāshī, " Tafsīr al-ʿAyyāshī" , vol. 2, p. 276–277. ,,, al-Thaʿlabī , "Tafsīr Thaʿlabī (al-Kashf wa al-Bayān " ,vol. 6, p. 55.

Praying in Mecca led by Gabriel,(50) al-Azraqī, "Akhbār Makkah ",vol. 1, p. 178. ,,, al-Nawawī, " al-Majmūʿ" , vol. 3, p. 18.

Accompanying the Prophet (peace be upon him) during the Mi’raj and informing him of the Quraysh’s plot to kill him,[51] Yā Sīn, Sūrat Yā Sīn (36), āyah 9.

[52] al-Qummī, "Tafsīr al-Qummī" , vol. 1, p. 275–276. ,,,  al-Majlisī , "Biḥār al-Anwār " ,vol. 19, p. 46,,,  al-Majlisī , "Biḥār al-Anwār " ,vol. 19, pp. 50–51,,,  al-Majlisī , "Biḥār al-Anwār " ,vol. 19, p. 54.


are among these instances

Gabriel After the Migration of the Prophet of Islam

It is reported that in Medina, Gabriel (peace be upon him) often appeared to the Prophet (peace be upon him) in the form of “Dihyah al-Kalbi,” who was one of the companions of the Prophet and a handsome man.(53) al-Ṭabarānī , "Al-Muʿjam al-Awsaṭ ", vol. 1, p. 7.  al-Haythamī, " Majmaʿ al-Zawāʾid ",vol. 8, p. 257.


Whenever Gabriel (peace be upon him) came to the Prophet (peace be upon him), he would stop at a place near his house and seek permission to enter.(54) Kulaynī , " Al-Kāfī " vol. 4, p. 452, Kulaynī , " Al-Kāfī " , vol. 4, p. 557.

In another narration, it is reported that at the end of the Battle of the Trench, Gabriel (peace be upon him) came to the Prophet (peace be upon him) at this place and conveyed God’s message instructing him to prepare for the battle against the Jews of Banu Qurayza.[55] al-Samhūdī, " Wafāʾ al-Wafāʾ " ,vol. 1, p. 236–237.

By God’s command, Gabriel (peace be upon him) participated in certain battles, such as Badr,[56] al-Bukhārī, " Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī" , vol. 5, p. 14. ,,,, al-Qummī, " Tafsīr al-Qummī" , vol. 1, pp. 266–267. ,,, Abū al-Fatḥ Rāzī, "  Rawḍ al-Jinān ",vol. 9, p. 71.


He also assisted the Muslims in the battles of Uhud,[57] Muslim, " Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim", vol. 7, p. 72. ,,, Ibn Shahr Āshūb , "Manāqib Āl Abī Ṭālib", vol. 2, p. 78.

 Khaybar[58] Maybudī , "Kashf al-Asrār " , vol. 9, p. 214. ,,, Ḥusaynī Shāh ʿAbd al-ʿAẓīmī, " Tafsīr Ithnāʿasharī , "vol. 12, p. 160.

 and against the Jews of Banu Qurayza.[59] Maybudī , " Kashf al-Asrār", vol. 8, p. 39 . ,,, Abū al-Fatḥ Rāzī, "  Rawḍ al-Jinān", vol. 15, p. 396. ,,, al-Ṭabarasī , "Majmaʿ al-Bayān " ,vol. 8, p. 551–552.


Narrations report Gabriel’s accompaniment during the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah[60] al-Ṭabarī, " Jāmiʿ al-Bayān" , vol. 30, p. 212. ,,, al-Suyūṭī , "al-Durr al-Manthūr", vol. 6, p. 403 . ,,, Mudarrisī, "Min Hudā al-Qurʾān ",  vol. 18, p. 395.

and the Conquest of Mecca.[61] al-Zamakhsharī , "Al-Kashshāf ", vol. 2, p. 689.,,, al-Ṭabarasī, "  Jawāmiʿ al-Jāmi",  vol. 2, p. 342 . ,,, al-Kāshānī , "Zubdat al-Tafāsīr" , vol. 4, p. 64.


Gate of Gabriel

One of the doors of the Prophet’s Mosque is named the Gate of Gabriel (peace be upon him) because Gabriel (peace be upon him) would enter the Prophet’s presence through it.

Narrations from Shia sources have reported the virtue of this gate.[62] al-Kulaynī , "Al-Kāfī" , vol. 4, p. 557.  al-Ṭūsī , "Tahdhīb al-Aḥkām ", vol. 6, pp. 8–9. ,,, al-Ḥurr al-ʿĀmilī , "Wasāʾil al-Shīʿah ",vol. 14, p. 346.

It is recommended that visitors to the Prophet enter the mosque through this gate.(63) al-Ṣadūq, " Man lā Yaḥḍuruhu al-Faqīh ", vol. 2, p. 565–566.,,, Ibn Ḥamzah ,"  al-Wasīlah ", p. 196–197.


Gabriel’s Accompaniment During the Farewell Pilgrimage

Gabriel accompanied the Prophet during the Farewell Pilgrimage and taught him the rituals of Hajj.[64] al-Ḥākim al-Nīshābūrī, "Al-Mustadrak", vol. 1, p. 477. ,,, al-Bayhaqī , "al-Sunan al-Kubrā ", vol. 5, p. 153.


Some of Gabriel’s instructions regarding the Hajj rituals were conveyed to the people through the Prophet (peace be upon him).(65) al-Kulaynī , "Al-Kāfī", vol. 4, p. 246. ,,, al-Ṣadūq, " Man lā Yaḥḍuruhu al-Faqīh ", vol. 2, p. 236.

(66) al-Fārisī, " Ṣaḥīḥ Ibn Ḥibbān", vol. 9, p. 112. ,,, : al-Ṭabarānī, " al-Muʿjam al-Kabīr ",vol. 5, p. 229. ,,,  al-Nūrī , "Mustadrak al-Wasāʾil ",vol. 9, p. 177.

Notes

  1. ↑ " al-Jawāliqī ,al-Muʿrib min al-Kalām al-Aʿjamī ", p. 154. ,,, Ibn Manẓūr ," Lisān al-ʿArab" ,vol. 4, p. 114. ,,, al-Ṭabarasī , " Majmaʿ al-Bayān" ,vol. 1, p. 324.
  2. ↑ al-Shaʿrānī , "Nasr-i Ṭūbā ", vol. 1, p. 122.  ,,, Ibn ʿĀshūr , "al-Taḥrīr wa al-Tanwīr",vol. 1, p. 620. 
  3. ↑ al-Nawawī , " al-Majmūʿ Sharḥ al-Muḥaḏhab" ,vol. 3, p. 20; al-Shaʿrānī , "Nasr-i Ṭūbā ", vol. 1, p. 123; Ibn ʿĀshūr , "al-Taḥrīr wa al-Tanwīr",vol. 1, p. 620. 
  4. ↑ al-Zamakhsharī , "al-Kashshāf",vol. 1, p. 169; Ḥusaynī Kāshifī , "Mawāhib ʿAliyya (Tafsīr Ḥusaynī)" ,p. 30; al-Ṭabarasī , " Majmaʿ al-Bayān" ,vol. 1, p. 324.
  5. ↑ Ḥusaynī Kāshifī , "Mawāhib ʿAliyya (Tafsīr Ḥusaynī)" ,p. 30; Arthur Jeffery , "Wājihāt-i Dakhīl dar al-Qurʾān al-Majīd" ,p. 166; al-Shaʿrānī , "Nasr-i Ṭūbā ", vol. 1, p. 122.
  6. ↑ al-Ṭabarasī , " Majmaʿ al-Bayān" ,vol. 1, p. 324; Maybudī , "Kashf al-Asrār", vol. 1. P. 291; Ḥusaynī Kāshifī , "Mawāhib ʿAliyya (Tafsīr Ḥusaynī)" ,p. 30.
  7. ↑ al-Ṭūsī , " al-Tibyān" ,vol. 1, p. 363; al-Zamakhsharī , "al-Kashshāf",vol. 1, p. 169; al-Ṭabarasī , " Majmaʿ al-Bayān" ,vol. 1, p. 324.
  8. ↑ Shūshtarī. , "Farhang-i Kāmil Lughat al-Qurʾān" ,p. 149.
  9. ↑ al-Ṭūsī , " al-Tibyān" ,vol. 1, p. 362; ***,,, al-Qurṭubī, " Tafsīr al-Qurṭubī (al-Jāmiʿ li-Aḥkām al-Qurʾān)" ,vol. 2, p. 37.
  10. ↑ al-Nawawī , " al-Majmūʿ Sharḥ al-Muḥaḏhab" ,vol. 3, p. 20; " al-Jawāliqī ,al-Muʿrib min al-Kalām al-Aʿjamī ", p. 60; Ibn Manẓūr ," Lisān al-ʿArab" ,vol. 4, p. 114.
  11. ↑ al-Kulaynī, " al-Kāfī" ,vol. 4, p. 72; al Rāwandī , "al-Nawādir" , p. 260; al-Majlisī ," Biḥār al-Anwār" , vol. 56, p. 206.
  12. ↑ Buṭrus ʿAbd al-Malik et al. Cairo , "Qāmūs al-Kitāb al-Muqaddas" ,p. 245; Qarshī , " Qāmūs al-Qurʾān" ,vol. 2, p. 5; al-Shaʿrānī , "Nasr-i Ṭūbā ", vol. 1, p. 123.
  13. ↑ Al-Baqarah, Sūrat al-Baqarah (2), āyāt 97–98; al-Taḥrīm, Sūrat al-Taḥrīm (66), verse, 4.
  14. ↑ Sūrat al-Baqarah (2), verse, 98.
  15. ↑ ʿAtīq Nīshābūrī , "Tafsīr Sūrābādī" , vol. 1, p. 103; Bursawī, " Rūḥ al-Bayān" ,vol. 1, p. 188; al-Sabzawārī., "Mawāhib al-Raḥmān " , vol. 1, p. 341.
  16. ↑ Sūrat al-Qadr (97), verse, 1; al-Maʿārij, Sūrat al-Maʿārij (70), verse, 4; al-Ṭūsī , " al-Tibyān" , vol. 10, p. 386; al-Ṭūsī , " al-Tibyān" ,vol. 1, p. 363; al-Zamakhsharī , " al-Kashshāf " vol. 4, p. 609. ,,, al-Ṭabarasī , "  Majmaʿ al-Bayān, vol. 10, p. 790.
  17. ↑ Sūrat al-Baqarah (2), verse, 87; Sūrat al-Naḥl (16), verse, 102; al-Ṭūsī, " Al-Tibyān, vol. 6, p. 426; Maybudī , "Kashf al-Asrār, vol. 1, p. 263; al-Ṭabarasī , " Majmaʿ al-Bayān, vol. 3, p. 248. ,,, al-Ṭabarasī , " Majmaʿ al-Bayān, vol. 6, p. 200.
  18. ↑ Sūrat al-Shuʿarāʾ (26), verse, 193. ,,, al-Ṭabarī, " Jāmiʿ al-Bayān", vol. 19, p. 396; Maybudī , " Kashf al-Asrār" , vol. 7, p. 156; al-Ṭabarasī , " Majmaʿ al-Bayān, vol. 7, p. 320.
  19. ↑ Sūrat Maryam (19), verse, 17; al-Ṭabarī, "  Jāmiʿ al-Bayān" vol. 18, p. 163; al-Ṭūsī , "  al-Tibyān, vol. 7, p. 114; al-Ṭabarasī , " Majmaʿ al-Bayān, vol. 6, p. 783.
  20. ↑ Sūrat al-Najm (53), verses, 5–6; Ibn al-Jawzī , "Zād al-Masīr" , vol. 4, p. 184; al-Ṭabāṭabāʾī, " al-Mīzān", vol. 19, pp. 27–28.
  21. ↑ Sūrat al-Najm (53), verses, 5–6; Ibn al-Jawzī , "Zād al-Masīr" , vol. 4, p. 184; al-Ṭabāṭabāʾī, " al-Mīzān", vol. 19, pp. 27–28.
  22. ↑ Sūrat al-Takwīr (81), verses, 19–21; Ibn al-Jawzī , "Zād al-Masīr" , vol. 4, p. 408; al-Ṭabāṭabāʾī, " al-Mīzān", vol. 20, p. 218.
  23. ↑ Sūrat al-Nāziʿāt (79), verse, 1; Sūrat al-Nāziʿāt (79), verse 5; Sūrat al-Dhāriyāt (51), verse 4; al-Ṭabarī, "  Jāmiʿ al-Bayān", vol. 30, p. 18–20; al-Ṭabarī, "   Jāmiʿ al-Bayān",vol. 26, p. 116–117; Ṭabāṭabāʾī, " al-Mīzān", vol. 18, p. 364–365; Ṭabāṭabāʾī, " al-Mīzān", vol. 20, p. 180.
  24. ↑ Sūrat al-Baqarah (2), verse 97; Sūrat al-Naḥl (16), verse, 102.
  25. ↑ Sūrat al-Najm (53), verse 5; al-Ṭabarī, " Jāmiʿ al-Bayān ", vol. 27, p. 25. ,,, Ibn Kathīr, " Tafsīr Ibn Kathīr" , vol. 7, p. 412; Ibn al-Jawzī, " Zād al-Masīr", vol. 4, p. 184; Ṭabāṭabāʾī, " al-Mīzān", vol. 19, p. 27.
  26. ↑ Al-Sūrat al-Nāziʿāt (79), verse, 30.
  27. ↑ Abū al-Fatḥ Rāzī, " Rawḍ al-Jinān" , vol. 20, p. 140.
  28. ↑ al-Kulaynī , "Al-Kāfī", vol. 4, p. 195–197; al-ʿAyāshī , "Tafsīr al-ʿAyyāshī ", vol. 1,  p. 35–38.
  29. ↑ al-Qummī , "Tafsīr al-Qummī" , vol. 1, p. 44–45; al-Kulaynī , " al-Kāfī", vol. 4, p. 191–194.
  30. ↑ al-Ḥalabī , "Al-Sīrah al-Ḥalabiyyah", vol. 1, p. 219; al-Ṣāliḥī , "Subul al-Hudā" ,vol. 1, p. 209; al-Suyūṭī , "al-Durr al-Manthūr", vol. 1, p. 315.
  31. ↑ al-ʿAynī ,"ʿUmdat al-Qārī", vol. 7, p. 118.
  32. ↑ al-Ṣadūq," ʿUyūn Akhbār al-Riḍā, vol. 1, p. 98.
  33. ↑ al-Ṣadūq," ʿUyūn Akhbār al-Riḍā, vol. 1, p. 98.
  34. ↑ al-Ṣadūq," Al-Khiṣāl, vol. 1, p. 455; Ibn Isḥāq , "Sīrat Ibn Isḥāq", p. 26; al-Kulaynī, " al-Kāfī", vol. 4, p. 202.
  35. ↑ al-Ṣadūq," Al-Khiṣāl", p. 455; al-ʿAynī ,"ʿUmdat al-Qārī", vol. 9, p. 277.
  36. ↑ Sūrat al-Ḥajj (22), verse, 26; Abū al-Fatḥ Rāzī , "Rawḍ al-Jinān", vol. 2, p. 168; Kāshānī , "Manhaj al-Ṣādiqīn", vol. 6, p. 142.
  37. ↑ Al-Mustadrak, vol. 1, p. 629.
  38. ↑ Ibn Isḥāq , "Sīrat Ibn Isḥāq", p. 96.
  39. ↑ Al-Mustadrak, vol. 1, p. 629.
  40. ↑ Ibn Abī Jumhūr, "ʿAwālī al-Luʾālī", vol. 4, p. 35–36.
  41. ↑ Sūrat al-Baqarah (2), verse, 128.
  42. ↑ al-Kulaynī , " Al-Kāfī" ,vol. 4, p. 202–203; Abū al-Fatḥ Rāzī , " Rawḍ al-Jinān", vol. 2, p. 160/ 171; al-Qurṭubī, " Tafsīr al-Qurṭubī" , vol. 2, p. 128–129.
  43. ↑ al-Barqī , "Al-Maḥāsin", vol. 2, p. 336; al-Ṣadūq, " ʿIlal al-Sharāʾiʿ", vol. 2, p. 436.
  44. ↑ al-Ṣadūq, " ʿIlal al-Sharāʾiʿ", vol. 2, p. 436; Abū al-Fatḥ Rāzī, " Rawḍ al-Jinān", vol. 3, p. 123; al-Fakhr al-Rāzī, " al-Tafsīr al-Kabīr" , vol. 4, p. 55.
  45. ↑ al-Ṣadūq, " ʿIlal al-Sharāʾiʿ" , vol. 2, p. 437.
  46. ↑ al-Fākhī, " Akhbār Makkah" , vol. 2, p. 259; al-Ṣanʿānī, " al-Muṣannaf " ,vol. 5, p. 25.

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