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'''Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz''' (62-101 AH) was the eighth Umayyad caliph, who reigned from 99 to 101 AH. Before his caliphate, he was the governor of [[Medina]] during the time of [[Walid ibn Abd al-Malik]]. Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz is remembered as a just and righteous caliph who governed differently from other [[Umayyad]] caliphs. During his caliphate, Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz adopted a favorable policy toward the Shi'ites and the [[Ahl al-Bayt]]. He returned [[Fadak]] to the children of [[Fatima al-Zahra|Lady Fatima (S.A.)]] and prohibited the practice of cursing [[Imam Ali (a)]] in sermons delivered from the pulpits.
'''Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz''' (62-101 AH) was the eighth Umayyad caliph, who reigned from 99 to 101 AH. Before his caliphate, he was the governor of [[Medina]] during the time of [[Walid ibn Abd al-Malik]]. Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz is remembered as a just and righteous caliph who governed differently from other [[Umayyad]] caliphs. During his caliphate, Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz adopted a favorable policy toward the Shi'ites and the [[Ahl al-Bayt]]. He returned [[Fadak]] to the children of [[Fatima al-Zahra|Lady Fatima (S.A.)]] and prohibited the practice of cursing [[Imam Ali (a)]] in sermons delivered from the pulpits.


When Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz was the governor of Medina under Walid ibn Abd al-Malik, he expanded and rebuilt the [[Masjid al-Nabawi]] at Walid's command. The new expansion took place to the east, west, and north, and the houses of the [[Wives of Muhammad|wives of the Prophet (P.B.U.H.)]] adjacent to the mosque were demolished and added to the Masjid al-Nabawi. It is said that he added more than two thousand square meters to the mosque. Also, during his governorship in Medina, mosques were built in various places where the Prophet (P.B.U.H.) had prayed.
When Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz was the governor of Medina under Walid ibn Abd al-Malik, he expanded and rebuilt the [[Masjid al-Nabawi]] at on the orders of Walid ibn Abd al-Malik. The new expansion took place to the east, west, and north, and the houses of [[the Prophet's wives]] adjacent to the mosque were demolished, and their sites were incorporated into [[Al-Masjid al-Nabawi|the Masjid al-Nabawi]]. It is reported that more than 2,000 square meters were added to the mosque. Also, during his governorship in Medina, mosques were built in various places where [[Muhammad|the Prophet (s)]] had prayed.


==Life and Caliphate==
==Life and Caliphate==
Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz was born in 62 AH.<ref>Al-Tabaqat al-Kubra, vol. 5, p. 255.</ref> During the caliphate of [[Walid ibn Abd al-Malik]] (caliphate: 86 to 96 AH), he was appointed governor of Medina in 87 AH at the age of 25;<ref>Tarikh al-Umam wa al-Muluk, vol. 6, p. 427; Al-Tabaqat al-Kubra, vol. 5, p. 255.</ref> but in 93 AH, he was dismissed from the governorship of Medina at the request of [[Hajjaj ibn Yusuf]].<ref>Sirat wa Manaqib Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz, p. 41; Tarikh al-Umam wa al-Muluk, Tabari, vol. 6, p. 481; Tarikh al-Khulafa, p. 271.</ref>
Umar b. Abd al-Aziz was born in 62 AH.<ref>Al-Tabaqat al-Kubra, vol. 5, p. 255.</ref> During the caliphate of [[Walid b. Abd al-Malik]] (caliphate: 86 to 96 AH), he was appointed governor of Medina in 87, AH at the age of 25;<ref>Tarikh al-Umam wa al-Muluk, vol. 6, p. 427; Al-Tabaqat al-Kubra, vol. 5, p. 255.</ref> but in 93 AH, he was dismissed as governor of [[Medina]] at the request of [[Hajjaj b. Yusuf]].<ref>Sirat wa Manaqib Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz, p. 41; Tarikh al-Umam wa al-Muluk, Tabari, vol. 6, p. 481; Tarikh al-Khulafa, p. 271.</ref>


Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz, who had been appointed as successor by [[Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik]],<ref>Tarikh Tahlili Islam, p. 230.</ref> became caliph in 99 AH.<ref>Tarikh Khulafa az Rehlat Payambar ta Zawal Umayyan, p. 653.</ref> He is remembered favorably<ref>Tarikh al-Khulafa, p. 270 and p. 274.</ref> and described as a righteous, anti-oppression, and just individual who sought to revive the methods of the [[Rashidun Caliphs]] in his caliphate.<ref>Sirat wa Manaqib Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz, p. 87; Bamdad Islam, p. 149.</ref><ref>"Islahat Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz wa Ta'thir an bar Vaz'iyat Shi'ian", p. 237.</ref><ref>Tarikh Khulafa az Rehlat Payambar ta Zawal Umayyan, p. 654, p. 658.</ref> After two years and five months of caliphate, he died in 101 AH and was buried in the city of Homs, [[Syria]].<ref>Tarikh al-Umam wa al-Muluk, vol. 6, p. 565 and p. 566.</ref>
Umar b. Abd al-Aziz, who had been designated as Sulayman b. Abd al-Malik's successor,<ref>Tarikh Tahlili Islam, p. 230.</ref> became caliph in 99 AH.<ref>Tarikh Khulafa az Rehlat Payambar ta Zawal Umayyan, p. 653.</ref> He is favorably regarded in historical sources<ref>Tarikh al-Khulafa, p. 270 and p. 274.</ref> and He was described as a righteous and just ruler who opposed injustice and sought to revive the practices of the Rashidun caliphs during his reign.<ref>Sirat wa Manaqib Umar b. Abd al-Aziz, p. 87; Bamdad Islam, p. 149.</ref><ref>"Islahat Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz wa Ta'thir an bar Vaz'iyat Shi'ian", p. 237.</ref><ref>Tarikh Khulafa az Rehlat Payambar ta Zawal Umayyan, p. 654, p. 658.</ref> After ruling for two years and five months, he died in 101 AH and was buried in the city of Homs, [[Syria]].<ref>Tarikh al-Umam wa al-Muluk, vol. 6, p. 565 and p. 566.</ref>


'''Treatment of Shi'ites'''
'''Relations with the Shi'ites'''


Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz treated the Shi'ites well during his caliphate.<ref>Tarikh Khulafa az Rehlat Payambar ta Zawal Umayyan, p. 656; Bamdad Islam, p. 149.</ref> He abolished the cursing of [[Ali ibn Abi Talib|Imam Ali (A.S.)]] in sermons, which [[Muawiyah ibn Abi Sufyan|Muawiyah]] had promoted.<ref>Muruj al-Dhahab wa Ma'adin al-Jawhar, vol. 3, p. 184; Tarikh Ya'qubi, vol. 2, p. 305.</ref> Umar also returned the [[Fadak]] estate, which belonged to the children of Fatima (S.A.), to them.<ref>Tarikh Ya'qubi, vol. 2, p. 305; Futuh al-Buldan, p. 41.</ref> In a narration, [[Muhammad al-Baqir|Imam Baqir (A.S.)]] described him as the noble one of [[Banu Umayyah]].<ref>Tadhkirat al-Huffaz, vol. 1, p. 119.</ref>
Umar b. Abd al-Aziz treated the Shi'ites well during his caliphate.<ref>Tarikh Khulafa az Rehlat Payambar ta Zawal Umayyan, p. 656; Bamdad Islam, p. 149.</ref> He prohibited the practice of cursing Imam Ali (a) in sermons, which [[Muawiyah ibn Abi Sufyan|Muawiyah]] had promoted.<ref>Muruj al-Dhahab wa Ma'adin al-Jawhar, vol. 3, p. 184; Tarikh Ya'qubi, vol. 2, p. 305.</ref> Umar also returned the [[Fadak]] estate, which belonged to the children of Fatima (S.A.), to them.<ref>Tarikh Ya'qubi, vol. 2, p. 305; Futuh al-Buldan, p. 41.</ref> In a narration, [[Muhammad al-Baqir|Imam Baqir (a)]] described him as a noble figure among the Umayyads.<ref>Tadhkirat al-Huffaz, vol. 1, p. 119.</ref>


==Reconstruction of Masjid al-Nabawi==
==Reconstruction of Masjid al-Nabawi==
{{Main|Reconstruction of Masjid al-Nabawi (Walid ibn Abd al-Malik)}}
{{Main|Reconstruction of Masjid al-Nabawi (Walid b. Abd al-Malik)}}
During the caliphate of [[Walid ibn Abd al-Malik]] and when Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz was his governor in Medina, a relatively large expansion and construction of the Masjid al-Nabawi took place.<ref>Tarikh al-Umam wa al-Muluk, vol. 6, p. 436; Tarikh Ya'qubi, vol. 2, p. 284.</ref> The new expansion occurred to the east, west, and north. He purchased the remaining houses of the [[Wives of Muhammad|wives of the Prophet (P.B.U.H.)]], the [[House of Fatima|house of Fatima (S.A.)]], and other houses adjacent to the mosque and added them to the mosque.<ref>[https://wikihaj.com/index.php?title=پرونده:وفاء_الوفاء_سمهودی_ج۲.pdf&page=262 Wafa al-Wafa, vol. 2, p. 262]; [https://wikihaj.com/index.php?title=%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87%3A%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%87_%D8%AA%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A.pdf&page=67 Al-Madinah al-Munawwarah, p. 67 and p. 68].</ref>
During the caliphate of [[Walid b. Abd al-Malik]] and when Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz was his governor in Medina, the Masjid al-Nabawi underwent a substantial expansion and reconstruction.<ref>Tarikh al-Umam wa al-Muluk, vol. 6, p. 436; Tarikh Ya'qubi, vol. 2, p. 284.</ref> The new expansion occurred to the east, west, and north. He purchased the remaining parts of the houses of the [[Wives of Muhammad|wives of the Prophet (s)]], the [[Fatima's house|House of Fatima]], and other houses adjacent to the mosque and incorporated them into the mosque complex.<ref>[https://wikihaj.com/index.php?title=پرونده:وفاء_الوفاء_سمهودی_ج۲.pdf&page=262 Wafa al-Wafa, vol. 2, p. 262]; [https://wikihaj.com/index.php?title=%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87%3A%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%87_%D8%AA%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A.pdf&page=67 Al-Madinah al-Munawwarah, p. 67 and p. 68].</ref>


It is said that in this reconstruction, the area of the mosque was expanded to 200 by 200 cubits (100 by 100 square meters).<ref>[https://wikihaj.com/index.php?title=%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87%3A%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%87_%D8%AA%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A.pdf&page=86 Al-Madinah al-Munawwarah, p. 86].</ref> The covering and decoration of the walls of this period, which distinguishes it from other periods, consisted of marble, gold, mosaic tiles, and patterns of trees and their branches.<ref>[https://wikihaj.com/index.php?title=%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87%3A%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%87_%D8%AA%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A.pdf&page=70 Al-Madinah al-Munawwarah, p. 70].</ref> In the new construction, in addition to strengthening the walls, the ceiling was raised to 12 meters, and two ceilings were built with a gap so that if rain came and penetrated the first ceiling, the second ceiling would prevent water from reaching the mosque.<ref>[https://wikihaj.com/index.php?title=%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87%3A%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%87_%D8%AA%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A.pdf&page=71 Al-Madinah al-Munawwarah, p. 71.]</ref>
It is said that in this reconstruction, the area of the mosque was expanded to 200 by 200 cubits (approximately 100 × 100 200 meters, or 10,000 square meters).<ref>[https://wikihaj.com/index.php?title=%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87%3A%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%87_%D8%AA%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A.pdf&page=86 Al-Madinah al-Munawwarah, p. 86].</ref> The walls were decorated and clad with marble, gold, mosaic tiles, and motifs depicting trees and foliage.<ref>[https://wikihaj.com/index.php?title=%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87%3A%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%87_%D8%AA%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A.pdf&page=70 Al-Madinah al-Munawwarah, p. 70].</ref> In the new construction, in addition to strengthening the walls, the ceiling was raised to 12 meters, and a double-roof system was constructed, with a space between the two roofs so that if rainwater penetrated the first roof, the second would prevent it from reaching the mosque.<ref>[https://wikihaj.com/index.php?title=%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87%3A%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%87_%D8%AA%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A.pdf&page=71 Al-Madinah al-Munawwarah, p. 71.]</ref>


==Construction of Mosques in Medina==
==Construction of Mosques in Medina==
Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz, at the command of [[Walid ibn Abd al-Malik]], built mosques in all places where the Prophet had prayed. It is said that he was the first to use carved stones in the construction of mosques and the first to build hollow (mujawwaf) mihrabs for mosques.<ref>[https://wikihaj.com/images/f/fa/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE_%D9%85%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%87_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B4%D8%A8%D9%87.pdf Tarikh al-Madinah al-Munawwarah, vol. 1, p. 74]; [https://wikihaj.com/images/f/fe/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AB%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%87.pdf Al-Masajid al-Athariyah, p. 13]</ref> He also rebuilt the existing [[Mosques of Medina]]. For example, during his time, the original structure of [[Quba Mosque]] was demolished, and a new building was constructed for it.<ref>Athar Islami Makkah wa Madinah, p. 287.</ref>
Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz, at the command of [[Walid b. Abd al-Malik]], constructed mosques at the places where the Prophet had prayed. He is said to have been the first to use ornamented stonework in the construction of mosques and the first to introduce recessed (mujawwaf) mihrabs into mosques.<ref>[https://wikihaj.com/images/f/fa/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE_%D9%85%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%87_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B4%D8%A8%D9%87.pdf Tarikh al-Madinah al-Munawwarah, vol. 1, p. 74]; [https://wikihaj.com/images/f/fe/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AB%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%87.pdf Al-Masajid al-Athariyah, p. 13]</ref> He also rebuilt the existing [[Mosques of Medina]]. For example, during his time, the original structure of [[Quba Mosque]] was dismantled, and a new building was constructed for it.<ref>Athar Islami Makkah wa Madinah, p. 287.</ref>


==Notes==
==Notes==
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