Karbala: Difference between revisions
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Also, "Karbal" in Arabic refers to a particular type of grass, and it is possible that the name Karbala was given due to the abundance of this plant in that land.<ref>Yāqūt al-Ḥamawī,"Muʿjam al-Buldān",vol. 4,p. 445.</ref> | Also, "Karbal" in Arabic refers to a particular type of grass, and it is possible that the name Karbala was given due to the abundance of this plant in that land.<ref>Yāqūt al-Ḥamawī,"Muʿjam al-Buldān",vol. 4,p. 445.</ref> | ||
==History of the City of Karbala== | ==History of the City of Karbala== | ||
In the year 14 AH, the Karbala region was conquered by one of the commanders of Sa’d ibn Abi Waqqas. | In the year 14 AH, the Karbala region was conquered by one of the commanders of Sa’d ibn Abi Waqqas.<ref>Klīddār Āl Ṭuʿmah, "Baghīyat al-Nubalāʾ fī Tārīkh Karbalā" ,p.18/19.</ref> | ||
In the year 36 AH, when Imam Ali (AS) was heading toward the Battle of Siffin against Muawiya, he informed about the martyrdom of his son Hussain (AS) at this location and advised his son Hussain to be patient. | In the year 36 AH, when Imam Ali (AS) was heading toward the Battle of Siffin against Muawiya, he informed about the martyrdom of his son Hussain (AS) at this location and advised his son Hussain to be patient.<ref>Ibn Qutaybah al-Dīnawarī, "Al-Akhbār al-Ṭiwāl", p. 252/253.</ref> | ||
The martyrdom of Imam Hussain (AS) in the year 60 AH led to the burial of his body in Karbala. | The martyrdom of Imam Hussain (AS) in the year 60 AH led to the burial of his body in Karbala.<ref>Abū Mukhnaf , "Waqʿat al-Ṭuf ", p. 250-258.</ref> | ||
And this city derives its fame from the presence of the shrine of Sayyid al-Shuhada (Imam Hussain, AS). | And this city derives its fame from the presence of the shrine of Sayyid al-Shuhada (Imam Hussain, AS).<ref>Bīnish., " Āshenāʾī bā Tārīkh-i Tamaddon-i Islāmī",p. 146.</ref> | ||
Karbala flourished during the Abbasid Caliphate, but initially, its development was delayed due to opposition from some Abbasid caliphs. | Karbala flourished during the Abbasid Caliphate, but initially, its development was delayed due to opposition from some Abbasid caliphs. | ||
In the year 193 AH, Harun ordered the destruction of the sacred dome and the surrounding houses. | In the year 193 AH, Harun ordered the destruction of the sacred dome and the surrounding houses.<ref>ʿKlīddār, "Tārīkh Karbalā wa Ḥāʾir Ḥusaynī ", p. 44.</ref> | ||
During his rule from 233 to 247 AH, Al-Mutawakkil, on four occasions including in 236 AH, ordered the destruction, plowing, and flooding of the grave of Imam Hussain (AS) and the demolition of the surrounding houses. | During his rule from 233 to 247 AH, Al-Mutawakkil, on four occasions including in 236 AH, ordered the destruction, plowing, and flooding of the grave of Imam Hussain (AS) and the demolition of the surrounding houses.<ref>ʿKlīddār, "Tārīkh Karbalā wa Ḥāʾir Ḥusaynī ", p. 260-270.</ref> | ||
During the reign of Al-Muntasir Al-Abbasi (247–248 AH), the son of Al-Mutawakkil, the Shia inclination to settle in Karbala and develop it increased. | During the reign of Al-Muntasir Al-Abbasi (247–248 AH), the son of Al-Mutawakkil, the Shia inclination to settle in Karbala and develop it increased. | ||
Ibrahim Mujab, the grandson of the seventh Imam (AS), is considered the first Alawi to settle in Karbala around the year 247 AH.After him, houses and markets emerged around his home and near the shrine of Aba Abdillah al-Hussain (AS). | Ibrahim Mujab, the grandson of the seventh Imam (AS), is considered the first Alawi to settle in Karbala around the year 247 AH.After him, houses and markets emerged around his home and near the shrine of Aba Abdillah al-Hussain (AS). | ||
When Adud al-Dawla Daylami of the Buyid dynasty visited Karbala in 370 AH, the population of Sayyids and Alawis in the city had reached 2,200 people. | When Adud al-Dawla Daylami of the Buyid dynasty visited Karbala in 370 AH, the population of Sayyids and Alawis in the city had reached 2,200 people.<ref>Klīddār Āl Ṭuʿmah, "Baghīyat al-Nubalāʾ fī Tārīkh Karbalā" ,p. 29/30.</ref> | ||
===Some Historical Events=== | ===Some Historical Events=== | ||
Wahhabi Attack (1216 AH): | Wahhabi Attack (1216 AH): | ||
On Eid al-Ghadir in the year 1216 AH, the Wahhabi army from Najd, numbering about 25,000, attacked Karbala.The city's governor at the time, Umar Agha, fled without resistance, leaving the city defenseless. | On Eid al-Ghadir in the year 1216 AH, the Wahhabi army from Najd, numbering about 25,000, attacked Karbala.The city's governor at the time, Umar Agha, fled without resistance, leaving the city defenseless. | ||
The Wahhabis, under the slogan "Kill the polytheists," massacred the people; in six hours, over five thousand were martyred.The shrine of Imam Hussain (AS) was destroyed, and the city's properties were looted. | The Wahhabis, under the slogan "Kill the polytheists," massacred the people; in six hours, over five thousand were martyred.The shrine of Imam Hussain (AS) was destroyed, and the city's properties were looted.<ref>Ṭālebī al-Isfahānī ," Masīr Ṭālebī",vol. 3,p. 408/409.</ref> | ||
Many scholars and seminary students of Karbala were also martyred in this tragedy.Sayyid Ali Tabatabai (author of Riyas) miraculously survived this attack. | Many scholars and seminary students of Karbala were also martyred in this tragedy.Sayyid Ali Tabatabai (author of Riyas) miraculously survived this attack.<ref>Khwānsārī, " Rawḍāt al-Jinān fī Aḥwāl al-ʿUlamāʾ wa al-Sādāt ",vol. 4,p. 405</ref>. | ||
The Najib Pasha Incident (1258 AH): Following a dispute between Iran and the Ottoman Empire and the rejection of Ottoman rule by the people of Karbala, Najib Pasha, the governor of Baghdad, attacked Karbala in 1258 AH. | The Najib Pasha Incident (1258 AH): Following a dispute between Iran and the Ottoman Empire and the rejection of Ottoman rule by the people of Karbala, Najib Pasha, the governor of Baghdad, attacked Karbala in 1258 AH.<ref>Ḥabīb Ābādī, "Makārim al-Āthār fī Aḥwāl Rijāl Dawr-i Qājār",vol. 5, p. 1582/1583.</ref> | ||
This attack resulted in the killing of approximately 10,000 people, including scholars and Sayyids, and became known as the "Incident of Ghadir al-Dam."(23) Khalīlī, "Mawsūʿah al-ʿAtabāt al-Muqaddasa",vol. 8,p. 126. | This attack resulted in the killing of approximately 10,000 people, including scholars and Sayyids, and became known as the "Incident of Ghadir al-Dam."(23) Khalīlī, "Mawsūʿah al-ʿAtabāt al-Muqaddasa",vol. 8,p. 126. | ||
Attack by the Ba'ath Regime of Iraq (1412 AH / 1369 SH): During the Sha’baniyah Uprising in 1412 AH, Iraqi Ba'ath forces stormed the holy shrines of Najaf and Karbala. | Attack by the Ba'ath Regime of Iraq (1412 AH / 1369 SH): During the Sha’baniyah Uprising in 1412 AH, Iraqi Ba'ath forces stormed the holy shrines of Najaf and Karbala. | ||