Jump to content

Aisha: Difference between revisions

From WikiHaj
← Older edit
VisualWikitext
No edit summary
No edit summary
 
(7 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
Aisha (Arabic: {{ia|عائشة}}) was the third wife of Prophet Muhammad (s) and the daughter of Abu Bakr. Aisha is regarded as one of the outstanding women of early Islam, holding both political and social status, and more than two thousand hadiths have been narrated from her. Aisha has been criticized by Shi'a due to her disagreements with [[Imam Ali (a)]] and her confrontation with him in the [[Battle of the Camel]].
'''ʿĀʾisha''' (Arabic: {{ia|عائشة}}) was the third wife of Prophet Muhammad (s) and the daughter of Abu Bakr. Aisha is regarded as one of the outstanding women of early Islam, holding both political and social status, and more than two thousand hadiths have been narrated from her. Aisha has been criticized by Shi'a due to her disagreements with [[Imam Ali (a)]] and her confrontation with him in the [[Battle of the Camel]].


There are places in [[Medina]] associated with Aisha. The most famous of these is the [[chamber of the Prophet (s)]], which was Aisha's residence with the Prophet (s) and is now the burial place of the Prophet (s), located within [[al-Masjid an-Nabawi]] (the Prophet's Mosque). A column in al-Masjid an-Nabawi is also known by her name. The [[al-Tan'im Mosque]] in [[Mecca]] is also commonly known as Aisha's Mosque. Aisha is buried in [[al-Baqi Cemetery]] alongside the other wives of the Prophet.
There are places in [[Medina]] associated with Aisha. The most famous of these is the [[chamber of the Prophet (s)]], which was Aisha's residence with the Prophet (s) and is now the burial place of the Prophet (s), located within [[al-Masjid an-Nabawi]] (the Prophet's Mosque). A column in al-Masjid an-Nabawi is also known by her name. The [[al-Tan'im Mosque]] in [[Mecca]] is also commonly known as Aisha's Mosque. Aisha is buried in [[al-Baqi Cemetery]] alongside the other wives of the Prophet.


==Biography==
==Biography==
Aisha, the daughter of Abu Bakr b. Abi Quhafa, was one of the wives of the Prophet (s).<ref>"A Re-examination of Aisha's Age at Marriage with the Prophet," p. 26; Encyclopedia of Hadith, p. 147.</ref> She was the Prophet's third wife after [[Khadija (a)]] and [[Sawda]].<ref>"Clarifying the Scientific Role and Status of Aisha bint Abu Bakr in Quranic and Hadith Sciences Based on Reports and Historical Sources," p. 48.</ref>
Aisha, the daughter of Abu Bakr b. Abi Quhafa, was one of the wives of the Prophet (s).<ref>"Bāzpazhūhishī dar sinn-i ʿĀʾisha hingām-i izdiwāj bā Payāmbar", p. 26; ''Shinākhtnāma-yi ḥadīth'', p. 147.</ref> She was the Prophet's third wife after [[Khadija (a)]] and [[Sawda]].<ref>"Tabyīn-i naqsh wa jāygāh-i ʿilmī-yi ʿĀʾisha bint Abī Bakr dar ḥawza-yi ʿulūm-i Qurʾān wa ḥadīth bar asās-i riwāyāt wa manābiʿ-i tārīkhī", p. 48.</ref>


There is disagreement about Aisha's age at the time of her marriage to the Prophet.<ref>Al-Tabaqat al-Kubra, vol. 8, pp. 46–47; Tahdhib al-Kamal fi Asma' al-Rijal, vol. 35, p. 227.</ref> Some state she was nine years old,<ref>"Clarifying the Scientific Role and Status of Aisha bint Abu Bakr…," p. 48; "A Re-examination of Aisha's Age at Marriage with the Prophet," p. 25.</ref> but some reports suggest she was between 13 and 17,<ref>Al-Sahih min Sirat al-Nabi al-A'zam (s), vol. 3, p. 287.</ref> or even 17 to 20 years old at the time of her marriage.<ref>"A Re-examination of Aisha's Age at Marriage with the Prophet," p. 37.</ref>  
There is disagreement about Aisha's age at the time of her marriage to the Prophet.<ref>''Al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā'', vol. 8, pp. 46–47; ''Tahdhīb al-kamāl fī asmāʾ al-rijāl'', vol. 35, p. 227.</ref> Some state she was nine years old,<ref>"Tabyīn-i naqsh wa jāygāh-i ʿilmī-yi ʿĀʾisha bint Abī Bakr dar ḥawza-yi ʿulūm-i Qurʾān wa ḥadīth bar asās-i riwāyāt wa manābiʿ-i tārīkhī" p. 48; "Bāzpazhūhishī dar sinn-i ʿĀʾisha hingām-i izdiwāj bā Payāmbar", p. 25.</ref> but some reports suggest she was between 13 and 17,<ref>''Al-Ṣaḥīḥ min sīrat al-Nabī al-aʿẓam (ṣ)'', vol. 3, p. 287.</ref> or even 17 to 20 years old at the time of her marriage.<ref>"Bāzpazhūhishī dar sinn-i ʿĀʾisha hingām-i izdiwāj bā Payāmbar", p. 37.</ref>  


Aisha passed away in 57/676-77, 58/677-78,<ref>"A Re-examination of Aisha's Age at Marriage with the Prophet," p. 27; The History of the Prophet of Islam, p. 58; Encyclopedia of Hadith, p. 148.</ref> or 59/678-79,<ref>The Role of Aisha in the History of Islam, vol. 1, p. 46.</ref> and [[Abu Hurayra]] led her funeral prayer.<ref>Tarikh al-Islam wa Wafayat al-Mashahir wa al-A'lam, vol. 4, p. 164.</ref>
Aisha passed away in 57/676-77, 58/677-78,<ref>"Bāzpazhūhishī dar sinn-i ʿĀʾisha hingām-i izdiwāj bā Payāmbar", p. 27; ''Tārīkh-i Payambar-i Islām'', p. 58; ''Shinākhtnāma-yi ḥadīth'', p. 148.</ref> or 59/678-79,<ref>''Naqsh-i ʿĀʾisha dar tārīkh-i Islām'', vol. 1, p. 46.</ref> and [[Abu Hurayra]] led her funeral prayer.<ref>''Tārīkh al-Islām wa wafayāt al-mashāhīr wa al-aʿlām'', vol. 4, p. 164.</ref>


===During the Caliphate===
===During the Caliphate===
After the Prophet's demise, Aisha strongly supported the rule of her father [[Abu Bakr]], then [['Umar b. al-Khattab]], and even during the first half of [['Uthman b. 'Affan]]'s caliphate, she was a staunch supporter of the government of the time.<ref>The Role of Aisha in the History of Islam, vol. 1, p. 45.</ref> In the second half of 'Uthman's rule, she became dissatisfied with him, but after his assassination, she demanded revenge for his blood and confronted [[Imam Ali (a)]] in the [[Battle of the Camel]].<ref>Encyclopedia of Hadith, p. 147.</ref>
After the Prophet's demise, Aisha strongly supported the rule of her father [[Abu Bakr]], then [['Umar b. al-Khattab]], and even during the first half of [['Uthman b. 'Affan]]'s caliphate, she was a staunch supporter of the government of the time.<ref>''Naqsh-i ʿĀʾisha dar tārīkh-i Islām'', vol. 1, p. 45.</ref> In the second half of 'Uthman's rule, she became dissatisfied with him, but after his assassination, she demanded revenge for his blood and confronted [[Imam Ali (a)]] in the [[Battle of the Camel]].<ref>''Shinākhtnāma-yi ḥadīth'', p. 147.</ref>


Aisha was defeated in the Battle of the Camel, and Imam Ali (a) returned her to [[Medina]] with respect.<ref>The Role of Aisha in the History of Islam, vol. 1, p. 46; Encyclopedia of Amir al-Mu'minin Based on the Quran, Hadith, and History, vol. 4, p. 415.</ref> She lived in Medina until Imam Ali's martyrdom (40/661) and did not leave the city afterward.<ref>The Role of Aisha in the History of Islam, vol. 1, p. 46.</ref> Due to Aisha's stance against Ali (a) —especially her role in the Battle of the Camel— she has faced criticism from Shi'a scholars,<ref>The Role of Aisha in the History of Islam, vol. 1, pp. 205–206, vol. 3, p. 322; Al-Sahih min Sirat al-Nabi al-A'zam (s), vol. 3, p. 291; Encyclopedia of al-Baqi' al-Sharif, p. 449.</ref> and she also prevented the burial of [[Imam al-Hasan (a)]] next to [[the Prophet (s)]].<ref>Encyclopedia of Amir al-Mu'minin Based on the Quran, Hadith, and History, vol. 4, p. 415.</ref>
Aisha was defeated in the Battle of the Camel, and Imam Ali (a) returned her to [[Medina]] with respect.<ref>''Naqsh-i ʿĀʾisha dar tārīkh-i Islām'', vol. 1, p. 46; ''Dānishnāma-yi Amīr al-Muʾminīn bar pāya-yi Qurʾān, ḥadīth wa tārīkh'', vol. 4, p. 415.</ref> She lived in Medina until Imam Ali's martyrdom (40/661) and did not leave the city afterward.<ref>''Naqsh-i ʿĀʾisha dar tārīkh-i Islām'', vol. 1, p. 46.</ref> Due to Aisha's stance against Ali (a) —especially her role in the Battle of the Camel— she has faced criticism from Shi'a scholars,<ref>''Naqsh-i ʿĀʾisha dar tārīkh-i Islām'', vol. 1, pp. 205–206, vol. 3, p. 322; ''Al-Ṣaḥīḥ min sīrat al-Nabī al-aʿẓam (ṣ)'', vol. 3, p. 291; ''Dānishnāma-yi Baqīʿ-i sharīf'', p. 449.</ref> and she also prevented the burial of [[Imam al-Hasan (a)]] next to [[the Prophet (s)]].<ref>''Dānishnāma-yi Amīr al-Muʾminīn bar pāya-yi Qurʾān, ḥadīth wa tārīkh'', vol. 4, p. 415.</ref>


==Status==
==Status==
Aisha is regarded as a prominent figure in the early Islamic period for her contributions in political, theological, hadith, and jurisprudential matters.<ref>"Clarifying the Scientific Role and Status of Aisha bint Abu Bakr…," p. 42.</ref> She is said to have been a jurist,<ref>Tahdhib al-Kamal fi Asma' al-Rijal, vol. 35, pp. 233–235; Encyclopedia of Hadith, p. 148.</ref> a Quran memorizer, an eloquent speaker,<ref>Encyclopedia of Amir al-Mu'minin Based on the Quran, Hadith, and History, vol. 4, p. 513.</ref> and was known for her remarkable memory.<ref>"Clarifying the Scientific Role and Status of Aisha bint Abu Bakr…," pp. 43 & 48; The Role of Aisha in the History of Islam, vol. 1, p. 47.</ref> Sunni scholars have written extensively about her virtues.<ref>Tahdhib al-Kamal fi Asma' al-Rijal, vol. 35, pp. 233–235; Siyar A'lam al-Nubala', vol. 2, pp. 140–141.</ref> She narrated many hadiths from the Prophet (s);<ref>"Clarifying the Scientific Role and Status of Aisha bint Abu Bakr…," p. 42.</ref> it is said that after the Prophet's demise, she was a scholarly reference for the companions.<ref>Tahdhib al-Kamal fi Asma' al-Rijal, vol. 35, pp. 233–235; "Clarifying the Scientific Role and Status of Aisha bint Abu Bakr…," p. 42; Encyclopedia of Hadith, p. 148.</ref> After [[Abu Hurayra]] and [[Abd Allah b. 'Umar b. al-Khattab]], she is the third most prolific narrator of hadith from the Prophet (s). The number of her hadiths is said to exceed two thousand.<ref>Encyclopedia of Hadith, p. 149.</ref>
Aisha is regarded as a prominent figure in the early Islamic period for her contributions in political, theological, hadith, and jurisprudential matters.<ref>"Tabyīn-i naqsh wa jāygāh-i ʿilmī-yi ʿĀʾisha bint Abī Bakr dar ḥawza-yi ʿulūm-i Qurʾān wa ḥadīth bar asās-i riwāyāt wa manābiʿ-i tārīkhī" p. 42.</ref> She is said to have been a jurist,<ref>''Tahdhīb al-kamāl fī asmāʾ al-rijāl'', vol. 35, pp. 233–235; ''Shinākhtnāma-yi ḥadīth'', p. 148.</ref> a Quran memorizer, an eloquent speaker,<ref>''Dānishnāma-yi Amīr al-Muʾminīn bar pāya-yi Qurʾān, ḥadīth wa tārīkh'', vol. 4, p. 513.</ref> and was known for her remarkable memory.<ref>"Tabyīn-i naqsh wa jāygāh-i ʿilmī-yi ʿĀʾisha bint Abī Bakr dar ḥawza-yi ʿulūm-i Qurʾān wa ḥadīth bar asās-i riwāyāt wa manābiʿ-i tārīkhī" pp. 43 & 48; ''Naqsh-i ʿĀʾisha dar tārīkh-i Islām'', vol. 1, p. 47.</ref> Sunni scholars have written extensively about her virtues.<ref>''Tahdhīb al-kamāl fī asmāʾ al-rijāl'', vol. 35, pp. 233–235; ''Siyar aʿlām al-nubalāʾ'', vol. 2, pp. 140–141.</ref> She narrated many hadiths from the Prophet (s);<ref>"Tabyīn-i naqsh wa jāygāh-i ʿilmī-yi ʿĀʾisha bint Abī Bakr dar ḥawza-yi ʿulūm-i Qurʾān wa ḥadīth bar asās-i riwāyāt wa manābiʿ-i tārīkhī" p. 42.</ref> it is said that after the Prophet's demise, she was a scholarly reference for the companions.<ref>''Tahdhīb al-kamāl fī asmāʾ al-rijāl'', vol. 35, pp. 233–235; "Tabyīn-i naqsh wa jāygāh-i ʿilmī-yi ʿĀʾisha bint Abī Bakr dar ḥawza-yi ʿulūm-i Qurʾān wa ḥadīth bar asās-i riwāyāt wa manābiʿ-i tārīkhī" p. 42; ''Shinākhtnāma-yi ḥadīth'', p. 148.</ref> After [[Abu Hurayra]] and [[Abd Allah b. 'Umar b. al-Khattab]], she is the third most prolific narrator of hadith from the Prophet (s). The number of her hadiths is said to exceed two thousand.<ref>''Shinākhtnāma-yi ḥadīth'', p. 149.</ref>


Hadiths from Aisha include accounts about [[al-Masjid al-Haram]]<ref>See: Sirat b. Kathir, vol. 4, pp. 410 & 413.</ref> and other places like [[al-Baqi']]; for instance, she narrated that the Prophet would visit al-Baqi' and pray for forgiveness for those buried there.<ref>Islamic Monuments of Mecca and Medina, Jafarian, p. 347.</ref>
Hadiths from Aisha include accounts about [[al-Masjid al-Haram]]<ref>See: ''Sīra Ibn Kathīr'', vol. 4, pp. 410 & 413.</ref> and other places like [[al-Baqi']]; for instance, she narrated that the Prophet would visit al-Baqi' and pray for forgiveness for those buried there.<ref>''Āthār-i Islāmī-yi Makka wa Madīna'', p. 347.</ref>


==Places Associated with Aisha in Medina==
==Places Associated with Aisha in Medina==
[[پرونده:ستون عایشه در مسجد النبی.jpg|بندانگشتی|[[Aisha's Column]] in [[al-Masjid an-Nabawi]]]]
[[file:ستون عایشه در مسجد النبی.jpg|thumbnail|[[Aisha's Column]] in [[al-Masjid an-Nabawi]]]]


Aisha spent most of her life in Medina, and there are places in the city named after her or connected to her life.
Aisha spent most of her life in Medina, and there are places in the city named after her or connected to her life.
Line 28: Line 28:
{{Main|al-Tan'im Mosque}}
{{Main|al-Tan'im Mosque}}


Al-Tan'im Mosque is a site designated as a [[miqat]] (place for donning [[ihram]]) for [[al-Umra al-Mufrada]]. It was once popularly known as Aisha's Mosque because the Prophet (s) instructed her to assume ihram from this location.<ref>Islamic Monuments of Mecca and Medina, p. 172.</ref> An inscription from the mosque's renovation in 310/922-23 also mentions Aisha's name.<ref>Islamic Monuments of Mecca and Medina, p. 172.</ref>
Al-Tan'im Mosque is a site designated as a [[miqat]] (place for donning [[ihram]]) for [[al-Umra al-Mufrada]]. It was once popularly known as Aisha's Mosque because the Prophet (s) instructed her to assume ihram from this location.<ref>''Āthār-i Islāmī-yi Makka wa Madīna'', p. 172.</ref> An inscription from the mosque's renovation in 310/922-23 also mentions Aisha's name.<ref>''Āthār-i Islāmī-yi Makka wa Madīna'', p. 172.</ref>


===The Sacred Chamber (al-Hujra al-Sharifa)===
===The Sacred Chamber (al-Hujra al-Sharifa)===


{{Main|Chamber of the Prophet (s)}}
{{Main|Prophet's Chamber}}


According to the well-known view, the Prophet (s) is buried in Aisha's chamber (his residence with Aisha) within al-Masjid an-Nabawi. Later, Abu Bakr and 'Umar b. al-Khattab were also buried there.<ref>Islamic Monuments of Mecca and Medina, p. 278.</ref>
According to the well-known view, the Prophet (s) is buried in Aisha's chamber (his residence with Aisha) within al-Masjid an-Nabawi. Later, Abu Bakr and 'Umar were also buried there.<ref>''Āthār-i Islāmī-yi Makka wa Madīna'', p. 278.</ref>


===Aisha's Column===
===Aisha's Column===
{{Main|Aisha's Column}}
{{Main|Aisha's Column}}


One of the columns in [[the Prophet's Rawda]] is called the Aisha's Column. It is the third column from the Prophet's pulpit and tomb, next to the current mihrab.<ref>Encyclopedia of Hajj and the Two Holy Sanctuaries, vol. 2, p. 380.</ref> There is disagreement about the reason for its name. The common view is that it was named so because Aisha narrated a hadith about the virtue of praying beside this column, or possibly because she designated and identified its location.<ref>Encyclopedia of Hajj and the Two Holy Sanctuaries, vol. 2, p. 381.</ref>
One of the columns in [[the Prophet's Rawda]] is called the Aisha's Column. It is the third column from the Prophet's pulpit and tomb, next to the current mihrab.<ref>''Dānishnāma-yi ḥajj wa ḥaramayn-i sharīfayn'', vol. 2, p. 380.</ref> There is disagreement about the reason for its name. The common view is that it was named so because Aisha narrated a hadith about the virtue of praying beside this column, or possibly because she designated and identified its location.<ref>''Dānishnāma-yi ḥajj wa ḥaramayn-i sharīfayn'', vol. 2, p. 381.</ref>


===Aisha's Tomb in Al-Baqi'===
===Aisha's Tomb in Al-Baqi'===
{{Main|Shrine of the Wives of the Prophet (s)}}
{{Main|Shrine of the Wives of the Prophet (s)}}


According to her will, Aisha was buried in [[al-Baqi' Cemetery]], alongside the other [[wives of the Prophet (s)]].<ref>The Role of Aisha in the History of Islam, vol. 1, p. 46; "The Sleepers of al-Baqi' (13)," p. 49.</ref> Her grave is near the burial site of [[Jabir b. Abd Allah al-Ansari]].<ref>Encyclopedia of al-Baqi' al-Sharif, p. 154.</ref> Later, a walled enclosure without a roof was built over her grave and the graves of other wives of the Prophet who were buried beside her. In the 9th/15th century, a dome was constructed over it, which was called Qubbat al-Zawjat (The Dome of the Prophet's Wives).<ref>Al-Baqi' in the Mirror of Artistic Depictions, p. 23.</ref>
According to her will, Aisha was buried in [[al-Baqi' Cemetery]], alongside the other [[wives of the Prophet (s)]].<ref>''Naqsh-i ʿĀʾisha dar tārīkh-i Islām'', vol. 1, p. 46; "Khuftigān dar Baqīʿ (13)", p. 49.</ref> Her grave is near the burial site of [[Jabir b. 'Abd Allah al-Ansari]].<ref>''Dānishnāma-yi Baqīʿ-i sharīf'', p. 154.</ref> Later, a walled enclosure without a roof was built over her grave and the graves of other wives of the Prophet who were buried beside her. In the 9th/15th century, a dome was constructed over it, which was called Qubbat al-Zawjat (The Dome of the Prophet's Wives).<ref>''Baqīʿ dar āyina-yi nigāra-hā-yi hunarī'', p. 23.</ref>


==Notes==
==Notes==
Line 51: Line 51:
==References==
==References==
{{ref}}
{{ref}}
* ''Āthār-i Islāmī-yi Makka wa Madīna'', Rasūl Jaʿfariyān, Tehran: Mashʿar, 1390Sh.
* ''Baqīʿ dar āyina-yi nigāra-hā-yi hunarī'', Aḥmad Khāmayār, Tehran: Mashʿar, 1403Sh.
* "Bāzpazhūhishī dar sinn-i ʿĀʾisha hingām-i izdiwāj bā Payāmbar", Jalālī Liqwān, Riḍā; Mīrsipāh, Akbar, ''Tārīkh-i Islām dar āyina-yi pazhūhish'', no. 2, Autumn and Winter, 1397Sh.
* ''Tārīkh al-Islām wa wafayāt al-mashāhīr wa al-aʿlām'', Muḥammad b. Aḥmad al-Dhahabī, Beirut: Dār al-Kitāb al-ʿArabī, 1409AH.
* ''Tārīkh-i Payambar-i Islām'', Muḥammad Ibrāhīm Āyatī, Tehran: Dānishgāh-i Tihrān: 1391Sh.
* "Tabyīn-i naqsh wa jāygāh-i ʿilmī-yi ʿĀʾisha bint Abī Bakr dar ḥawza-yi ʿulūm-i Qurʾān wa ḥadīth bar asās-i riwāyāt wa manābiʿ-i tārīkhī", Qāsimzāda, Iftikhār, ''Fiqh wa Tārīkh-i Tamaddun'', no. 2, 1401Sh.
* ''Tahdhīb al-kamāl fī asmāʾ al-rijāl'', Ḥāfiẓ al-Mizzī, Yūsuf b. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān, Beirut: Muʾassasat al-Risāla, 1406q.
* "Khuftigān dar Baqīʿ (13)", Nawāʾī, ʿAlī Akbar, ''Mīqāt-i Ḥajj'', no. 79, Spring 1391Sh.
* ''Dānishnāma-yi Amīr al-Muʾminīn bar pāya-yi Qurʾān, ḥadīth wa tārīkh'', Muḥammadī Riyshahrī, Muḥammad, trans. Masʿūdī, ʿAbd al-Hādī, Qum: Dār al-Ḥadīth, 1389Sh.
* ''Dānishnāma-yi Baqīʿ-i sharīf'', Nūrī, Muḥammad, Qum: Ṣaḥīfa-yi Khirad, 1394Sh.
* ''Dānishnāma-yi ḥajj wa ḥaramayn-i sharīfayn'', vol. 2, Sāmānī, Sayyid Maḥmūd, Tehran: Mashʿar.
* ''Sīra Ibn Kathīr'', Ibn Kathīr, ed. Muṣṭafā ʿAbd al-Wāḥid, Beirut: Dār al-Maʿrifa li-l-Ṭibāʿa wa l-Nashr wa l-Tawzīʿ, 1396AH/1971CE.
* ''Siyar aʿlām al-nubalāʾ'', al-Dhahabī, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad, Beirut: Muʾassasat al-Risāla, 1414AH.
* ''Shinākhtnāma-yi ḥadīth'', Muḥammadī Riyshahrī, Muḥammad, Qum, Dār al-Ḥadīth, 1397Sh.
* ''Al-Ṣaḥīḥ min sīrat al-Nabī al-aʿẓam (ṣ)'', ʿĀmilī, Jaʿfar Murtaḍā, Beirut: Dār al-Hādī, 1415AH.
* ''Al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā'', Ibn Saʿd, Muḥammad b. Saʿd, Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 1410AH.
* ''Naqsh-i ʿĀʾisha dar tārīkh-i Islām'', ʿAskarī, Murtaḍā, trans. Sardārnīyā, ʿAṭā Muḥammad, Muʾassasa-yi ʿIlmī Farhangī-yi ʿAllāma ʿAskarī, 1390Sh.
{{end}}
{{end}}
[[fa:عایشه]]

Latest revision as of 12:29, 31 July 2025

ʿĀʾisha (Arabic: عائشة) was the third wife of Prophet Muhammad (s) and the daughter of Abu Bakr. Aisha is regarded as one of the outstanding women of early Islam, holding both political and social status, and more than two thousand hadiths have been narrated from her. Aisha has been criticized by Shi'a due to her disagreements with Imam Ali (a) and her confrontation with him in the Battle of the Camel.

There are places in Medina associated with Aisha. The most famous of these is the chamber of the Prophet (s), which was Aisha's residence with the Prophet (s) and is now the burial place of the Prophet (s), located within al-Masjid an-Nabawi (the Prophet's Mosque). A column in al-Masjid an-Nabawi is also known by her name. The al-Tan'im Mosque in Mecca is also commonly known as Aisha's Mosque. Aisha is buried in al-Baqi Cemetery alongside the other wives of the Prophet.

Biography

Aisha, the daughter of Abu Bakr b. Abi Quhafa, was one of the wives of the Prophet (s).[1] She was the Prophet's third wife after Khadija (a) and Sawda.[2]

There is disagreement about Aisha's age at the time of her marriage to the Prophet.[3] Some state she was nine years old,[4] but some reports suggest she was between 13 and 17,[5] or even 17 to 20 years old at the time of her marriage.[6]

Aisha passed away in 57/676-77, 58/677-78,[7] or 59/678-79,[8] and Abu Hurayra led her funeral prayer.[9]

During the Caliphate

After the Prophet's demise, Aisha strongly supported the rule of her father Abu Bakr, then 'Umar b. al-Khattab, and even during the first half of 'Uthman b. 'Affan's caliphate, she was a staunch supporter of the government of the time.[10] In the second half of 'Uthman's rule, she became dissatisfied with him, but after his assassination, she demanded revenge for his blood and confronted Imam Ali (a) in the Battle of the Camel.[11]

Aisha was defeated in the Battle of the Camel, and Imam Ali (a) returned her to Medina with respect.[12] She lived in Medina until Imam Ali's martyrdom (40/661) and did not leave the city afterward.[13] Due to Aisha's stance against Ali (a) —especially her role in the Battle of the Camel— she has faced criticism from Shi'a scholars,[14] and she also prevented the burial of Imam al-Hasan (a) next to the Prophet (s).[15]

Status

Aisha is regarded as a prominent figure in the early Islamic period for her contributions in political, theological, hadith, and jurisprudential matters.[16] She is said to have been a jurist,[17] a Quran memorizer, an eloquent speaker,[18] and was known for her remarkable memory.[19] Sunni scholars have written extensively about her virtues.[20] She narrated many hadiths from the Prophet (s);[21] it is said that after the Prophet's demise, she was a scholarly reference for the companions.[22] After Abu Hurayra and Abd Allah b. 'Umar b. al-Khattab, she is the third most prolific narrator of hadith from the Prophet (s). The number of her hadiths is said to exceed two thousand.[23]

Hadiths from Aisha include accounts about al-Masjid al-Haram[24] and other places like al-Baqi'; for instance, she narrated that the Prophet would visit al-Baqi' and pray for forgiveness for those buried there.[25]

Places Associated with Aisha in Medina

Aisha's Column in al-Masjid an-Nabawi

Aisha spent most of her life in Medina, and there are places in the city named after her or connected to her life.

Al-Tan'im Mosque

Main article: al-Tan'im Mosque

Al-Tan'im Mosque is a site designated as a miqat (place for donning ihram) for al-Umra al-Mufrada. It was once popularly known as Aisha's Mosque because the Prophet (s) instructed her to assume ihram from this location.[26] An inscription from the mosque's renovation in 310/922-23 also mentions Aisha's name.[27]

The Sacred Chamber (al-Hujra al-Sharifa)

Main article: Prophet's Chamber

According to the well-known view, the Prophet (s) is buried in Aisha's chamber (his residence with Aisha) within al-Masjid an-Nabawi. Later, Abu Bakr and 'Umar were also buried there.[28]

Aisha's Column

Main article: Aisha's Column

One of the columns in the Prophet's Rawda is called the Aisha's Column. It is the third column from the Prophet's pulpit and tomb, next to the current mihrab.[29] There is disagreement about the reason for its name. The common view is that it was named so because Aisha narrated a hadith about the virtue of praying beside this column, or possibly because she designated and identified its location.[30]

Aisha's Tomb in Al-Baqi'

Main article: Shrine of the Wives of the Prophet (s)

According to her will, Aisha was buried in al-Baqi' Cemetery, alongside the other wives of the Prophet (s).[31] Her grave is near the burial site of Jabir b. 'Abd Allah al-Ansari.[32] Later, a walled enclosure without a roof was built over her grave and the graves of other wives of the Prophet who were buried beside her. In the 9th/15th century, a dome was constructed over it, which was called Qubbat al-Zawjat (The Dome of the Prophet's Wives).[33]

Notes

  1. ↑ "Bāzpazhūhishī dar sinn-i ʿĀʾisha hingām-i izdiwāj bā Payāmbar", p. 26; Shinākhtnāma-yi ḥadīth, p. 147.
  2. ↑ "Tabyīn-i naqsh wa jāygāh-i ʿilmī-yi ʿĀʾisha bint Abī Bakr dar ḥawza-yi ʿulūm-i Qurʾān wa ḥadīth bar asās-i riwāyāt wa manābiʿ-i tārīkhī", p. 48.
  3. ↑ Al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā, vol. 8, pp. 46–47; Tahdhīb al-kamāl fī asmāʾ al-rijāl, vol. 35, p. 227.
  4. ↑ "Tabyīn-i naqsh wa jāygāh-i ʿilmī-yi ʿĀʾisha bint Abī Bakr dar ḥawza-yi ʿulūm-i Qurʾān wa ḥadīth bar asās-i riwāyāt wa manābiʿ-i tārīkhī" p. 48; "Bāzpazhūhishī dar sinn-i ʿĀʾisha hingām-i izdiwāj bā Payāmbar", p. 25.
  5. ↑ Al-Ṣaḥīḥ min sīrat al-Nabī al-aʿẓam (ṣ), vol. 3, p. 287.
  6. ↑ "Bāzpazhūhishī dar sinn-i ʿĀʾisha hingām-i izdiwāj bā Payāmbar", p. 37.
  7. ↑ "Bāzpazhūhishī dar sinn-i ʿĀʾisha hingām-i izdiwāj bā Payāmbar", p. 27; Tārīkh-i Payambar-i Islām, p. 58; Shinākhtnāma-yi ḥadīth, p. 148.
  8. ↑ Naqsh-i ʿĀʾisha dar tārīkh-i Islām, vol. 1, p. 46.
  9. ↑ Tārīkh al-Islām wa wafayāt al-mashāhīr wa al-aʿlām, vol. 4, p. 164.
  10. ↑ Naqsh-i ʿĀʾisha dar tārīkh-i Islām, vol. 1, p. 45.
  11. ↑ Shinākhtnāma-yi ḥadīth, p. 147.
  12. ↑ Naqsh-i ʿĀʾisha dar tārīkh-i Islām, vol. 1, p. 46; Dānishnāma-yi Amīr al-Muʾminīn bar pāya-yi Qurʾān, ḥadīth wa tārīkh, vol. 4, p. 415.
  13. ↑ Naqsh-i ʿĀʾisha dar tārīkh-i Islām, vol. 1, p. 46.
  14. ↑ Naqsh-i ʿĀʾisha dar tārīkh-i Islām, vol. 1, pp. 205–206, vol. 3, p. 322; Al-Ṣaḥīḥ min sīrat al-Nabī al-aʿẓam (ṣ), vol. 3, p. 291; Dānishnāma-yi Baqīʿ-i sharīf, p. 449.
  15. ↑ Dānishnāma-yi Amīr al-Muʾminīn bar pāya-yi Qurʾān, ḥadīth wa tārīkh, vol. 4, p. 415.
  16. ↑ "Tabyīn-i naqsh wa jāygāh-i ʿilmī-yi ʿĀʾisha bint Abī Bakr dar ḥawza-yi ʿulūm-i Qurʾān wa ḥadīth bar asās-i riwāyāt wa manābiʿ-i tārīkhī" p. 42.
  17. ↑ Tahdhīb al-kamāl fī asmāʾ al-rijāl, vol. 35, pp. 233–235; Shinākhtnāma-yi ḥadīth, p. 148.
  18. ↑ Dānishnāma-yi Amīr al-Muʾminīn bar pāya-yi Qurʾān, ḥadīth wa tārīkh, vol. 4, p. 513.
  19. ↑ "Tabyīn-i naqsh wa jāygāh-i ʿilmī-yi ʿĀʾisha bint Abī Bakr dar ḥawza-yi ʿulūm-i Qurʾān wa ḥadīth bar asās-i riwāyāt wa manābiʿ-i tārīkhī" pp. 43 & 48; Naqsh-i ʿĀʾisha dar tārīkh-i Islām, vol. 1, p. 47.
  20. ↑ Tahdhīb al-kamāl fī asmāʾ al-rijāl, vol. 35, pp. 233–235; Siyar aʿlām al-nubalāʾ, vol. 2, pp. 140–141.
  21. ↑ "Tabyīn-i naqsh wa jāygāh-i ʿilmī-yi ʿĀʾisha bint Abī Bakr dar ḥawza-yi ʿulūm-i Qurʾān wa ḥadīth bar asās-i riwāyāt wa manābiʿ-i tārīkhī" p. 42.
  22. ↑ Tahdhīb al-kamāl fī asmāʾ al-rijāl, vol. 35, pp. 233–235; "Tabyīn-i naqsh wa jāygāh-i ʿilmī-yi ʿĀʾisha bint Abī Bakr dar ḥawza-yi ʿulūm-i Qurʾān wa ḥadīth bar asās-i riwāyāt wa manābiʿ-i tārīkhī" p. 42; Shinākhtnāma-yi ḥadīth, p. 148.
  23. ↑ Shinākhtnāma-yi ḥadīth, p. 149.
  24. ↑ See: Sīra Ibn Kathīr, vol. 4, pp. 410 & 413.
  25. ↑ Āthār-i Islāmī-yi Makka wa Madīna, p. 347.
  26. ↑ Āthār-i Islāmī-yi Makka wa Madīna, p. 172.
  27. ↑ Āthār-i Islāmī-yi Makka wa Madīna, p. 172.
  28. ↑ Āthār-i Islāmī-yi Makka wa Madīna, p. 278.
  29. ↑ Dānishnāma-yi ḥajj wa ḥaramayn-i sharīfayn, vol. 2, p. 380.
  30. ↑ Dānishnāma-yi ḥajj wa ḥaramayn-i sharīfayn, vol. 2, p. 381.
  31. ↑ Naqsh-i ʿĀʾisha dar tārīkh-i Islām, vol. 1, p. 46; "Khuftigān dar Baqīʿ (13)", p. 49.
  32. ↑ Dānishnāma-yi Baqīʿ-i sharīf, p. 154.
  33. ↑ Baqīʿ dar āyina-yi nigāra-hā-yi hunarī, p. 23.

References

  • Āthār-i Islāmī-yi Makka wa Madīna, Rasūl Jaʿfariyān, Tehran: Mashʿar, 1390Sh.
  • Baqīʿ dar āyina-yi nigāra-hā-yi hunarī, Aḥmad Khāmayār, Tehran: Mashʿar, 1403Sh.
  • "Bāzpazhūhishī dar sinn-i ʿĀʾisha hingām-i izdiwāj bā Payāmbar", Jalālī Liqwān, Riḍā; Mīrsipāh, Akbar, Tārīkh-i Islām dar āyina-yi pazhūhish, no. 2, Autumn and Winter, 1397Sh.
  • Tārīkh al-Islām wa wafayāt al-mashāhīr wa al-aʿlām, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad al-Dhahabī, Beirut: Dār al-Kitāb al-ʿArabī, 1409AH.
  • Tārīkh-i Payambar-i Islām, Muḥammad Ibrāhīm Āyatī, Tehran: Dānishgāh-i Tihrān: 1391Sh.
  • "Tabyīn-i naqsh wa jāygāh-i ʿilmī-yi ʿĀʾisha bint Abī Bakr dar ḥawza-yi ʿulūm-i Qurʾān wa ḥadīth bar asās-i riwāyāt wa manābiʿ-i tārīkhī", Qāsimzāda, Iftikhār, Fiqh wa Tārīkh-i Tamaddun, no. 2, 1401Sh.
  • Tahdhīb al-kamāl fī asmāʾ al-rijāl, Ḥāfiẓ al-Mizzī, Yūsuf b. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān, Beirut: Muʾassasat al-Risāla, 1406q.
  • "Khuftigān dar Baqīʿ (13)", Nawāʾī, ʿAlī Akbar, Mīqāt-i Ḥajj, no. 79, Spring 1391Sh.
  • Dānishnāma-yi Amīr al-Muʾminīn bar pāya-yi Qurʾān, ḥadīth wa tārīkh, Muḥammadī Riyshahrī, Muḥammad, trans. Masʿūdī, ʿAbd al-Hādī, Qum: Dār al-Ḥadīth, 1389Sh.
  • Dānishnāma-yi Baqīʿ-i sharīf, Nūrī, Muḥammad, Qum: Ṣaḥīfa-yi Khirad, 1394Sh.
  • Dānishnāma-yi ḥajj wa ḥaramayn-i sharīfayn, vol. 2, Sāmānī, Sayyid Maḥmūd, Tehran: Mashʿar.
  • Sīra Ibn Kathīr, Ibn Kathīr, ed. Muṣṭafā ʿAbd al-Wāḥid, Beirut: Dār al-Maʿrifa li-l-Ṭibāʿa wa l-Nashr wa l-Tawzīʿ, 1396AH/1971CE.
  • Siyar aʿlām al-nubalāʾ, al-Dhahabī, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad, Beirut: Muʾassasat al-Risāla, 1414AH.
  • Shinākhtnāma-yi ḥadīth, Muḥammadī Riyshahrī, Muḥammad, Qum, Dār al-Ḥadīth, 1397Sh.
  • Al-Ṣaḥīḥ min sīrat al-Nabī al-aʿẓam (ṣ), ʿĀmilī, Jaʿfar Murtaḍā, Beirut: Dār al-Hādī, 1415AH.
  • Al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā, Ibn Saʿd, Muḥammad b. Saʿd, Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 1410AH.
  • Naqsh-i ʿĀʾisha dar tārīkh-i Islām, ʿAskarī, Murtaḍā, trans. Sardārnīyā, ʿAṭā Muḥammad, Muʾassasa-yi ʿIlmī Farhangī-yi ʿAllāma ʿAskarī, 1390Sh.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikihaj.com/index.php?title=Aisha&oldid=3579"