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'''Imam Hasan al-Askari (a)''', the eleventh Imam of [[Shia]] Muslims and the father of [[Imam Mahdi (a)]], was born in 232 AH/846-7 AD in [[Medina]]. During his childhood, he was forced to accompany his father to [[Samarra]], in present-day [[Iraq]], by the [[Abbasid caliph]]. He lived there under Abbasid surveillance until his martyrdom in 260 AH/873-4 AD. He was buried alongside his father, [[Imam al-Hadi (a)]], in Samarra, at a site known as [[the Shrine of the Two Askari Imams]].
[[file:آستان امامین عسکریین.jpg|thumbnail|250px|[[The Shrine of al-'Askariyyayn]] in [[Samarra]]]]


There are no specific reports about Imam Hasan al-Askari (a) performing [[Hajj]]. However, narrations from him regarding the pilgrimage, its significance, and the meanings behind the phrases of "[[Labbayk]]" have been recorded. In addition to the commentary attributed to him, prayers and supplications by the Imam are also found in Islamic sources.
'''Imam al-Hasan al-'Askari (a)''', (Arabic: {{ia|إمام الحسن العسكري}}) the eleventh Imam of [[Shia]] Muslims and the father of [[Imam al-Mahdi (a)]], was born in 232/846 in [[Medina]]. During his childhood, he was forced to accompany his father to [[Samarra]],[[Iraq]], by the Abbasid caliph. He lived there under Abbasid surveillance until his martyrdom in 260/874. He was buried alongside his father, [[Imam al-Hadi (a)]], in Samarra, at a site known today as [[the Shrine al-'Askariyyayn]].
 
There is no reported account of Imam al-Hasan al-'Askari (a) performing the [[hajj]]. Narrations from Imam al-'Askari regarding hajj and the philosophy of the '[[talbiya]]' and its expressions have been recorded. In addition to the tafsir (exegesis) of the Qur'an attributed to him, supplications from him have also been recorded in the sources.


==Biography==   
==Biography==   
Hasan ibn Ali ibn Muhammad (a), commonly known as Imam Hasan al-Askari (AS), was the eleventh Imam of the Twelve Imams in Shia Islam. His father was [[Imam al-Hadi (a)]], and his mother was a noblewoman from Nubia.<ref>Masʿūdī, ''Ithbāt al-Waṣiyya'', p. 244. </ref> According to widely accepted accounts, he was born on the 8th of Rabi al-Thani in 232 AH/2th December 846 in [[Medina]].<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Dalāʾil al-Imāma'', p. 423; Ibn Shahrāshūb. ''Manāqib Āl Abī Ṭālib'', vol. 3, p. 523.</ref>   
Al-Hasan b. 'Ali b. Muhammad (a), commonly known as Imam al-Hasan al-'Askari (a), was the eleventh Imam of the Twelve Imams in Shia Islam. His father was [[Imam al-Hadi (a)]], and his mother was a Nubian concubine.<ref>Masʿūdī, ''Ithbāt al-waṣīyya'', p. 244.</ref> According to widely accepted accounts, he was born on the 8th of Rabi al-Thani in 232/2th December 846 in [[Medina]].<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Dalāʾil al-imāma'', p. 423; Ibn Shahrāshūb. ''Manāqib Āl Abī Ṭālib'', vol. 3, p. 523.</ref> 
 
At the age of four, in 236/850, or possibly in 233/847<ref>Ashʿarī al-Qummī, ''al-Maqālāt wa-l-Firaq'', p. 100.</ref>, he accompanied his father to Samarra after the Abbasid caliph al-Mutawakkil detained his father. Imam al-Hasan al-'Askari (a) remained in [[Samarra]] until the end of his life.<ref>Masʿūdī, ''Ithbāt al-waṣīyya'', p. 243-4.</ref>   


At the age of four, in 236 AH/850 AD, or possibly in 233 AH/847 AD<ref>Ashʿarī al-Qummī, ''al-Maqālāt wa-l-Firaq'', p. 100.</ref>, he accompanied his father to Samarra after the Abbasid caliph Mutawakkil detained his father. Imam Hasan al-Askari (a) remained in [[Samarra]] until the end of his life.<ref>Masʿūdī, ''Ithbāt al-Waṣiyya'', p. 243-4.</ref>   
He was given the title "al-'Askari" because [[al-Mutawakkil]] housed him in the military district of Samarra.<ref>Ibn Khallikān. ''Wafayāt al-Aʿyān'', vol. 2, p. 94; ''Mawsūʿat al-Imām al-ʿAskarī'', vol. 1, p. 38.</ref> Additionally, he was known as "Ibn al-Rida," a title also attributed to his father, Imam al-Hadi (a), and his grandfather, [[Imam al-Jawad (a)]], due to their lineage from Imam al-Rida (a).<ref>Ṣadūq, ''Kamāl al-dīn wa tamām al-niʿma''. p. 41, Ibn Shahrāshūb,  ''Manāqib Āl Abī Ṭālib'', vol. 3, p. 523.</ref> Other titles recorded for him in historical sources include al-Khalis, al-Khass, al-Siraj, al-Samit, al-Zaki, and al-Taqi.<ref>Ṭabarī,  ''Dalāʾil al-imāma'', pp. 423–424; Ibn Shahrāshūb, ''Manāqib Āl Abī Ṭālib''. vol. 3, p. 523.</ref>   


He was given the title "al-Askari" because [[Mutawakkil]] housed him in the military district of Samarra.<ref>Ibn Khallikān. ''Wafayāt al-Aʿyān'', vol. 2, p. 94. 
Imam al-Hasan al-'Askari’s wife was [[Narjis]], and their only son was [[Imam al-Mahdi (a)]].<ref>ʿĀmilī, ''al-Tatimma fī tawārīkh al-aʾimma'', p. 143; Sabziwārī, ''Rāḥat al-arwāḥ'', p. 267.</ref> However, some historians have mentioned other children for him.<ref>Maṣʿūdī, ''Tārīkh al-aʾimma'', p. 22.</ref>
Muʾassasat Walī al-ʿAṣr, ''Mawsūʿat al-Imām al-ʿAskarī'', vol. 1, p. 38.</ref>Additionally, he was known as "Ibn al-Ridha," a title also attributed to his father, Imam al-Hadi (a), and his grandfather, [[Imam al-Jawad (a)]], due to their lineage from Imam al-Ridha (a).<ref>Ṣadūq, ''Kamāl al-dīn wa tamām al-niʿma''. p. 41, Ibn Shahrāshūb,  ''Manāqib Āl Abī Ṭālib'', Vol. 3, p. 523.</ref> Other titles recorded for him in historical sources include Khālis, Khāṣṣ, Sirāj, Ṣāmit, Zakī, and Taqī.<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Dalāʾil al-imāma'', pp. 423–424; Ibn Shahrāshūb, ''Manāqib Āl Abī Ṭālib''. Vol. 3, p. 523.</ref>


Imam Hasan al-Askari’s wife was [[Lady Narjis Khatun]], and their only son was [[Imam Mahdi (a)]]<ref>Ṣadr al-Dīn al-Ḥusaynī, ''Al-Tatimma fī tawārīkh al-aʾimma'', p. 143;Shūshtarī, ''Rāḥat al-arwāḥ'', p. 267.</ref>. However, some historians have mentioned the possibility of other children attributed to him.<ref>Maṣʿūdī, ''Tārīkh al-aʾimma'', p. 22.</ref>
===Martyrdom===
===Martyrdom===
{{Main| Shrine of the Two Askari Imams}} 
{{Main|Shrine of al-'Askariyyayn}}  
 
Imam Hasan al-Askari (AS) was martyred at the age of 28 on the 8th of Rabi al-Awwal in 260 AH/ 1th January 874 AD, poisoned under the orders of the Abbasid caliph [[al-Mu'tamid]]. He was buried next to his father, Imam al-Hadi (a), in Samarra. This sacred site is known as the Shrine of the Two Askari Imams (al-Askariyain).<ref>Ṭūsī, Al-Ghayba, p. 219; Mufīd,  Al-Irshād, p. 323; ''Ṭabrisī, Iʿlām al-warā'', p. 131.</ref>  


The burial place of Imam Hasan al-Askari (a), alongside his father, remains a revered shrine and pilgrimage destination, famously referred to as the [[Shrine of the Two Askari Imams]].<ref>Qazwīnī, ''Maʾāthir al-kubrā'', Vol. 1, p. 315.</ref>
Imam al-Hasan al-'Askari (a) was martyred at the age of 28 on the 8th of Rabi al-Awwal in 260/1th January 874, poisoned under the orders of the Abbasid caliph [[al-Mu'tamid]]. He was buried next to his father, Imam al-Hadi (a), in Samarra. This sacred site is known as the Shrine of the Two al-'Askari Imams (al-'Askariyain).<ref>Nuʿmānī, ''al-Ghayba'', p. 219; Mufīd, ''al-Irshād'', p. 323; Ṭabrisī, ''Iʿlām al-warā'', p. 131.</ref>


==Period of Imamate== 
The burial place of Imam al-Hasan al-'Askari (a), alongside his father, remains a revered shrine and pilgrimage destination, famously referred to as the [[Shrine of al-'Askariyyayn]].<ref>Maḥallātī, ''Maʾāthir al-kubrāʾ, vol. 1, p. 315.</ref>


Imam Hasan al-Askari (a) spent 23 years alongside his father, Imam al-Hadi (a), and, following his father’s martyrdom, became his successor at the age of 22, as per Imam al-Hadi’s will.<ref>Mufīd, ''Al-Irshād'', pp. 313–315; Ṭabrisī, ''Iʿlām al-warā bi-aʿlām al-hudā'', pp. 131–133; Ibn Shahrāshūb, ''Manāqib Āl Abī Ṭālib'', Vol. 3, pp. 523–524.</ref> His period of Imamate lasted six years (254–260 AH/846- 874 AD).<ref>Ṭūsī, ''Al-Ghayba'', pp. 120–122.</ref>  
==Imamate==  


Imam Hasan al-Askari’s Imamate coincided with the reigns of three Abbasid caliphs: al-Mu'tazz (252–255 AH/866-868 AD), al-Muhtadi (255–256 AH/868-869 AD), and al-Mu'tamid (256–279 AH/869-892 AD).<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Dalāʾil al-imāma'' p. 423; Ṭabrisī, ''Iʿlām al-warā'', p. 349; Ibn Shahrāshūb, ''Manāqib Āl Abī Ṭālib'', Vol. 3, p. 523.</ref> During al-Mu'tazz’s rule, the Imam was imprisoned, and an attempt was made on his life, but al-Mu'tazz was killed by Turkish forces before he could carry it out.<ref>Ṭūsī, ''Al-Ghayba'', p. 208.</ref> The harassment and imprisonment of the Imam continued during the reigns of al-Muhtadi<ref>Ṭūsī, ''Al-Ghayba'', p. 205.</ref> and al-Mu'tamid.<ref>Ṭūsī, ''Al-Ghayba'', p. 219; Mufīd, ''Al-Irshād'', p. 323; Ṭabrisī, ''Iʿlām al-warā'', p. 131.</ref>   
Imam al-Hasan al-'Askari (a) spent 23 years alongside his father, Imam al-Hadi (a), and, following his father’s martyrdom, became his successor at the age of 22, as per Imam al-Hadi’s will.<ref>Mufīd, ''al-Irshād'', pp. 313–315; Ṭabrisī, ''Iʿlām al-warā'', pp. 131–133; Ibn Shahrāshūb, ''Manāqib Āl Abī Ṭālib'', vol. 3, pp. 523–524.</ref> His period of Imamate lasted six years (254–260/846-874).<ref>Ṭūsī, ''al-Ghayba'', pp. 120–122.</ref>   


Despite the Abbasid authorities’ strict surveillance over the Imam's residence, many of his followers, including narrators, representatives, and companions, maintained contact with him. Notable among them were Ibrahim ibn Mahziyar, [[Abd al-Azim al-Hasani]], [[Uthman ibn Sa’id al-Umari]], and [[Fazl ibn Shadhan al-Nishaburi]].<ref>Ṭūsī, ''Rijāl al-Ṭūsī'', pp. 397–400.</ref>   
Imam al-Hasan al-'Askari’s Imamate coincided with the reigns of three Abbasid caliphs: al-Mu'tazz (r. 252–255/866-868), al-Muhtadi (r. 255–256/868-869), and al-Mu'tamid (r. 256–279/869-892).<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Dalāʾil al-imāma'' p. 423; Ṭabrisī, ''Iʿlām al-warā'', p. 349; Ibn Shahrāshūb, ''Manāqib Āl Abī Ṭālib'', vol. 3, p. 523.</ref> During al-Mu'tazz’s rule, the Imam was imprisoned, and an attempt was made on his life, but al-Mu'tazz was killed by Turkish forces before he could carry it out.<ref>Ṭūsī, ''al-Ghayba'', p. 208.</ref> The harassment and imprisonment of the Imam continued during the reigns of al-Muhtadi<ref>Ṭūsī, ''al-Ghayba'', p. 205.</ref> and al-Mu'tamid.<ref>Ṭūsī, ''al-Ghayba'', p. 219; Mufīd, ''al-Irshād'', p. 323; Ṭabrisī, ''Iʿlām al-warā'', p. 131.</ref>   


===Books Attributed to Imam al-Askari===  
Despite the Abbasid authorities’ strict surveillance over the Imam's residence, many of his followers, including narrators, representatives, and companions, maintained contact with him. Notable among them were [[Ibrahim b. Mahziyar]], [[Abd al-'Azim al-Hasani]], [['Uthman b. Sa’id al-'Amri]], and [[Fadl b. Shadhan al-Nishaburi]].<ref>Ṭūsī, ''Rijāl al-Ṭūsī'', pp. 397–400.</ref>  


Among Imam Hasan al-Askari’s cultural contributions are several works attributed to him, including: 
===Books Attributed to Imam al-'Askari===  
*Kitab al-Manqaba
*Masa'il Abi Muhammad al-Hasan al-Askari
*Tawqi'at al-Imam al-Askari
*Tafsir attributed to Imam Hasan al-Askari<ref>Arbalī, ''Kashf al-ghumma'', pp. 208–210.
</ref>  


Additionally, many supplications (duas) from the Imam are preserved in various sources.<ref>Arbalī, Kashf al-ghumma. p. 211.</ref>
Among Imam al-Hasan al-'Askari’s cultural contributions are several works attributed to him, including: 
 
*''Kitab al-Manqaba''
*''Masa'il Abi Muhammad al-Hasan al-'Askari''
*''Tawqi'at al-Imam al-'Askari''
*''Tafsir'' attributed to Imam al-Hasan al-'Askari<ref>Arbalī, ''Kashf al-ghumma'', pp. 208–210.</ref>


==Imam Hasan al-Askari and Hajj== 
Additionally, many supplications (du'as) from the Imam are preserved in various sources.<ref>Arbalī, ''Kashf al-ghumma''. p. 211.</ref>


There are no conclusive reports of Imam Hasan al-Askari performing [[Hajj]]. He is widely considered the only Imam who could not perform the pilgrimage due to his house arrest in [[Samarra]].<ref>Ṣadr, ''Al-Anbiyāʾ wa al-aʾimma'', p. 466.</ref> However, some sources mention narrations from the Imam in [[Mecca]], and a report by Baladhuri indicates his presence there.<ref>Arbalī, ''Kashf al-ghumma'', Vol. 3, p. 198.</ref>   
==Imam al-Hasan al-'Askari and Hajj== 
There are no conclusive reports of Imam al-Hasan al-'Askari performing [[hajj]]. He is widely considered the only Imam who could not perform the pilgrimage due to his house arrest in [[Samarra]]. However, some sources mention narrations from the Imam in [[Mecca]],<ref>''Hajj al-Anbiyāʾ wa l-Aʾimma'', p. 466.</ref> and a report by al-Baladhuri indicates his presence there.<ref>Arbalī, ''Kashf al-ghumma'', vol. 3, p. 198.</ref>   


===Sending His Family to Mecca===   
===Sending His Family to Mecca===   
It is said that shortly before his passing, Imam al-Askari sent his mother and his son, [[Imam Mahdi (a)]], to perform [[Hajj]].<ref>Masʿūdī, Ithbāt al-waṣiyya, p. 255.</ref> They traveled under the protection of Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn al-Mutahhar, a close associate of the eleventh Imam. Following the pilgrimage, it is believed they moved to [[Medina]], possibly as a place of concealment for the twelfth Imam.<ref>Ṣadr, ''Tārīkh al-siyāsī li-ghaybat al-Imām al-thānī ʿashar (ʿaj)'', p. 124.</ref>
It is said that shortly before his passing, Imam al-'Askari sent his mother and his son, [[Imam al-Mahdi (a)]], to perform [[hajj]].<ref>Masʿūdī, ''Ithbāt al-waṣīyya'', p. 255.</ref> They traveled under the protection of Ahmad b. Muhammad b. al-Mutahhar, a close companion of the eleventh Imam. Following the pilgrimage, it is believed they moved to [[Medina]], possibly as a place of concealment for Imam al-Mahdi (a).<ref>Ḥusayn, ''Tārīkh-i sīyāsī-yi ghaybat-i Imām-i Dawāzdahum'', p. 124.</ref>


===Narrations About Hajj===   
===Narrations About Hajj===   
The Imam provided various narrations related to Hajj, including rulings and spiritual insights. For instance, Muhammad ibn al-Mutahhar narrated a tradition regarding [[Hajj Bazli]] (performing Hajj on behalf of another).<ref>Ṣadūq, ''Musnad al-Imām al-ʿAskarī'', p. 252.</ref> The Imam also conveyed a narration about the philosophy and meanings behind the phrases of [[Labbayk]].<ref>Ṣadūq, ''Man lā yaḥḍuruhu al-faqīh'', Vol. 2, pp. 327–328; Ṣadūq, ''ʿIlal al-sharāʾiʿ'', p. 417.</ref>
The Imam provided various narrations related to hajj, including rulings and spiritual insights. For instance, Muhammad b. al-Mutahhar narrated a tradition regarding [[al-hajj al-badhli]] (performing hajj on behalf of another).<ref>ʿAṭārūdī Quchānī, ''Musnad al-Imām al-ʿAskarī'' , p. 252.</ref> The Imam also conveyed a narration about the philosophy and meanings behind the phrases of [[talbiya]].<ref>Ṣadūq, ''Man lā yaḥḍuruhu al-faqīh'', vol. 2, pp. 327–328; Ṣadūq, ''ʿIlal al-sharāyiʿ'', p. 417.</ref>


==Notes==
==Notes==
{{Notes}}
{{Notes}}
==References==
==References==
{{References}}
{{References}}
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* ʿĀmilī, Tāj al-Dīn b. ʿAlī b. Aḥmad al-Ḥusaynī al-. ''al-Tatimma fī tawārīkh al-aʾimma''. Qom: Muʾassisat al-Biʿtha, 1412 AH.  
*ʿĀmilī, Tāj al-Dīn b. ʿAlī b. Aḥmad al-Ḥusaynī al-. ''al-Tatamma fī Tawārīkh al-Aʾimma''. Qom: Muʾassasat al-Baʿtha, 1412 AH. 
* Arbalī, ʿAlī b. Abī l-Fatḥ al-. ''Kashf al-ghumma fī maʿrifat al-Aʾimma''. Beirut: Dār al-Aḍwāʾ, n.d.  
*Amīn, Sayyid Muḥsin. ''Aʿyān al-Shīʿa''. Edited by Ḥasan al-Amīn. Beirut: Dār al-Taʿārif.
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*Arbilī, ʿAlī b. Abī al-Fatḥ al-. ''Kashf al-Ghumma fī Maʿrifat al-Aʾimma''. Beirut: Dār al-Aḍwāʾ, [n.d].
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*Ashʿarī al-Qummī, Saʿd b. ʿAbd Allāh, al- (d. 301 AH). *al-Maqālāt wa-l-Firaq*. Qom: Markaz Intishārāt ʿIlmī wa-Thaqāfī, 1360 Sh.
* ''Hajj al-Anbīyāʾ wa l-Aʾimma'', Markaz-i Tahqīqāt-i Ḥajj, Tehran: Mashʿar, 1416 AH
*ʿAṭṭārūdī Qujānī, ʿAzīz Allāh. ''Musnad al-Imām al-ʿAskarī Abī Muḥammad al-Ḥasan b. ʿAlī ʿalayhimā al-salām''. Beirut: Dār al-Ṣafwa, 1413 AH/1993 CE.
* Ḥusayn, Jāsim. ''Tārīkh-i sīyāsī-yi ghaybat-i Imām-i Dawāzdahum''. Translated by Sayyid Muḥammad Taqī Āyatullāhī. Tehran: Amīr Kabīr, 1385 Sh.  
*Ḥajj al-Anbiyāʾ wa-l-Aʾimma (ʿalayhim al-salām)*. Center for Ḥajj Research. Tehran: Mashʿar, 1416 AH. 
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*Ḥusayn, Jāsim. ''Tārīkh-i Sīyāsī-i Ghaybat-i Imām-i Dawāzdahum (ʿAjj)''. Translated by Sayyid Muḥammad Taqī Āyatullāhī. Tehran: Amīr Kabīr, 1385 Sh.
* Ibn Shahrāshūb . ''Manāqib Āl Abī Ṭālib''. Najaf: al-Maktaba al-Ḥaydarīyya, 1376 AH.  
*Ibn Shahrāshūb . ''Manāqib Āl Abī Ṭālib''. Edited by a group of Najaf scholars. Najaf al-Ashraf: al-Maktaba al-Ḥaydariyya, 1376 AH.
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*Kashshī al-. *Rijāl al-Kashshī (Ikhtiyār Maʿrifat al-Rijāl)*. Corrected by Mīr Dāmād and Rajāʾī. Qom: Āl al-Bayt, 1404 AH. 
* Masʿūdī, Abū l-Ḥasan. ''Ithbāt al-waṣīyya li-l-Imām ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib''. Qom: Anṣārīyān, 1423 AH.
*Ibn Khallikān. ''Wafayāt al-Aʿyān wa-Anbāʾ al-Zamān''. Edited by Iḥsān ʿAbbās. Lebanon: Dār al-Thaqāfa, no date.
* Nuʿmānī al- . ''Al-Ghayba''. Qom: Anwār al-Hudā, 1422 AH.
*Kātib al-Baghdādī. ''Tārīkh al-Aʾimma (al-Majmūʿa)''. Qom: Maktabat al-Marʿashī al-Najafī, 1406 AH.
* Sabziwārī, Abū Saʿīd al-Shīʿī al-. ''Rāḥat al-arwāḥ''. Tehran: Mīrāth-i Maktūb, 1378 Sh.  
*Kulaynī al- . ''al-Kāfī''. Corrected by ʿAlī Akbar Ghifārī. Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmiyya, 1363 Sh. 
* Ṣadūq al-. ''ʿIlal al-sharāyiʿ''. Najaf: al-Maktaba al-Ḥaydarīyya, 1386 AH.  
*Maḥallātī, Dhabīḥ Allāh. ''Maʾāthir al-Kubrāʾ fī Tārīkh Sāmarrāʾ''. Qom: al-Maktaba al-Ḥaydariyya, 1384 Sh/1426 AH.  
* Ṣadūq al-. ''Man lā yaḥḍuruh al-faqīh''. Qom: al-Nashr al-Islāmī, n.d.  
*Majlisī. ''Biḥār al-Anwār''. Edited by Sayyid Ḥasan al-Mūsawī al-Khurāsān. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 1403 AH. 
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* Sayyid Muḥammad al-Ḥusaynī al-Qazwīnī et. al. ''Mawsūʿat al-Imām al-ʿAskarī''. Qom: Muʾassisat Walī al-ʿAṣr, 1426 AH.  
*''Mawsūʿat al-Imām al-ʿAskarī''. Edited by Sayyid Muḥammad al-Ḥusaynī al-Qazwīnī and others. Qom: Muʾassasat Walī al-ʿAṣr, 1426 AH.
* Ṭabarī al-Shīʿī. ''Dalāʾil al-imāma''. Qom: Biʿthat, 1413 AH.  
*Mufīd. ''al-Irshād''. Beirut: Dār al-Mufīd, 1414 AH.
* Ṭabrisī, al-. ‘’Iʿlām al-warā bi-aʿlām al-hudā’’. Qom: Āl al-Bayt li-Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth, 1417 AH.  
*Nuʿmānī al- . ''al-Ghayba''. Edited by Fāris Ḥassūn. Qom: Anwār al-Hudā, 1422 AH.
* Ṭūsī, al-. ''Rijāl al-Ṭūsī’’ (‘’al-Abwāb’’). Qom: al-Nashr al-Islāmī, 1415 AH.
*Rāwandī, Quṭb al-Dīn . ''al-Kharāʾij wa-l-Jarāʾiḥ''. Edited by Sayyid Muḥammad Bāqir al-Abṭaḥī. Qom: Muʾassasat al-Imām al-Hādī, 1409 AH.
 
*Ṣadūq al-. ''ʿIlal al-Sharāʾiʿ''. Edited by Sayyid Muḥammad Ṣādiq Baḥr al-ʿUlūm. Najaf al-Ashraf: al-Maktaba al-Ḥaydariyya, 1386 AH.  
*Ṣadūq al- . ''Kamal al-Dīn wa-Tamām al-Niʿma''. Edited by ʿAlī Akbar Ghifārī. Qom: al-Nashr al-Islāmī, 1405 AH.
*Ṣadūq al-. ''Man Lā Yaḥḍuruhu al-Faqīh''. Edithed by ʿAlī Akbar Ghifārī. Qom: al-Nashr al-Islāmī.  
*Sibṭ b. al-Jawzī. ''Tadhkirat al-Khawāṣṣ min al-Umma fī Dhikr Khaṣāʾiṣ al-Aʾimma''. Qom: al-Sharīf al-Raḍī, 1418 AH.    
*Ṭabarasī, Shaykh. Aʿlām al-Warā bi-Aʿlām al-Hudā. Qom: Āl al-Bayt li-Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth, 1417 AH.  
*Ṭabarī al-Shīʿī. ''Dalāʾil al-Imāma''. Qom: al-Baʿtha, 1413 AH. 
*Ṭūsī, Shaykh al-. ''Rijāl al-Ṭūsī (al-Abwāb)''. Edited by Jawād al-Qayyūmī al-Iṣfahānī. Qom: al-Nashr al-Islāmī, 1415 AH.
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[[Category:Shi'a Imams]]
[[fa: امام حسن عسکری(ع)]]
[[fa: امام حسن عسکری(ع)]]

Latest revision as of 13:57, 3 March 2025

The Shrine of al-'Askariyyayn in Samarra

Imam al-Hasan al-'Askari (a), (Arabic: إمام الحسن العسكري) the eleventh Imam of Shia Muslims and the father of Imam al-Mahdi (a), was born in 232/846 in Medina. During his childhood, he was forced to accompany his father to Samarra,Iraq, by the Abbasid caliph. He lived there under Abbasid surveillance until his martyrdom in 260/874. He was buried alongside his father, Imam al-Hadi (a), in Samarra, at a site known today as the Shrine al-'Askariyyayn.

There is no reported account of Imam al-Hasan al-'Askari (a) performing the hajj. Narrations from Imam al-'Askari regarding hajj and the philosophy of the 'talbiya' and its expressions have been recorded. In addition to the tafsir (exegesis) of the Qur'an attributed to him, supplications from him have also been recorded in the sources.

Biography

Al-Hasan b. 'Ali b. Muhammad (a), commonly known as Imam al-Hasan al-'Askari (a), was the eleventh Imam of the Twelve Imams in Shia Islam. His father was Imam al-Hadi (a), and his mother was a Nubian concubine.[1] According to widely accepted accounts, he was born on the 8th of Rabi al-Thani in 232/2th December 846 in Medina.[2]

At the age of four, in 236/850, or possibly in 233/847[3], he accompanied his father to Samarra after the Abbasid caliph al-Mutawakkil detained his father. Imam al-Hasan al-'Askari (a) remained in Samarra until the end of his life.[4]

He was given the title "al-'Askari" because al-Mutawakkil housed him in the military district of Samarra.[5] Additionally, he was known as "Ibn al-Rida," a title also attributed to his father, Imam al-Hadi (a), and his grandfather, Imam al-Jawad (a), due to their lineage from Imam al-Rida (a).[6] Other titles recorded for him in historical sources include al-Khalis, al-Khass, al-Siraj, al-Samit, al-Zaki, and al-Taqi.[7]

Imam al-Hasan al-'Askari’s wife was Narjis, and their only son was Imam al-Mahdi (a).[8] However, some historians have mentioned other children for him.[9]

Martyrdom

Main article: Shrine of al-'Askariyyayn

Imam al-Hasan al-'Askari (a) was martyred at the age of 28 on the 8th of Rabi al-Awwal in 260/1th January 874, poisoned under the orders of the Abbasid caliph al-Mu'tamid. He was buried next to his father, Imam al-Hadi (a), in Samarra. This sacred site is known as the Shrine of the Two al-'Askari Imams (al-'Askariyain).[10]

The burial place of Imam al-Hasan al-'Askari (a), alongside his father, remains a revered shrine and pilgrimage destination, famously referred to as the Shrine of al-'Askariyyayn.[11]

Imamate

Imam al-Hasan al-'Askari (a) spent 23 years alongside his father, Imam al-Hadi (a), and, following his father’s martyrdom, became his successor at the age of 22, as per Imam al-Hadi’s will.[12] His period of Imamate lasted six years (254–260/846-874).[13]

Imam al-Hasan al-'Askari’s Imamate coincided with the reigns of three Abbasid caliphs: al-Mu'tazz (r. 252–255/866-868), al-Muhtadi (r. 255–256/868-869), and al-Mu'tamid (r. 256–279/869-892).[14] During al-Mu'tazz’s rule, the Imam was imprisoned, and an attempt was made on his life, but al-Mu'tazz was killed by Turkish forces before he could carry it out.[15] The harassment and imprisonment of the Imam continued during the reigns of al-Muhtadi[16] and al-Mu'tamid.[17]

Despite the Abbasid authorities’ strict surveillance over the Imam's residence, many of his followers, including narrators, representatives, and companions, maintained contact with him. Notable among them were Ibrahim b. Mahziyar, Abd al-'Azim al-Hasani, 'Uthman b. Sa’id al-'Amri, and Fadl b. Shadhan al-Nishaburi.[18]

Books Attributed to Imam al-'Askari

Among Imam al-Hasan al-'Askari’s cultural contributions are several works attributed to him, including:

  • Kitab al-Manqaba
  • Masa'il Abi Muhammad al-Hasan al-'Askari
  • Tawqi'at al-Imam al-'Askari
  • Tafsir attributed to Imam al-Hasan al-'Askari[19]

Additionally, many supplications (du'as) from the Imam are preserved in various sources.[20]

Imam al-Hasan al-'Askari and Hajj

There are no conclusive reports of Imam al-Hasan al-'Askari performing hajj. He is widely considered the only Imam who could not perform the pilgrimage due to his house arrest in Samarra. However, some sources mention narrations from the Imam in Mecca,[21] and a report by al-Baladhuri indicates his presence there.[22]

Sending His Family to Mecca

It is said that shortly before his passing, Imam al-'Askari sent his mother and his son, Imam al-Mahdi (a), to perform hajj.[23] They traveled under the protection of Ahmad b. Muhammad b. al-Mutahhar, a close companion of the eleventh Imam. Following the pilgrimage, it is believed they moved to Medina, possibly as a place of concealment for Imam al-Mahdi (a).[24]

Narrations About Hajj

The Imam provided various narrations related to hajj, including rulings and spiritual insights. For instance, Muhammad b. al-Mutahhar narrated a tradition regarding al-hajj al-badhli (performing hajj on behalf of another).[25] The Imam also conveyed a narration about the philosophy and meanings behind the phrases of talbiya.[26]

Notes

  1. ↑ Masʿūdī, Ithbāt al-waṣīyya, p. 244.
  2. ↑ Ṭabarī, Dalāʾil al-imāma, p. 423; Ibn Shahrāshūb. Manāqib Āl Abī Ṭālib, vol. 3, p. 523.
  3. ↑ Ashʿarī al-Qummī, al-Maqālāt wa-l-Firaq, p. 100.
  4. ↑ Masʿūdī, Ithbāt al-waṣīyya, p. 243-4.
  5. ↑ Ibn Khallikān. Wafayāt al-Aʿyān, vol. 2, p. 94; Mawsūʿat al-Imām al-ʿAskarī, vol. 1, p. 38.
  6. ↑ Ṣadūq, Kamāl al-dīn wa tamām al-niʿma. p. 41, Ibn Shahrāshūb, Manāqib Āl Abī Ṭālib, vol. 3, p. 523.
  7. ↑ Ṭabarī, Dalāʾil al-imāma, pp. 423–424; Ibn Shahrāshūb, Manāqib Āl Abī Ṭālib. vol. 3, p. 523.
  8. ↑ ʿĀmilī, al-Tatimma fī tawārīkh al-aʾimma, p. 143; Sabziwārī, Rāḥat al-arwāḥ, p. 267.
  9. ↑ Maṣʿūdī, Tārīkh al-aʾimma, p. 22.
  10. ↑ Nuʿmānī, al-Ghayba, p. 219; Mufīd, al-Irshād, p. 323; Ṭabrisī, Iʿlām al-warā, p. 131.
  11. ↑ Maḥallātī, Maʾāthir al-kubrāʾ, vol. 1, p. 315.
  12. ↑ Mufīd, al-Irshād, pp. 313–315; Ṭabrisī, Iʿlām al-warā, pp. 131–133; Ibn Shahrāshūb, Manāqib Āl Abī Ṭālib, vol. 3, pp. 523–524.
  13. ↑ Ṭūsī, al-Ghayba, pp. 120–122.
  14. ↑ Ṭabarī, Dalāʾil al-imāma p. 423; Ṭabrisī, Iʿlām al-warā, p. 349; Ibn Shahrāshūb, Manāqib Āl Abī Ṭālib, vol. 3, p. 523.
  15. ↑ Ṭūsī, al-Ghayba, p. 208.
  16. ↑ Ṭūsī, al-Ghayba, p. 205.
  17. ↑ Ṭūsī, al-Ghayba, p. 219; Mufīd, al-Irshād, p. 323; Ṭabrisī, Iʿlām al-warā, p. 131.
  18. ↑ Ṭūsī, Rijāl al-Ṭūsī, pp. 397–400.
  19. ↑ Arbalī, Kashf al-ghumma, pp. 208–210.
  20. ↑ Arbalī, Kashf al-ghumma. p. 211.
  21. ↑ Hajj al-Anbiyāʾ wa l-Aʾimma, p. 466.
  22. ↑ Arbalī, Kashf al-ghumma, vol. 3, p. 198.
  23. ↑ Masʿūdī, Ithbāt al-waṣīyya, p. 255.
  24. ↑ Ḥusayn, Tārīkh-i sīyāsī-yi ghaybat-i Imām-i Dawāzdahum, p. 124.
  25. ↑ ʿAṭārūdī Quchānī, Musnad al-Imām al-ʿAskarī , p. 252.
  26. ↑ Ṣadūq, Man lā yaḥḍuruhu al-faqīh, vol. 2, pp. 327–328; Ṣadūq, ʿIlal al-sharāyiʿ, p. 417.

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