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'''Rātij Mosque''' (Ar: مسجد الراتج) is one of the mosques associated with the Banu Abdul-Ashhal tribe in the north of Medina. It currently does not exist, and only its boundaries or ruins remain.
'''Bilal b. Rabah Mosque''', attributed to [[Bilal]], was located on top of [[Mount Abu Qubays]] in [[Mecca]]. It has been demolished as part of new development plans and the construction of government palaces by Saudi Arabia on Mount Abu Qubays.
 
This mosque is mentioned in earlier sources from the second and third centuries, where it was called the Ibrahim Mosque. In these sources, two prominent theories about the name Ibrahim are mentioned: one refers to the [[prophet Ibrahim]], and the other to Ibrahim Abu Qubaysi. Contemporary sources report its renown as the Bilal Mosque. Some attribute this naming to Bilal's call to prayer at this site. Additionally, some sources consider this mosque on [[Mount Abu Qubays]] as the place where the Prophet performed the miracle of splitting the moon.


Ratej was the name of a fortress belonging to the Banu Abdul-Ashhal tribe, and due to its fame, the area was also named Ratij. The Ratij Mosque was located next to this fortress. It is one of the mosques where [[Prophet Muhammad (s)|the Prophet Muhammad (s)]] prayed within its boundaries and where [[Bilal al-Habashi]] called the adhan (call to prayer).
==Location==
==Location==
The Bilal Mosque was located on top of Mount Abu Qubays and covered an area of about one hundred square meters.<ref>Jaʿfariyān,''Āthār-i islāmi-yi Makka wa Madīna'', vol. 1, p. 151.</ref>(1)
This mosque existed until the 14th century AH.<ref>Kurdī, ''Al-Tārīkh al-qawīm li Makka wa bayt Allāh al-karīm'', vol. 5, p. 84.</ref>
However, it was demolished as part of new development plans and the construction of palaces for guests of the Saudi government on top of Mount Abu Qubays. Currently, there is no trace of it left, and only images of it remain.<ref>Jaʿfariyān,''Āthār-i islāmi-yi Makka wa Madīna'', vol. 1, p. 151.</ref>
==Ibrahim Mosque or Bilal Mosque?==
The old name of the Bilal Mosque was the Ibrahim Mosque, and ancient sources referred to it by this name. According to the writings of Azraqi (d. 250 AH/864-5) and Fakhri (d. 272 AH/885-6), two historians of Mecca in the 3rd century AH, it was commonly believed among the people of Mecca that [[Prophet Ibrahim]] called people to pilgrimage from the top of this mountain.<ref>Azraqī, ''Akhbār Makka'', vol. 2, p. 201; Fākihī,''Akhbār Makka fī qadīm al-dahr wa ḥaīthih'', vol. 4, p. 16-17.</ref>
However, some people of Mecca attributed the name of this mosque to a person named Ibrahim Qubaysi rather than Prophet Ibrahim.<ref>Azraqī, ''Akhbār Makka'', vol. 2, p. 201; Fākihī,''Akhbār Makka fī qadīm al-dahr wa ḥaīthih'', vol. 4, p. 16-17.</ref>
Sources such as Ibn Jubayr<ref> Ibn Jubayr,''Riḥla Ibn Jubayr'', p. 76.</ref>
and Ibn Battuta<ref>Ibn Baṭṭūṭah ''Riḥlat Ibn Baṭṭūṭah'', vol. 1, p. 383.</ref>
They also reported the existence of a mosque on top of [[Mount Abu Qubays]] without mentioning a specific name. However, contemporary sources have mentioned this mosque by the name of Bilal Mosque.<ref>Jaʿfariyān,''Āthār-i islāmi-yi Makka wa Madīna'',  p. 125. , Ibn Baṭṭūṭah ''Riḥlat Ibn Baṭṭūṭah'', vol. 1, p. 383. ,Nawwāb, ''Al-Riḥalāt al-Maghribiyya wa al-Andalusiyya'', p. 456. , Manẓavī, ʿAlī Naqī. "Ḥajnāma 2." ''Majalla-yi Kāva'', shumāra-yi 47 va 48.</ref>
Furthermore, some have said that after the [[conquest of Mecca]], Bilal called the Adhan (call to prayer) from Mount Abu Qubays, and later, in memory of Bilal, a mosque was built atop this mountain.<ref>Jaʿfariyān,''Āthār-i islāmi-yi Makka wa Madīna'',  p. 125.</ref>
==The Prophet's Prayer and the Splitting of the Moon==
Reports of the Prophet's prayer on top of Mount Abu Qubays<ref>Fākihī,''Akhbār Makka fī qadīm al-dahr wa ḥaīthih'', vol. 4, p. 16.</ref>(10)
In their travel accounts, Ibn Jubayr and Ibn Battuta regarded this mosque as the place where [[Prophet Muhammad (s)|the Prophet (s)]] performed the miracle of the splitting of the moon.<ref>Ibn Jubayr,''Riḥla Ibn Jubayr'', p. 76. ,  Ibn Baṭṭūṭah ''Riḥlat Ibn Baṭṭūṭah'', vol. 1, p. 383.</ref>
==Ibn Battuta's report on the lighting of Bilal Mosque==
In his travelogue in 725 AH/1324-5, Ibn Battuta mentions the customs and traditions of the people of Mecca on the nights of the 27th of [[Ramadan]] and the first night of [[Shawwal]]. He says that on these nights, the people of Mecca light lamps and lanterns in [[al-Masjid al-Haram|Masjid al-Haram]] and its surroundings, as well as in the Bilal Mosque on Mount Abu Qubays.<ref>Ibn Baṭṭūṭah ''Riḥlat Ibn Baṭṭūṭah'', vol. 1, p. 404.</ref>(12)
==History of the Structure==
Azraqi is the oldest source that mentions this mosque in the 3rd century AH.<ref>Azraqī, ''Akhbār Makka'', vol. 2, p. 202.</ref>
Based on this, some historians have speculated that the construction of the mosque dates back to the first century AH.<ref>Kurdī, ''Al-Tārīkh al-qawīm li Makka wa bayt Allāh al-karīm'', vol. 5, p. 83.</ref>
Additionally, Ibn Battuta in the 8th century mentioned the reconstruction of the mosque ordered by Mamluk Sultan Dhaher.<ref>Ibn Baṭṭūṭah ''Riḥlat Ibn Baṭṭūṭah'', vol. 1, p. 383.</ref>
There are also reports of the renovation of this mosque in the 13th century AH by an Indian man.<ref>Muḥammad b. Aḥmad, ''Taḥṣīl al-marām'', vol. 1, p. 502.</ref>
===The report of travelogues of Iranians===
Some Iranian Shia who had visited Mecca before the demolition of the Bilal Mosque have reported on it in their travel accounts.<ref>Jaʿfarīān, " Panjāh Safarnāmah-i Ḥajj-i Qājārī", p. 766.</ref>
Mirza Davood Hosseini, who went on [[Hajj]] in 1322 AH/1904-5, stated that atop Mount Abu Qubays, where the Prophet called people to monotheism, a mihrab (prayer niche) and a minaret had been built.<ref>Jaʿfarīān," Panjāh Safarnāmah-i Ḥajj-i Qājārī", vol. 7, p. 545.</ref>
Hajj Ayyaz Khan Qashqai, during his pilgrimage in 1341 AH / 1922-3, reported the existence of a shrine with two minarets on this mountain, but he did not mention its name.<ref>Jaʿfarīān, " Panjāh Safarnāmah-i Ḥajj-i Qājārī", vol. 8, p. 419.</ref>


Ratij Mosque was located in the old Ratij area, also known as Hisn Ratij. Today, there is no such name or area in [[Medina]].<ref>Kaʿkī, ''Maʿālim al-Madīna al-munawwara bayn al-ʿimāra wa l-tārīkh'', vol. 4, p. 179.</ref>
The current name of the area in question is [[Masani]].<ref>ʿAyyāshī, ''Al-Madīna al-munawwara bayn al-māḍī wa al-ḥāḍir'', p. 358.</ref>
Which is entirely located within the lands and boundaries of the [[Banu Abdul-Ashhal]] tribe.<ref>ʿAyyāshī, ''Al-Madīna al-munawwara bayn al-māḍī wa al-ḥāḍir'', p. 359.</ref>
The place where Ratij Mosque was located is now on Uthman b. Affan Street, which is known to the people of Medina as [[Tariq al-'Uyun]].<ref>Kaʿkī, ''Maʿālim al-Madīna al-munawwara bayn al-ʿimāra wa l-tārīkh'', vol. 4, p. 179.</ref>
Ratij Mosque was located to the northeast of [[Mount Dhubab]]. Today, Masjid al-Rayah is located on this mountain.<ref>Samhūdī, ''Wafāʾ al-wafā bi akhbār dar al-Muṣṭafā'', vol. 3, p. 225.</ref>
==Names==
The name of Ratej Mosque is derived from the Banu Ratej family, who are from the Banu Abdul-Ashhal tribe.<ref>Kaʿkī, ''Maʿālim al-Madīna al-munawwara bayn al-ʿimāra wa l-tārīkh'', vol. 4, p. 178.</ref>
Ratij was the name of a fortress belonging to the Banu Abdul-Ashhal tribe.<ref>Ḥimyarī,''Al-Rawḍ al-miʿṭār fī khabar al-aqṭār'', p. 266.</ref>
And due to its fame, the area was also named Ratij.<ref>Khiyārī, ''Tārīkh maʿālimal-madīna al-munawwara qadīman wa ḥadīthan'', p. 36.</ref>(8)
And Ratij Mosque was also located next to this fortress.<ref>Ṣabrī Pāshā, ''Mawsūʿa mirʾāt al-ḥaramayn'', vol. 4, p. 706.</ref>
And over time, other groups settled in the vicinity of the Ratij fortress.<ref>Khiyārī, ''Tārīkh maʿālimal-madīna al-munawwara qadīman wa ḥadīthan'', p. 44,51.</ref>


==The building's history==
===The latest reports on the Bilal Mosque===
The construction and demolition dates of Ratej Mosque are not clear. The mosque did not exist in the eighth and ninth centuries. Samhudi mentioned this mosque in a section discussing mosques whose precise locations are not known.<ref>Samhūdī, ''Wafāʾ al-wafā bi akhbār dar al-Muṣṭafā'', vol. 3, p. 224.</ref>
A report on the Bilal Mosque is also mentioned in the book "Tarikh al-Qawim." The report in this book, first published in 1385 AH / 1966 AD, indicates that the mosque existed until that time and was surrounded by numerous houses.<ref>Kurdī, ''Al-Tārīkh al-qawīm li Makka wa bayt Allāh al-karīm'', vol. 5, p. 84.</ref>  
In the book "Al-Madina Between the Past and the Present" (published in 2013), Ibrahim b. Ali Ayyashi locates the vicinity of the mosque next to the Jassum Well to the south, where a large Ottoman communications center was built.<ref>ʿAyyāshī, ''Al-Madīna al-munawwara bayn al-māḍī wa al-ḥāḍir'', p. 359.</ref>
The Bilal Mosque has now been demolished.<ref>Jaʿfariyān,''Āthār-i islāmi-yi Makka wa Madīna'', vol. 1, p. 151.</ref>  
This building still remains to this day.<ref>Kaʿkī, ''Maʿālim al-Madīna al-munawwara bayn al-ʿimāra wa l-tārīkh'', vol. 4, p. 181.</ref>
==Gallery==
According to Ka'ki, a contemporary geographer of [[Medina]], in 1992, the Municipality of Medina carried out renovation operations in this area.<ref>Kaʿkī, ''Maʿālim al-Madīna al-munawwara bayn al-ʿimāra wa l-tārīkh'', vol. 4, p. 183.</ref>
"The Bilal Mosque in Mecca"
==historical related events==
"The Bilal Mosque in Mecca"
===Prayer of the prophet===
According to some accounts, the [[Prophet Muhammad (s)]] prayed in this mosque.<ref>Shurrāb, ''Al- maʿālim al-ʾathīra fī al-sunna wa al-sīra'', p. 262.</ref>
And it's narrated that they drank from a well there called Jassum.<ref>Numīrī, Ibn Shubba. ''Tārīkh al-madīna al-munawwara'', vol. 1, p. 69.</ref>
Also, [[Bilal al-Habashi]] called the Adhan (Islamic call to prayer) in this mosque.<ref>Samhūdī, ''Wafāʾ al-wafā bi akhbār dar al-Muṣṭafā'', vol. 3, p. 861.</ref>
===Digging of the trench===
At the suggestion of the Prophet Muhammad, the area of digging the trench and its divisions were arranged in a way to confront the attack of the polytheists, starting from the area of Muzad, extending to Dhubab, and then ending near Ratij Mosque.<ref>Najafī,''Madīna shināsī'', vol. 2, p. 364.</ref>
It has been reported that the [[Banu Abdul-Ashhal]] tribe dug trenches from the Ratej area to the vicinity of their homes.<ref> Wāqidī,''Al-Maghāzī'', vol. 2, p. 337.</ref>
===Related historical figures===
One of the personalities from the residents of the Ratij fortress is [[Iyas b.Aus]], who during the [[Battle of Badr]] was among those who proposed engaging in battle outside Medina to the esteemed Prophet Muhammad (s).<ref>Wāqidī,''Al-Maghāzī'', vol. 1, p. 211.
</ref>
==Notes==
==Notes==
{{Notes}}
{{Notes}}
==References==
==References==
{{References}}
{{References}}
*ʿAyyāshī, Ibrāhīm .Al-Madīna al-munawwara bayn al-māḍī wa al-ḥāḍir. Medina: al-Maktab al-ʿilmīyya, 1972.
 
*Ḥimyarī, Muḥammad b. ʿAbd al-Munʿim al-. ''Al-Rawḍ al-miʿṭār fī khabar al-aqṭār''. Beirut, Lebanon: Maktabat Lubnān, 1984.
*Azraqī, Muḥammad b. ʿAbd Allāh al-. ''Akhbār Makka. Qom: Maktaba al-Sharīf al-Raḍī, [n.d]
*Kaʿkī, ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz. Maʿālim al-Madīna al-munawwara bayn al-ʿimāra wa l-tārīkh, part 1: al-Maʿālim al-Ṭabīʿīyya, vol. 1: al-Jibāl, Beirut: Muʾallif, 1419AH.
*Fākihī, Muḥammad b. Isḥāq. ''Akhbār Makka fī qadīm al-dahr wa ḥaīthih''. Beirut: Dār al- Khiḍr, 1414 AH.
*Khiyārī, Sayyid Aḥmad Yāsīn.Tārīkh maʿālimal-madīna al-munawwara qadīman wa ḥadīthan. Riyadh: al-Amāna alʿāmma li-liḥtifāl miʾat ʿām ʿalā tʾsīs al-mamlika al- ʿarabiyya al-suʿūdiyya, 1419 AH/1999.
 
*Najafī, Sayyid Muḥammad Bāqir. Madīna shināsī. Tehran: Mashʿar, 1387 sh.
. Kurdī, Muḥammad Ṭāhir. ''Al-Tārīkh al-qawīm li Makka wa bayt Allāh al-karīm''. Beirut: : Dār al- Khiḍr, 1420 AH.
*Numīrī, Ibn Shubba. ''Tārīkh al-madīna al-munawwara''. Edited by Fahīm Muḥammad Shaltūt. Tehran: Mashʿar, 1380 sh.
. Ibn Jubayr, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad. ''Riḥla Ibn Jubayr''. Beirut: Dār al-Maktaba al-Hilāl, 1986.
*Ṣabrī Pāshā, Ayyūb. ''Mawsūʿa mirʾāt al-ḥaramayn''. Cairo: Shirkat al-Dawlīyya li-l-Ṭibāʿa, 2004.
 
*Samhūdī, ʿAlī b. ʿAbd Allāh. Wafāʾ al-wafā bi akhbār dar al-Muṣṭafā. Edited by Muḥammad Muḥyi al-Dīn ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd. Beirut: 1984.
. Ibn Baṭṭūṭah (d. 779 AH). ''Riḥlat Ibn Baṭṭūṭah''. Translated by Muḥammad ʿAlī Muwahhid.  
*Shurrāb Muḥammad Muḥammad b. Ḥasan. Al- maʿālim al-ʾathīra fī al-sunna wa al-sīra. Beirut: Dār al-Qalam, 1411AH.
Tehran: ʿIlmī wa-Farhangī, 1376 SH.
*Wāqidī, Muḥammad b. ʿUmar al-. ''Al-Maghāzī''. Edited by Marsden Jones. Beirut: Muʾassisa al-Aʿlām, 1409 AH.
 
{{end}}
• Jaʿfariyān, Rasūl. ''Āthār-i islāmi-yi Makka wa Madīna''. Tehran: Mashʿar, 1382 Sh.
[[fa: مسجد راتج]]
 
.Muḥammad b. Aḥmad. Taḥṣīl al-marām. Mecca: [n.p], 1424 AH.
 
 
.Akhbār Makkah wa Mā Jā fīhā min al-Āthār" by Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd Allāh, Edited by Rashīd Ṣāliḥ Malḥas. Beirut: Dār al-Andalus, 1416 AH.
 
 
.Panjāh Safarnāmah-i Ḥajj-i Qājārī" by Rasūl Jaʿfarīān. Tehran: Nashr-i ʿIlm, 1389 SH.
 
.Manẓavī, ʿAlī Naqī. "Ḥajnāma 2." ''Majalla-yi Kāva'', shumāra-yi 47 va 48, Bahār va Tābestān 1352, ṣafḥa 62.
 
.Nawwāb, ʿAwāṭif Muḥammad Yūsuf. ''Al-Riḥalāt al-Maghribiyya wa al-Andalusiyya''. Riyāḍ: Maktabat al-Malik Fahd al-Waṭaniyya, 1417 AH.

Revision as of 14:53, 15 June 2024

Bilal b. Rabah Mosque, attributed to Bilal, was located on top of Mount Abu Qubays in Mecca. It has been demolished as part of new development plans and the construction of government palaces by Saudi Arabia on Mount Abu Qubays.

This mosque is mentioned in earlier sources from the second and third centuries, where it was called the Ibrahim Mosque. In these sources, two prominent theories about the name Ibrahim are mentioned: one refers to the prophet Ibrahim, and the other to Ibrahim Abu Qubaysi. Contemporary sources report its renown as the Bilal Mosque. Some attribute this naming to Bilal's call to prayer at this site. Additionally, some sources consider this mosque on Mount Abu Qubays as the place where the Prophet performed the miracle of splitting the moon.

Location

The Bilal Mosque was located on top of Mount Abu Qubays and covered an area of about one hundred square meters.[1](1) This mosque existed until the 14th century AH.[2] However, it was demolished as part of new development plans and the construction of palaces for guests of the Saudi government on top of Mount Abu Qubays. Currently, there is no trace of it left, and only images of it remain.[3]

Ibrahim Mosque or Bilal Mosque?

The old name of the Bilal Mosque was the Ibrahim Mosque, and ancient sources referred to it by this name. According to the writings of Azraqi (d. 250 AH/864-5) and Fakhri (d. 272 AH/885-6), two historians of Mecca in the 3rd century AH, it was commonly believed among the people of Mecca that Prophet Ibrahim called people to pilgrimage from the top of this mountain.[4] However, some people of Mecca attributed the name of this mosque to a person named Ibrahim Qubaysi rather than Prophet Ibrahim.[5] Sources such as Ibn Jubayr[6] and Ibn Battuta[7] They also reported the existence of a mosque on top of Mount Abu Qubays without mentioning a specific name. However, contemporary sources have mentioned this mosque by the name of Bilal Mosque.[8] Furthermore, some have said that after the conquest of Mecca, Bilal called the Adhan (call to prayer) from Mount Abu Qubays, and later, in memory of Bilal, a mosque was built atop this mountain.[9]

The Prophet's Prayer and the Splitting of the Moon

Reports of the Prophet's prayer on top of Mount Abu Qubays[10](10) In their travel accounts, Ibn Jubayr and Ibn Battuta regarded this mosque as the place where the Prophet (s) performed the miracle of the splitting of the moon.[11]

Ibn Battuta's report on the lighting of Bilal Mosque

In his travelogue in 725 AH/1324-5, Ibn Battuta mentions the customs and traditions of the people of Mecca on the nights of the 27th of Ramadan and the first night of Shawwal. He says that on these nights, the people of Mecca light lamps and lanterns in Masjid al-Haram and its surroundings, as well as in the Bilal Mosque on Mount Abu Qubays.[12](12)

History of the Structure

Azraqi is the oldest source that mentions this mosque in the 3rd century AH.[13] Based on this, some historians have speculated that the construction of the mosque dates back to the first century AH.[14] Additionally, Ibn Battuta in the 8th century mentioned the reconstruction of the mosque ordered by Mamluk Sultan Dhaher.[15] There are also reports of the renovation of this mosque in the 13th century AH by an Indian man.[16]

The report of travelogues of Iranians

Some Iranian Shia who had visited Mecca before the demolition of the Bilal Mosque have reported on it in their travel accounts.[17] Mirza Davood Hosseini, who went on Hajj in 1322 AH/1904-5, stated that atop Mount Abu Qubays, where the Prophet called people to monotheism, a mihrab (prayer niche) and a minaret had been built.[18] Hajj Ayyaz Khan Qashqai, during his pilgrimage in 1341 AH / 1922-3, reported the existence of a shrine with two minarets on this mountain, but he did not mention its name.[19]


The latest reports on the Bilal Mosque

A report on the Bilal Mosque is also mentioned in the book "Tarikh al-Qawim." The report in this book, first published in 1385 AH / 1966 AD, indicates that the mosque existed until that time and was surrounded by numerous houses.[20] The Bilal Mosque has now been demolished.[21]

Gallery

"The Bilal Mosque in Mecca" "The Bilal Mosque in Mecca"

Notes

  1. ↑ Jaʿfariyān,Āthār-i islāmi-yi Makka wa Madīna, vol. 1, p. 151.
  2. ↑ Kurdī, Al-Tārīkh al-qawīm li Makka wa bayt Allāh al-karīm, vol. 5, p. 84.
  3. ↑ Jaʿfariyān,Āthār-i islāmi-yi Makka wa Madīna, vol. 1, p. 151.
  4. ↑ Azraqī, Akhbār Makka, vol. 2, p. 201; Fākihī,Akhbār Makka fī qadīm al-dahr wa ḥaīthih, vol. 4, p. 16-17.
  5. ↑ Azraqī, Akhbār Makka, vol. 2, p. 201; Fākihī,Akhbār Makka fī qadīm al-dahr wa ḥaīthih, vol. 4, p. 16-17.
  6. ↑ Ibn Jubayr,Riḥla Ibn Jubayr, p. 76.
  7. ↑ Ibn Baṭṭūṭah Riḥlat Ibn Baṭṭūṭah, vol. 1, p. 383.
  8. ↑ Jaʿfariyān,Āthār-i islāmi-yi Makka wa Madīna, p. 125. , Ibn Baṭṭūṭah Riḥlat Ibn Baṭṭūṭah, vol. 1, p. 383. ,Nawwāb, Al-Riḥalāt al-Maghribiyya wa al-Andalusiyya, p. 456. , Manẓavī, ʿAlī Naqī. "Ḥajnāma 2." Majalla-yi Kāva, shumāra-yi 47 va 48.
  9. ↑ Jaʿfariyān,Āthār-i islāmi-yi Makka wa Madīna, p. 125.
  10. ↑ Fākihī,Akhbār Makka fī qadīm al-dahr wa ḥaīthih, vol. 4, p. 16.
  11. ↑ Ibn Jubayr,Riḥla Ibn Jubayr, p. 76. , Ibn Baṭṭūṭah Riḥlat Ibn Baṭṭūṭah, vol. 1, p. 383.
  12. ↑ Ibn Baṭṭūṭah Riḥlat Ibn Baṭṭūṭah, vol. 1, p. 404.
  13. ↑ Azraqī, Akhbār Makka, vol. 2, p. 202.
  14. ↑ Kurdī, Al-Tārīkh al-qawīm li Makka wa bayt Allāh al-karīm, vol. 5, p. 83.
  15. ↑ Ibn Baṭṭūṭah Riḥlat Ibn Baṭṭūṭah, vol. 1, p. 383.
  16. ↑ Muḥammad b. Aḥmad, Taḥṣīl al-marām, vol. 1, p. 502.
  17. ↑ Jaʿfarīān, " Panjāh Safarnāmah-i Ḥajj-i Qājārī", p. 766.
  18. ↑ Jaʿfarīān," Panjāh Safarnāmah-i Ḥajj-i Qājārī", vol. 7, p. 545.
  19. ↑ Jaʿfarīān, " Panjāh Safarnāmah-i Ḥajj-i Qājārī", vol. 8, p. 419.
  20. ↑ Kurdī, Al-Tārīkh al-qawīm li Makka wa bayt Allāh al-karīm, vol. 5, p. 84.
  21. ↑ Jaʿfariyān,Āthār-i islāmi-yi Makka wa Madīna, vol. 1, p. 151.

References

  • Azraqī, Muḥammad b. ʿAbd Allāh al-. Akhbār Makka. Qom: Maktaba al-Sharīf al-Raḍī, [n.d]
  • Fākihī, Muḥammad b. Isḥāq. Akhbār Makka fī qadīm al-dahr wa ḥaīthih. Beirut: Dār al- Khiḍr, 1414 AH.

. Kurdī, Muḥammad Ṭāhir. Al-Tārīkh al-qawīm li Makka wa bayt Allāh al-karīm. Beirut: : Dār al- Khiḍr, 1420 AH. . Ibn Jubayr, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad. Riḥla Ibn Jubayr. Beirut: Dār al-Maktaba al-Hilāl, 1986.

. Ibn Baṭṭūṭah (d. 779 AH). Riḥlat Ibn Baṭṭūṭah. Translated by Muḥammad ʿAlī Muwahhid. Tehran: ʿIlmī wa-Farhangī, 1376 SH.

• Jaʿfariyān, Rasūl. Āthār-i islāmi-yi Makka wa Madīna. Tehran: Mashʿar, 1382 Sh.

.Muḥammad b. Aḥmad. Taḥṣīl al-marām. Mecca: [n.p], 1424 AH.


.Akhbār Makkah wa Mā Jā fīhā min al-Āthār" by Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd Allāh, Edited by Rashīd Ṣāliḥ Malḥas. Beirut: Dār al-Andalus, 1416 AH.


.Panjāh Safarnāmah-i Ḥajj-i Qājārī" by Rasūl Jaʿfarīān. Tehran: Nashr-i ʿIlm, 1389 SH.

.Manẓavī, ʿAlī Naqī. "Ḥajnāma 2." Majalla-yi Kāva, shumāra-yi 47 va 48, Bahār va Tābestān 1352, ṣafḥa 62.

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