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Masjid al-Bay'ah (Bay'ah Mosque) is an ancient mosque in the city of [[Mecca]], dating back to the 2nd century AH. This mosque is located near [[Jamaras|Jamarat al-Aqaba]] and outside the legal boundary of [[Mina]]. It is the place where the people of [[Yathrib]] pledged allegiance to the Prophet (s).
'''Imam Hasan al-Askari (AS)''', the eleventh Imam of [[Shia]] Muslims and the father of [[Imam Mahdi (AS)]], was born in 232 AH/846-7 AD in [[Medina]]. During his childhood, he was forced to accompany his father to [[Samarra]], in present-day [[Iraq]], by the [[Abbasid caliph]]. He lived there under Abbasid surveillance until his martyrdom in 260 AH/873-4 AD. He was buried alongside his father, [[Imam al-Hadi (AS)]], in Samarra, at a site known as [[the Shrine of the Two Askari Imams]].


According to an inscription on the western wall of Masjid al-Bay'ah, the mosque was built in 144 AH/761-2 by the order of [[Mansur Abbasi]] and was later renovated several times.
There are no specific reports about Imam Hasan al-Askari (AS) performing [[Hajj]]. However, narrations from him regarding the pilgrimage, its significance, and the meanings behind the phrases of "[[Labbayk]]" have been recorded. In addition to the commentary attributed to him, prayers and supplications by the Imam are also found in Islamic sources.


==Naming==
==Biography==
When the people of Yathrib ([[Medina]]) became acquainted with Islam, during the days of Hajj, at the [[Jamaras|Jamarat al-Aqabah]], they pledged allegiance to [[Prophet Muhammad (s)|the prophet(s)]] for the first time. After that, Islam spread in Medina. At the site of this event, which is known as [[the First Pledge of Aqabah]], a mosque was built that became famous as "Masjid al-Bay'ah" (Mosque of the Pledge).<ref>Jaʿfariyān, ''Āthār-i islāmi-yi Makka wa Madīna'', p. 169.</ref>
Hasan ibn Ali ibn Muhammad (AS), commonly known as Imam Hasan al-Askari (AS), was the eleventh Imam of the Twelve Imams in Shia Islam. His father was [[Imam al-Hadi (AS)]], and his mother was a noblewoman from Nubia.<ref>Masʿūdī, ''Ithbāt al-Waṣiyya'', p. 244. </ref> According to widely accepted accounts, he was born on the 8th of Rabi al-Thani in 232 AH/2th December 846  in [[Medina]].<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Dalāʾil al-Imāma'', p. 423; Ibn Shahrāshūb. ''Manāqib Āl Abī Ṭālib'', vol. 3, p. 523.</ref> 
In sources, other mosques are also referred to by the name Masjid al-Bay'ah:
 
*[[Masjid al-Ghanam]], a mosque in Mecca, which was the place where the people of Mecca pledged allegiance to the Prophet (s).<ref> Azraqī,''Akhbār Makka wa mā jāʾa fīhā min al-āthār'', vol. 2, p. 201-271; Qāʾidān, '' Tārīkh wa āthār-i Islāmī-yi Makka wa Madīna'', p. 106.</ref>  
At the age of four, in 236 AH/850 AD, or possibly in 233 AH/847 AD<ref>Ashʿarī al-Qummī, ''al-Maqālāt wa-l-Firaq'', p. 100.</ref>, he accompanied his father to Samarra after the Abbasid caliph Mutawakkil detained his father. Imam Hasan al-Askari (AS) remained in [[Samarra]] until the end of his life.<ref>Masʿūdī, ''Ithbāt al-Waṣiyya'', p. 243-4.</ref> 
*[[Masjid al-Jinn]], a mosque in Mecca, which is the place where the jinn pledged allegiance to the Prophet (s).<ref> Azraqī,''Akhbār Makka wa mā jāʾa fīhā min al-āthār'', vol. 2, p. 201; Ibn Ḍiyāʾ Ḥanafī , ''Tārīkh Makkah al-Mukarrama wa al-Masjid al-Ḥarām wa al-Madīna al-Sharīfa wa al-Qabr al-Sharīf'', p. 181.</ref>  
 
==Location==
He was given the title "al-Askari" because [[Mutawakkil]] housed him in the military district of Samarra.<ref>Ibn Khallikān. ''Wafayāt al-Aʿyān'', vol. 2, p. 94.  
Masjid al-Bay'ah is in [[Mecca]], near the Jamarat al-Aqabah [outside the legal boundary of Mina from the Mecca side], on the southern slope of [[Mount Thubayr]]. This area is known as [[Sha'b al-Ansar]] and [[Sha'b al-Bay'ah]].<ref>Azraqī,''Akhbār Makka wa mā jāʾa fīhā min al-āthār'', vol. 1, p. 303; Ḥārithī , ''Al-Muʿjam al-Āthārī li-Manṭiqat Makkah al-Mukarrama'', p. 177; Bakr, ''Ashhar al-Masājid fī al-Islām'', p. 168.</ref> and it is on the left side of someone who is traveling from Mecca towards [[Mina]]. The distance from Masjid al-Bay'ah to [[Jamaras|Jamarat al-Aqabah]] is more than three hundred meters.<ref>Ibn Ḍiyāʾ Ḥanafī , ''Tārīkh Makkah al-Mukarrama wa al-Masjid al-Ḥarām wa al-Madīna al-Sharīfa wa al-Qabr al-Sharīf'', p. 181; Ibn Fahd, '' Ithāf al-Warā bi-ʾAkhbār Umm al-Qurā'', vol. 2, p. 180.</ref>  
Muʾassasat Walī al-ʿAṣr, ''Mawsūʿat al-Imām al-ʿAskarī'', vol. 1, p. 38.</ref>Additionally, he was known as "Ibn al-Ridha," a title also attributed to his father, Imam al-Hadi (AS), and his grandfather, [[Imam al-Jawad (AS)]], due to their lineage from Imam al-Ridha (AS).<ref>Ṣadūq, ''Kamāl al-dīn wa tamām al-niʿma''. p. 41, Ibn Shahrāshūb,  ''Manāqib Āl Abī Ṭālib'', Vol. 3, p. 523.</ref> Other titles recorded for him in historical sources include Khālis, Khāṣṣ, Sirāj, Ṣāmit, Zakī, and Taqī.<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Dalāʾil al-imāma'', pp. 423–424; Ibn Shahrāshūb, ''Manāqib Āl Abī Ṭālib''. Vol. 3, p. 523.</ref>
Nowadays, with the development of Mina, the area around Masjid al-Bay'ah, which was previously within the valley and enclosed by mountains, has been cleared. Currently, the mosque is located at the end of the exit path of the second level of the Jamarat towards Mecca, and an iron fence has been placed around the mosque.<ref>Bakr, ''Ashhar al-Masājid fī al-Islām'', p. 169-171; Jaʿfariyān, ''Āthār-i islāmi-yi Makka wa Madīna'', p. 169.</ref>
 
The area of Masjid al-Bay'ah is 500 square meters. The mosque is rectangular in shape, with a length of 27.90 meters and a width of 17 meters. It is constructed of stone and brick and has no roof.<ref>Barakātī, '' Dirāsah Tārīkhiyya li-Masājid al-Mashāʿir al-Muqaddasah: Masjid al-Khayf - Masjid al-Bayʿah bi-Minā'', p. 232.</ref>
Imam Hasan al-Askari’s wife was [[Lady Narjis Khatun]], and their only son was [[Imam Mahdi (AS)]]<ref>Ṣadr al-Dīn al-Ḥusaynī, ''Al-Tatimma fī tawārīkh al-aʾimma'', p. 143;Shūshtarī, ''Rāḥat al-arwāḥ'', p. 267.</ref>. However, some historians have mentioned the possibility of other children attributed to him.<ref>Maṣʿūdī, ''Tārīkh al-aʾimma'', p. 22.</ref>
==History of the Construction==
===Martyrdom===
According to an inscription from the year 144 AH, which is still preserved and installed on the western wall of the mosque, the construction of this mosque was commissioned by Abu Ja'far al-Mansur Abbasid (R: 136-158 AH/753-775).<ref>Al-Ḥārithī ,'' Al-ʾĀthār al-Islāmiyya fī Makkah al-Mukarrama'', p. 217-218.</ref>  
{{Main| Shrine of the Two Askari Imams}} 
Additionally, an inscription from the year 629 AH/1231-2 is also installed on the southern wall of the mosque, which reports the restoration of the mosque during the time of al-Mustansir Abbasid (R: 623-640 AH/1226-1243).<ref>Kurdī, '' Al-Tārīkh al-Qawīm li-Makkah wa Bayt Allāh al- Karīm'', vol. 6, p. 28.</ref>
 
Other sources also mention Masjid al-Bay'ah throughout various centuries; for instance, [[Ibn Jubayr]] referred to it during his journey to Mecca in the year 578 AH/1182-3.<ref>Ibn Jubayr, '' Al-Tadhkira bi-l-ʾAkhbār ʿan Ittifāqāt al-Asfār'', p. 123.</ref>
Imam Hasan al-Askari (AS) was martyred at the age of 28 on the 8th of Rabi al-Awwal in 260 AH/ 1th January 874 AD, poisoned under the orders of the Abbasid caliph [[al-Mu'tamid]]. He was buried next to his father, Imam al-Hadi (AS), in Samarra. This sacred site is known as the Shrine of the Two Askari Imams (al-Askariyain).<ref>Ṭūsī, Al-Ghayba, p. 219; Mufīd,  Al-Irshād, p. 323; ''Ṭabrisī, Iʿlām al-warā'', p. 131.</ref>
[[Ibn Taymiyyah]] (d. 728 AH/1327-8) also mentioned the existence of the mosque.<ref>Ibn Taymiyya, '' Iqtiḍāʾ al-Ṣirāṭ al-Mustaqīm li-Mukhālafat Aṣḥāb al-Jaḥīm '', p. 426.</ref>  
 
[[Al-Fasi]] (d. 832 AH/1428-9), the historian of Mecca, described the mosque. According to him, the mosque had two porticoes, each with three domes resting on four archways. Behind these porticoes, there was also an open area.<ref>Fāsī al-Makkī, ''Shifāʾ al-gharām bi akhbār al-balad al-ḥarām'',vol. 1, p. 348.</ref>
The burial place of Imam Hasan al-Askari (AS), alongside his father, remains a revered shrine and pilgrimage destination, famously referred to as the [[Shrine of the Two Askari Imams]].<ref>Qazwīnī, ''Maʾāthir al-kubrā'', Vol. 1, p. 315.</ref>
The mosque was also destroyed at various times throughout history; for instance, a report from the 11th century mentions the destruction of the mosque.<ref>Jaʿfariyān, ''Jawāhir al-tārīkh al-makkī'', p. 263.</ref>
 
However, during the Ottoman era, the mosque was rebuilt during the reign of Sultan Abdul Hamid II (1876-1909 CE).<ref>Gāzī,'' Ifādat al-anām'',vol. 2, p. 49.</ref>  
==Period of Imamate==
There is also a report of repairs to parts of the mosque during the reign of King Fahd of Saudi Arabia.<ref>Barakātī, '' Dirāsah Tārīkhiyya li-Masājid al-Mashāʿir al-Muqaddasah: Masjid al-Khayf - Masjid al-Bayʿah bi-Minā'', p. 232.</ref>  
 
==Gallery==
Imam Hasan al-Askari (AS) spent 23 years alongside his father, Imam al-Hadi (AS), and, following his father’s martyrdom, became his successor at the age of 22, as per Imam al-Hadi’s will.<ref>Mufīd, ''Al-Irshād'', pp. 313–315; Ṭabrisī, ''Iʿlām al-warā bi-aʿlām al-hudā'', pp. 131–133; Ibn Shahrāshūb, ''Manāqib Āl Abī Ṭālib'', Vol. 3, pp. 523–524.</ref> His period of Imamate lasted six years (254–260 AH/846- 874 AD).<ref>Ṭūsī, ''Al-Ghayba'', pp. 120–122.</ref>
<gallery>
 
file:پلان مسجد بیعه.jpg|The map of the Bay'ah Mosque
Imam Hasan al-Askari’s Imamate coincided with the reigns of three Abbasid caliphs: al-Mu'tazz (252–255 AH/866-868 AD), al-Muhtadi (255–256 AH/868-869 AD), and al-Mu'tamid (256–279 AH/869-892 AD).<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Dalāʾil al-imāma'' p. 423; Ṭabrisī, ''Iʿlām al-warā'', p. 349; Ibn Shahrāshūb, ''Manāqib Āl Abī Ṭālib'', Vol. 3, p. 523.</ref> During al-Mu'tazz’s rule, the Imam was imprisoned, and an attempt was made on his life, but al-Mu'tazz was killed by Turkish forces before he could carry it out.<ref>Ṭūsī, ''Al-Ghayba'', p. 208.</ref> The harassment and imprisonment of the Imam continued during the reigns of al-Muhtadi<ref>Ṭūsī, ''Al-Ghayba'', p. 205.</ref> and al-Mu'tamid.<ref>Ṭūsī, ''Al-Ghayba'', p. 219; Mufīd, ''Al-Irshād'', p. 323; Ṭabrisī, ''Iʿlām al-warā'', p. 131.</ref>
file:مسجد بیعت2.webp|
 
file:مسجد بیعت1.webp|
Despite the Abbasid authorities’ strict surveillance over the Imam's residence, many of his followers, including narrators, representatives, and companions, maintained contact with him. Notable among them were Ibrahim ibn Mahziyar, [[Abd al-Azim al-Hasani]], [[Uthman ibn Sa’id al-Umari]], and [[Fazl ibn Shadhan al-Nishaburi]].<ref>Ṭūsī, ''Rijāl al-Ṭūsī'', pp. 397–400.</ref>
file:مسجد بیعت6.webp
 
file:مسجد بیعت کتیبه.webp|The inscription of the Bay'ah Mosque.
===Books Attributed to Imam al-Askari=== 
file:مسجد البیعه 6.jpg|The inscription of the Bay'ah Mosque.
 
file:مسجد البیعه 7.jpg|The mihrab of the Bay'ah Mosque.
Among Imam Hasan al-Askari’s cultural contributions are several works attributed to him, including: 
*Kitab al-Manqaba
*Masa'il Abi Muhammad al-Hasan al-Askari
*Tawqi'at al-Imam al-Askari
*Tafsir attributed to Imam Hasan al-Askari<ref>Arbalī, ''Kashf al-ghumma'', pp. 208–210.
</ref> 
 
Additionally, many supplications (duas) from the Imam are preserved in various sources.<ref>Arbalī, Kashf al-ghumma. p. 211.</ref>
 
 
==Imam Hasan al-Askari and Hajj== 
 
There are no conclusive reports of Imam Hasan al-Askari performing [[Hajj]]. He is widely considered the only Imam who could not perform the pilgrimage due to his house arrest in [[Samarra]].<ref>Ṣadr, ''Al-Anbiyāʾ wa al-aʾimma'', p. 466.</ref> However, some sources mention narrations from the Imam in [[Mecca]], and a report by Baladhuri indicates his presence there.<ref>Arbalī, ''Kashf al-ghumma'', Vol. 3, p. 198.</ref>
 
===Sending His Family to Mecca=== 
It is said that shortly before his passing, Imam al-Askari sent his mother and his son, [[Imam Mahdi (AS)]], to perform [[Hajj]].<ref>Masʿūdī, Ithbāt al-waṣiyya, p. 255.</ref> They traveled under the protection of Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn al-Mutahhar, a close associate of the eleventh Imam. Following the pilgrimage, it is believed they moved to [[Medina]], possibly as a place of concealment for the twelfth Imam.<ref>Ṣadr, ''Tārīkh al-siyāsī li-ghaybat al-Imām al-thānī ʿashar (ʿaj)'', p. 124.</ref>
 
===Narrations About Hajj=== 
The Imam provided various narrations related to Hajj, including rulings and spiritual insights. For instance, Muhammad ibn al-Mutahhar narrated a tradition regarding [[Hajj Bazli]] (performing Hajj on behalf of another).<ref>Ṣadūq, ''Musnad al-Imām al-ʿAskarī'', p. 252.</ref> The Imam also conveyed a narration about the philosophy and meanings behind the phrases of [[Labbayk]].<ref>Ṣadūq, ''Man lā yaḥḍuruhu al-faqīh'', Vol. 2, pp. 327–328; Ṣadūq, ''ʿIlal al-sharāʾiʿ'', p. 417.</ref>


</gallery>
==Notes==
==Notes==
{{Notes}}
{{Notes}}
==References==
==References==
{{References}}
{{References}}
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*Abū Saʿīd Shīʿī Sabzawārī al-. ''Rāḥat al-Arwāḥ''. Edited by Muḥammad Sipaḥrī. Tehran: Mīrāth-i Maktūb, 1378 Sh.  
. Azraqī, Muḥammad b. ʿAbd Allāh al-. ''Akhbār Makka wa mā jāʾa fīhā min al-āthār''. Edited by Rushdī Ṣāliḥ Mulḥis. Beirut: 1403 AH.
*ʿĀmilī, Tāj al-Dīn b. ʿAlī b. Aḥmad al-Ḥusaynī al-. ''al-Tatamma fī Tawārīkh al-Aʾimma''. Qom: Muʾassasat al-Baʿtha, 1412 AH.  
. Qāʾidān, Aṣghar. '' Tārīkh wa āthār-i Islāmī-yi Makka wa Madīna''. 4th edition. Qom: Nashr-i Mashʿar, 1381 Sh.
*Amīn, Sayyid Muḥsin. ''Aʿyān al-Shīʿa''. Edited by Ḥasan al-Amīn. Beirut: Dār al-Taʿārif.
. Ibn Ḍiyāʾ Ḥanafī Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad Tārīkh Makkah al-Mukarrama wa al-Masjid al-Ḥarām wa al-Madīna al-Sharīfa wa al-Qabr al-Sharīf**: (d. 854 AH), edited by ʿAlāʾ Ibrāhīm al-Azharī and others, Beirut, Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 1418 AH.
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*ʿAṭṭārūdī Qujānī, ʿAzīz Allāh. ''Musnad al-Imām al-ʿAskarī Abī Muḥammad al-Ḥasan b. ʿAlī ʿalayhimā al-salām''. Beirut: Dār al-Ṣafwa, 1413 AH/1993 CE.
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*Ḥajj al-Anbiyāʾ wa-l-Aʾimma (ʿalayhim al-salām)*. Center for Ḥajj Research. Tehran: Mashʿar, 1416 AH. 
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*Ḥusayn, Jāsim. ''Tārīkh-i Sīyāsī-i Ghaybat-i Imām-i Dawāzdahum (ʿAjj)''. Translated by Sayyid Muḥammad Taqī Āyatullāhī. Tehran: Amīr Kabīr, 1385 Sh. 
. Nāṣir ʿAbd Allāh al-Barakātī;  Dirāsah Tārīkhiyya li-Masājid al-Mashāʿir al-Muqaddasah: Masjid al-Khayf - Masjid al-Bayʿah bi-Minā**: Muḥammad Nīsān Sulaymān Mannāʿ, Dār al-Madīnī liṭ-Ṭibāʿa wa al-Nashr wa al-Tawzīʿ, 1st edition, 1408 AH / 1988 CE.
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*Kashshī al-. *Rijāl al-Kashshī (Ikhtiyār Maʿrifat al-Rijāl)*. Corrected by Mīr Dāmād and Rajāʾī. Qom: Āl al-Bayt, 1404 AH.  
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*Ibn Khallikān. ''Wafayāt al-Aʿyān wa-Anbāʾ al-Zamān''. Edited by Iḥsān ʿAbbās. Lebanon: Dār al-Thaqāfa, no date.
. Muḥammad Ṭāhir Kurdī, ''   Al-Tārīkh al-Qawīm li-Makkah wa Bayt Allāh al-Karīm'' **: Maktabat al-Nahḍa al-Ḥadītha, 1412 AH.
*Kātib al-Baghdādī. ''Tārīkh al-Aʾimma (al-Majmūʿa)''. Qom: Maktabat al-Marʿashī al-Najafī, 1406 AH. 
. Muḥammad ibn Jubayr,  Al-Tadhkira bi-l-ʾAkhbār ʿan Ittifāqāt al-Asfār**:, al-Muʾassasa al-ʿArabiyya li-l-Dirāsāt wa al-Nashr, 2008 CE.
*Kulaynī al- . ''al-Kāfī''. Corrected by ʿAlī Akbar Ghifārī. Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmiyya, 1363 Sh.
. Ibn Taymiyya '' Iqtiḍāʾ al-Ṣirāṭ al-Mustaqīm li-Mukhālafat Aṣḥāb al-Jaḥīm ''. (d. 728 AH), n.p., Dār ʿĀlam al-Kutub, 1419 AH.
*Maḥallātī, Dhabīḥ Allāh. ''Maʾāthir al-Kubrāʾ fī Tārīkh Sāmarrāʾ''. Qom: al-Maktaba al-Ḥaydariyya, 1384 Sh/1426 AH.  
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• Gāzī, ʿAbdullāh b. Muḥammad '' al-. Ifādat al-anām''. Mecca: Maktabat al-Asadī, 1430 AH.
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*''Mawsūʿat al-Imām al-ʿAskarī''. Edited by Sayyid Muḥammad al-Ḥusaynī al-Qazwīnī and others. Qom: Muʾassasat Walī al-ʿAṣr, 1426 AH.
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*Ṭūsī, Shaykh al-. ''Rijāl al-Ṭūsī (al-Abwāb)''. Edited by Jawād al-Qayyūmī al-Iṣfahānī. Qom: al-Nashr al-Islāmī, 1415 AH.

Revision as of 14:52, 11 January 2025

Imam Hasan al-Askari (AS), the eleventh Imam of Shia Muslims and the father of Imam Mahdi (AS), was born in 232 AH/846-7 AD in Medina. During his childhood, he was forced to accompany his father to Samarra, in present-day Iraq, by the Abbasid caliph. He lived there under Abbasid surveillance until his martyrdom in 260 AH/873-4 AD. He was buried alongside his father, Imam al-Hadi (AS), in Samarra, at a site known as the Shrine of the Two Askari Imams.

There are no specific reports about Imam Hasan al-Askari (AS) performing Hajj. However, narrations from him regarding the pilgrimage, its significance, and the meanings behind the phrases of "Labbayk" have been recorded. In addition to the commentary attributed to him, prayers and supplications by the Imam are also found in Islamic sources.

Biography

Hasan ibn Ali ibn Muhammad (AS), commonly known as Imam Hasan al-Askari (AS), was the eleventh Imam of the Twelve Imams in Shia Islam. His father was Imam al-Hadi (AS), and his mother was a noblewoman from Nubia.[1] According to widely accepted accounts, he was born on the 8th of Rabi al-Thani in 232 AH/2th December 846 in Medina.[2]

At the age of four, in 236 AH/850 AD, or possibly in 233 AH/847 AD[3], he accompanied his father to Samarra after the Abbasid caliph Mutawakkil detained his father. Imam Hasan al-Askari (AS) remained in Samarra until the end of his life.[4]

He was given the title "al-Askari" because Mutawakkil housed him in the military district of Samarra.[5]Additionally, he was known as "Ibn al-Ridha," a title also attributed to his father, Imam al-Hadi (AS), and his grandfather, Imam al-Jawad (AS), due to their lineage from Imam al-Ridha (AS).[6] Other titles recorded for him in historical sources include Khālis, Khāṣṣ, Sirāj, Ṣāmit, Zakī, and Taqī.[7]

Imam Hasan al-Askari’s wife was Lady Narjis Khatun, and their only son was Imam Mahdi (AS)[8]. However, some historians have mentioned the possibility of other children attributed to him.[9]

Martyrdom

Main article: Shrine of the Two Askari Imams

Imam Hasan al-Askari (AS) was martyred at the age of 28 on the 8th of Rabi al-Awwal in 260 AH/ 1th January 874 AD, poisoned under the orders of the Abbasid caliph al-Mu'tamid. He was buried next to his father, Imam al-Hadi (AS), in Samarra. This sacred site is known as the Shrine of the Two Askari Imams (al-Askariyain).[10]

The burial place of Imam Hasan al-Askari (AS), alongside his father, remains a revered shrine and pilgrimage destination, famously referred to as the Shrine of the Two Askari Imams.[11]

Period of Imamate

Imam Hasan al-Askari (AS) spent 23 years alongside his father, Imam al-Hadi (AS), and, following his father’s martyrdom, became his successor at the age of 22, as per Imam al-Hadi’s will.[12] His period of Imamate lasted six years (254–260 AH/846- 874 AD).[13]

Imam Hasan al-Askari’s Imamate coincided with the reigns of three Abbasid caliphs: al-Mu'tazz (252–255 AH/866-868 AD), al-Muhtadi (255–256 AH/868-869 AD), and al-Mu'tamid (256–279 AH/869-892 AD).[14] During al-Mu'tazz’s rule, the Imam was imprisoned, and an attempt was made on his life, but al-Mu'tazz was killed by Turkish forces before he could carry it out.[15] The harassment and imprisonment of the Imam continued during the reigns of al-Muhtadi[16] and al-Mu'tamid.[17]

Despite the Abbasid authorities’ strict surveillance over the Imam's residence, many of his followers, including narrators, representatives, and companions, maintained contact with him. Notable among them were Ibrahim ibn Mahziyar, Abd al-Azim al-Hasani, Uthman ibn Sa’id al-Umari, and Fazl ibn Shadhan al-Nishaburi.[18]

Books Attributed to Imam al-Askari

Among Imam Hasan al-Askari’s cultural contributions are several works attributed to him, including:

  • Kitab al-Manqaba
  • Masa'il Abi Muhammad al-Hasan al-Askari
  • Tawqi'at al-Imam al-Askari
  • Tafsir attributed to Imam Hasan al-Askari[19]

Additionally, many supplications (duas) from the Imam are preserved in various sources.[20]


Imam Hasan al-Askari and Hajj

There are no conclusive reports of Imam Hasan al-Askari performing Hajj. He is widely considered the only Imam who could not perform the pilgrimage due to his house arrest in Samarra.[21] However, some sources mention narrations from the Imam in Mecca, and a report by Baladhuri indicates his presence there.[22]

Sending His Family to Mecca

It is said that shortly before his passing, Imam al-Askari sent his mother and his son, Imam Mahdi (AS), to perform Hajj.[23] They traveled under the protection of Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn al-Mutahhar, a close associate of the eleventh Imam. Following the pilgrimage, it is believed they moved to Medina, possibly as a place of concealment for the twelfth Imam.[24]

Narrations About Hajj

The Imam provided various narrations related to Hajj, including rulings and spiritual insights. For instance, Muhammad ibn al-Mutahhar narrated a tradition regarding Hajj Bazli (performing Hajj on behalf of another).[25] The Imam also conveyed a narration about the philosophy and meanings behind the phrases of Labbayk.[26]

Notes

  1. ↑ Masʿūdī, Ithbāt al-Waṣiyya, p. 244.
  2. ↑ Ṭabarī, Dalāʾil al-Imāma, p. 423; Ibn Shahrāshūb. Manāqib Āl Abī Ṭālib, vol. 3, p. 523.
  3. ↑ Ashʿarī al-Qummī, al-Maqālāt wa-l-Firaq, p. 100.
  4. ↑ Masʿūdī, Ithbāt al-Waṣiyya, p. 243-4.
  5. ↑ Ibn Khallikān. Wafayāt al-Aʿyān, vol. 2, p. 94. Muʾassasat Walī al-ʿAṣr, Mawsūʿat al-Imām al-ʿAskarī, vol. 1, p. 38.
  6. ↑ Ṣadūq, Kamāl al-dīn wa tamām al-niʿma. p. 41, Ibn Shahrāshūb, Manāqib Āl Abī Ṭālib, Vol. 3, p. 523.
  7. ↑ Ṭabarī, Dalāʾil al-imāma, pp. 423–424; Ibn Shahrāshūb, Manāqib Āl Abī Ṭālib. Vol. 3, p. 523.
  8. ↑ Ṣadr al-Dīn al-Ḥusaynī, Al-Tatimma fī tawārīkh al-aʾimma, p. 143;Shūshtarī, Rāḥat al-arwāḥ, p. 267.
  9. ↑ Maṣʿūdī, Tārīkh al-aʾimma, p. 22.
  10. ↑ Ṭūsī, Al-Ghayba, p. 219; Mufīd, Al-Irshād, p. 323; Ṭabrisī, Iʿlām al-warā, p. 131.
  11. ↑ Qazwīnī, Maʾāthir al-kubrā, Vol. 1, p. 315.
  12. ↑ Mufīd, Al-Irshād, pp. 313–315; Ṭabrisī, Iʿlām al-warā bi-aʿlām al-hudā, pp. 131–133; Ibn Shahrāshūb, Manāqib Āl Abī Ṭālib, Vol. 3, pp. 523–524.
  13. ↑ Ṭūsī, Al-Ghayba, pp. 120–122.
  14. ↑ Ṭabarī, Dalāʾil al-imāma p. 423; Ṭabrisī, Iʿlām al-warā, p. 349; Ibn Shahrāshūb, Manāqib Āl Abī Ṭālib, Vol. 3, p. 523.
  15. ↑ Ṭūsī, Al-Ghayba, p. 208.
  16. ↑ Ṭūsī, Al-Ghayba, p. 205.
  17. ↑ Ṭūsī, Al-Ghayba, p. 219; Mufīd, Al-Irshād, p. 323; Ṭabrisī, Iʿlām al-warā, p. 131.
  18. ↑ Ṭūsī, Rijāl al-Ṭūsī, pp. 397–400.
  19. ↑ Arbalī, Kashf al-ghumma, pp. 208–210.
  20. ↑ Arbalī, Kashf al-ghumma. p. 211.
  21. ↑ Ṣadr, Al-Anbiyāʾ wa al-aʾimma, p. 466.
  22. ↑ Arbalī, Kashf al-ghumma, Vol. 3, p. 198.
  23. ↑ Masʿūdī, Ithbāt al-waṣiyya, p. 255.
  24. ↑ Ṣadr, Tārīkh al-siyāsī li-ghaybat al-Imām al-thānī ʿashar (ʿaj), p. 124.
  25. ↑ Ṣadūq, Musnad al-Imām al-ʿAskarī, p. 252.
  26. ↑ Ṣadūq, Man lā yaḥḍuruhu al-faqīh, Vol. 2, pp. 327–328; Ṣadūq, ʿIlal al-sharāʾiʿ, p. 417.

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