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Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz

Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz (62-101 AH) was the eighth Umayyad caliph, who ruled from 99 to 101 AH. Before his caliphate, he was the governor of Medina during the time of Walid ibn Abd al-Malik. Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz is remembered as a just and righteous caliph who governed differently from other Umayyad caliphs. During his caliphate, Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz treated the Shi'ites and the family of the Ahl al-Bayt well. He returned Fadak to the children of Lady Fatima (S.A.) and prohibited the cursing of Imam Ali (A.S.) from the pulpits.

When Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz was the governor of Medina under Walid ibn Abd al-Malik, he expanded and rebuilt the Masjid al-Nabawi at Walid's command. The new expansion took place to the east, west, and north, and the houses of the wives of the Prophet (P.B.U.H.) adjacent to the mosque were demolished and added to the Masjid al-Nabawi. It is said that he added more than two thousand square meters to the mosque. Also, during his governorship in Medina, mosques were built in various places where the Prophet (P.B.U.H.) had prayed.

Life and Caliphate

Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz was born in 62 AH.[1] During the caliphate of Walid ibn Abd al-Malik (caliphate: 86 to 96 AH), he was appointed governor of Medina in 87 AH at the age of 25;[2] but in 93 AH, he was dismissed from the governorship of Medina at the request of Hajjaj ibn Yusuf.[3]

Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz, who had been appointed as successor by Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik,[4] became caliph in 99 AH.[5] He is remembered favorably[6] and described as a righteous, anti-oppression, and just individual who sought to revive the methods of the Rashidun Caliphs in his caliphate.[7][8][9] After two years and five months of caliphate, he died in 101 AH and was buried in the city of Homs, Syria.[10]

Treatment of Shi'ites

Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz treated the Shi'ites well during his caliphate.[11] He abolished the cursing of Imam Ali (A.S.) in sermons, which Muawiyah had promoted.[12] Umar also returned the Fadak estate, which belonged to the children of Fatima (S.A.), to them.[13] In a narration, Imam Baqir (A.S.) described him as the noble one of Banu Umayyah.[14]

Reconstruction of Masjid al-Nabawi

Main article: Reconstruction of Masjid al-Nabawi (Walid ibn Abd al-Malik)

During the caliphate of Walid ibn Abd al-Malik and when Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz was his governor in Medina, a relatively large expansion and construction of the Masjid al-Nabawi took place.[15] The new expansion occurred to the east, west, and north. He purchased the remaining houses of the wives of the Prophet (P.B.U.H.), the house of Fatima (S.A.), and other houses adjacent to the mosque and added them to the mosque.[16]

It is said that in this reconstruction, the area of the mosque was expanded to 200 by 200 cubits (100 by 100 square meters).[17] The covering and decoration of the walls of this period, which distinguishes it from other periods, consisted of marble, gold, mosaic tiles, and patterns of trees and their branches.[18] In the new construction, in addition to strengthening the walls, the ceiling was raised to 12 meters, and two ceilings were built with a gap so that if rain came and penetrated the first ceiling, the second ceiling would prevent water from reaching the mosque.[19]

Construction of Mosques in Medina

Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz, at the command of Walid ibn Abd al-Malik, built mosques in all places where the Prophet had prayed. It is said that he was the first to use carved stones in the construction of mosques and the first to build hollow (mujawwaf) mihrabs for mosques.[20] He also rebuilt the existing Mosques of Medina. For example, during his time, the original structure of Quba Mosque was demolished, and a new building was constructed for it.[21]

Footnotes

  1. ↑ Al-Tabaqat al-Kubra, vol. 5, p. 255.
  2. ↑ Tarikh al-Umam wa al-Muluk, vol. 6, p. 427; Al-Tabaqat al-Kubra, vol. 5, p. 255.
  3. ↑ Sirat wa Manaqib Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz, p. 41; Tarikh al-Umam wa al-Muluk, Tabari, vol. 6, p. 481; Tarikh al-Khulafa, p. 271.
  4. ↑ Tarikh Tahlili Islam, p. 230.
  5. ↑ Tarikh Khulafa az Rehlat Payambar ta Zawal Umayyan, p. 653.
  6. ↑ Tarikh al-Khulafa, p. 270 and p. 274.
  7. ↑ Sirat wa Manaqib Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz, p. 87; Bamdad Islam, p. 149.
  8. ↑ "Islahat Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz wa Ta'thir an bar Vaz'iyat Shi'ian", p. 237.
  9. ↑ Tarikh Khulafa az Rehlat Payambar ta Zawal Umayyan, p. 654, p. 658.
  10. ↑ Tarikh al-Umam wa al-Muluk, vol. 6, p. 565 and p. 566.
  11. ↑ Tarikh Khulafa az Rehlat Payambar ta Zawal Umayyan, p. 656; Bamdad Islam, p. 149.
  12. ↑ Muruj al-Dhahab wa Ma'adin al-Jawhar, vol. 3, p. 184; Tarikh Ya'qubi, vol. 2, p. 305.
  13. ↑ Tarikh Ya'qubi, vol. 2, p. 305; Futuh al-Buldan, p. 41.
  14. ↑ Tadhkirat al-Huffaz, vol. 1, p. 119.
  15. ↑ Tarikh al-Umam wa al-Muluk, vol. 6, p. 436; Tarikh Ya'qubi, vol. 2, p. 284.
  16. ↑ Wafa al-Wafa, vol. 2, p. 262; Al-Madinah al-Munawwarah, p. 67 and p. 68.
  17. ↑ Al-Madinah al-Munawwarah, p. 86.
  18. ↑ Al-Madinah al-Munawwarah, p. 70.
  19. ↑ Al-Madinah al-Munawwarah, p. 71.
  20. ↑ Tarikh al-Madinah al-Munawwarah, vol. 1, p. 74; Al-Masajid al-Athariyah, p. 13
  21. ↑ Athar Islami Makkah wa Madinah, p. 287.

References

  • Athar Islami Makkah wa Madinah, Ja'farian, Rasul, Tehran, Mash'ar, 1390 SH.
  • "Islahat Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz wa Ta'thir an bar Vaz'iyat Shi'ian", Amini, Fatemeh, and Sajjad Dadfar, Shi'ah Pazhuhi, no. 23, 1401 SH.
  • Al-Madinah al-Munawwarah Tatavvurha al-Umarani wa Turathha fi al-Mi'mari, Salih Lam'i Mustafa, Dar al-Nahdah al-Arabiyah, Beirut, 1981 CE.
  • Bamdad Islam, Zarrinkub, Abdolhossein, Tehran, Amirkabir, 1392 SH.
  • Tarikh al-Umam wa al-Muluk, Tabari, Muhammad ibn Jarir, Beirut, Matba'at al-Murtadawiyah, n.d.
  • Tarikh Tahlili Islam, Shahidi, Sayyid Ja'far, Tehran, Ilmi va Farhangi va Markaz Nashr Daneshgahi, 1392 SH.
  • Tarikh Khulafa az Rehlat Payambar ta Zawal Umayyan, Ja'farian, Rasul, Qom, Dalil Ma, 1394 SH.
  • Tarikh al-Khulafa, Suyuti, Abd al-Rahman ibn Abi Bakr, Beirut, Dar Sadir, 1417 AH.
  • Tarikh va Athar Islami Makkah Mukarramah va Madinah Munawwarah, Qa'idan, Asghar, Tehran, Mash'ar, 1386 SH.
  • Tarikh Ya'qubi, Ya'qubi, Ahmad ibn Ishaq, Beirut, Dar Sadir, n.d.
  • Tadhkirat al-Huffaz, Dhahabi, Muhammad ibn Ahmad, Beirut, Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyah, n.d.
  • Sirat wa Manaqib Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz, Ibn al-Jawzi, Abd al-Rahman ibn Ali, Beirut, Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyah, 1404 AH.
  • Al-Tabaqat al-Kubra, Ibn Sa'd, Muhammad ibn Sa'd, Beirut, Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyah, 1410 AH.
  • Futuh al-Buldan, Baladhuri, Ahmad ibn Yahya, Beirut, Mu'assasat al-Ma'arif, 1407 AH.
  • Muruj al-Dhahab wa Ma'adin al-Jawhar, Mas'udi, Ali ibn Husayn, Qom, Mu'assasat Dar al-Hijrah, 1409 AH.
  • Wafa al-Wafa bi Akhbar Dar al-Mustafa, Samhudi, Ali ibn Abdullah, edited by Qasim Samarrai, London, Mu'assasat al-Furqan, 2001 CE.
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