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"Gutter of the Ka'ba"
'''Imam Hasan al-Askari (AS)''', the eleventh Imam of [[Shia]] Muslims and the father of [[Imam Mahdi (AS)]], was born in 232 AH/846-7 AD in [[Medina]]. During his childhood, he was forced to accompany his father to [[Samarra]], in present-day [[Iraq]], by the [[Abbasid caliph]]. He lived there under Abbasid surveillance until his martyrdom in 260 AH/873-4 AD. He was buried alongside his father, [[Imam al-Hadi (AS)]], in Samarra, at a site known as [[the Shrine of the Two Askari Imams]].
"Gutter of the Ka'ba" (in Arabic: ميزاب الكعبة) is a channel on the northern wall of the [[Ka'ba]] for draining rainwater from its roof. The gutter is located on the side of [[Hijr Isma'il|Hijr Ismail]]. The [[Quraysh]] were the first to build this gutter during the construction of the Ka'ba. This gutter has been reconstructed during various reigns.


Furthermore, in the sayings of the infallibles, the Gutter of the Ka'ba is introduced as a blessed place and a site of worship for the prophets and the Ahl al-Bayt. In Persian literature, poets such as Lari and Khaqani have composed poems about this gutter.
There are no specific reports about Imam Hasan al-Askari (AS) performing [[Hajj]]. However, narrations from him regarding the pilgrimage, its significance, and the meanings behind the phrases of "[[Labbayk]]" have been recorded. In addition to the commentary attributed to him, prayers and supplications by the Imam are also found in Islamic sources.


==Location==
==Biography==
Hasan ibn Ali ibn Muhammad (AS), commonly known as Imam Hasan al-Askari (AS), was the eleventh Imam of the Twelve Imams in Shia Islam. His father was [[Imam al-Hadi (AS)]], and his mother was a noblewoman from Nubia.<ref>Masʿūdī, ''Ithbāt al-Waṣiyya'', p. 244.  </ref> According to widely accepted accounts, he was born on the 8th of Rabi al-Thani in 232 AH/2th December 846  in [[Medina]].<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Dalāʾil al-Imāma'', p. 423; Ibn Shahrāshūb. ''Manāqib Āl Abī Ṭālib'', vol. 3, p. 523.</ref> 


The location of the Gutter of the Ka'ba is on its eastern side, where the rainwater from the roof of the Ka'ba flows into the [[Hijr Isma'il|Hijr Ismail]]. The Gutter of the Kaaba is installed on the northern side, on the roof of the Ka'ba, and directs rainwater into the Hijr Ismail.<ref>Azraqī, ''Akhbār Makka wa mā jāʾa fīhā min al-āthār'', vol. 1, p. 291.</ref>  
At the age of four, in 236 AH/850 AD, or possibly in 233 AH/847 AD<ref>Ashʿarī al-Qummī, ''al-Maqālāt wa-l-Firaq'', p. 100.</ref>, he accompanied his father to Samarra after the Abbasid caliph Mutawakkil detained his father. Imam Hasan al-Askari (AS) remained in [[Samarra]] until the end of his life.<ref>Masʿūdī, ''Ithbāt al-Waṣiyya'', p. 243-4.</ref>
==Terminology==
"Mizab" in Arabic means "gutter," and some believe that "mizab" has a Persian origin from the word "marzab," meaning a water channel or drainage.<ref>Zubaydī, "Tāj al-ʿurūs min Jawāhir al-Qāmūs", vol. 1, p. 302.</ref>
This gutter is also known by the names "Mizab al-Dhahab" (Golden Gutter).<ref>Ghaffārī, "Rāhnemā-ye Haramayn Sharīfayn", vol. 1, p. 178.</ref>
and "Mizab al-Rahma" (Gutter of Mercy).<ref>Batnūnī, "Al-Riḥlah al-Ḥijāziyyah", p. 105. , Khalīlī, "Mawsūʿat al-ʿAtābāt al-Muqaddasah", vol. 2, p. 236.</ref>  
==History==


The Gutter of the Ka'ba has been replaced multiple times throughout history. The Ka'ba built by [[Prophet Ibrahim]] (Abraham) (peace be upon him) did not have a roof.<ref>ʿĀmilī, " Wasāʾil al-Shīʿah", vol. 13, p. 211-214.</ref>
He was given the title "al-Askari" because [[Mutawakkil]] housed him in the military district of Samarra.<ref>Ibn Khallikān. ''Wafayāt al-Aʿyān'', vol. 2, p. 94. 
Therefore, it did not require a gutter. Later, Qusayy b. Kilab built a wooden roof for the [[Ka'ba]] but did not include a gutter for the roof. The Quraysh, who constructed the first sturdy roof for the Ka'ba, also created a place for the rainwater to flow, directing the water into the [[Hijr Isma'il|Hijr Ismail]].<ref>Azraqī, ''Akhbār Makka wa mā jāʾa fīhā min al-āthār'', vol. 1, p. 164.</ref>
Muʾassasat Walī al-ʿAṣr, ''Mawsūʿat al-Imām al-ʿAskarī'', vol. 1, p. 38.</ref>Additionally, he was known as "Ibn al-Ridha," a title also attributed to his father, Imam al-Hadi (AS), and his grandfather, [[Imam al-Jawad (AS)]], due to their lineage from Imam al-Ridha (AS).<ref>Ṣadūq, ''Kamāl al-dīn wa tamām al-niʿma''. p. 41, Ibn Shahrāshūb,  ''Manāqib Āl Abī Ṭālib'', Vol. 3, p. 523.</ref> Other titles recorded for him in historical sources include Khālis, Khāṣṣ, Sirāj, Ṣāmit, Zakī, and Taqī.<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Dalāʾil al-imāma'', pp. 423–424; Ibn Shahrāshūb, ''Manāqib Āl Abī Ṭālib''. Vol. 3, p. 523.</ref> 
"According to Mohammad Taher Kordi in the book 'Tareekh al-Qawim'<ref>Kurdī, ''Al-Tārīkh al-qawīm li Makka wa bayt Allāh al-karīm'', vol. 4, p. 167- 169.</ref>
 
The history of the reconstruction of the Gutter of the Ka'ba is as follows:
Imam Hasan al-Askari’s wife was [[Lady Narjis Khatun]], and their only son was [[Imam Mahdi (AS)]]<ref>Ṣadr al-Dīn al-Ḥusaynī, ''Al-Tatimma fī tawārīkh al-aʾimma'', p. 143;Shūshtarī, ''Rāḥat al-arwāḥ'', p. 267.</ref>. However, some historians have mentioned the possibility of other children attributed to him.<ref>Maṣʿūdī, ''Tārīkh al-aʾimma'', p. 22.</ref>
Here is the history of the reconstruction of the Gutter of the Ka'ba:
===Martyrdom===
{{Main| Shrine of the Two Askari Imams}} 
 
Imam Hasan al-Askari (AS) was martyred at the age of 28 on the 8th of Rabi al-Awwal in 260 AH/ 1th January 874 AD, poisoned under the orders of the Abbasid caliph [[al-Mu'tamid]]. He was buried next to his father, Imam al-Hadi (AS), in Samarra. This sacred site is known as the Shrine of the Two Askari Imams (al-Askariyain).<ref>Ṭūsī, Al-Ghayba, p. 219; Mufīd,  Al-Irshād, p. 323; ''Ṭabrisī, Iʿlām al-warā'', p. 131.</ref> 
 
The burial place of Imam Hasan al-Askari (AS), alongside his father, remains a revered shrine and pilgrimage destination, famously referred to as the [[Shrine of the Two Askari Imams]].<ref>Qazwīnī, ''Maʾāthir al-kubrā'', Vol. 1, p. 315.</ref>
 
==Period of Imamate== 
 
Imam Hasan al-Askari (AS) spent 23 years alongside his father, Imam al-Hadi (AS), and, following his father’s martyrdom, became his successor at the age of 22, as per Imam al-Hadi’s will.<ref>Mufīd, ''Al-Irshād'', pp. 313–315; Ṭabrisī, ''Iʿlām al-warā bi-aʿlām al-hudā'', pp. 131–133; Ibn Shahrāshūb, ''Manāqib Āl Abī Ṭālib'', Vol. 3, pp. 523–524.</ref> His period of Imamate lasted six years (254–260 AH/846- 874 AD).<ref>Ṭūsī, ''Al-Ghayba'', pp. 120–122.</ref> 
 
Imam Hasan al-Askari’s Imamate coincided with the reigns of three Abbasid caliphs: al-Mu'tazz (252–255 AH/866-868 AD), al-Muhtadi (255–256 AH/868-869 AD), and al-Mu'tamid (256–279 AH/869-892 AD).<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Dalāʾil al-imāma'' p. 423; Ṭabrisī, ''Iʿlām al-warā'', p. 349; Ibn Shahrāshūb, ''Manāqib Āl Abī Ṭālib'', Vol. 3, p. 523.</ref> During al-Mu'tazz’s rule, the Imam was imprisoned, and an attempt was made on his life, but al-Mu'tazz was killed by Turkish forces before he could carry it out.<ref>Ṭūsī, ''Al-Ghayba'', p. 208.</ref> The harassment and imprisonment of the Imam continued during the reigns of al-Muhtadi<ref>Ṭūsī, ''Al-Ghayba'', p. 205.</ref> and al-Mu'tamid.<ref>Ṭūsī, ''Al-Ghayba'', p. 219; Mufīd, ''Al-Irshād'', p. 323; Ṭabrisī, ''Iʿlām al-warā'', p. 131.</ref> 
 
Despite the Abbasid authorities’ strict surveillance over the Imam's residence, many of his followers, including narrators, representatives, and companions, maintained contact with him. Notable among them were Ibrahim ibn Mahziyar, [[Abd al-Azim al-Hasani]], [[Uthman ibn Sa’id al-Umari]], and [[Fazl ibn Shadhan al-Nishaburi]].<ref>Ṭūsī, ''Rijāl al-Ṭūsī'', pp. 397–400.</ref> 
 
===Books Attributed to Imam al-Askari=== 
 
Among Imam Hasan al-Askari’s cultural contributions are several works attributed to him, including: 
*Kitab al-Manqaba
*Masa'il Abi Muhammad al-Hasan al-Askari
*Tawqi'at al-Imam al-Askari
*Tafsir attributed to Imam Hasan al-Askari<ref>Arbalī, ''Kashf al-ghumma'', pp. 208–210.
</ref> 
 
Additionally, many supplications (duas) from the Imam are preserved in various sources.<ref>Arbalī, Kashf al-ghumma. p. 211.</ref>
 
 
==Imam Hasan al-Askari and Hajj== 
 
There are no conclusive reports of Imam Hasan al-Askari performing [[Hajj]]. He is widely considered the only Imam who could not perform the pilgrimage due to his house arrest in [[Samarra]].<ref>Ṣadr, ''Al-Anbiyāʾ wa al-aʾimma'', p. 466.</ref> However, some sources mention narrations from the Imam in [[Mecca]], and a report by Baladhuri indicates his presence there.<ref>Arbalī, ''Kashf al-ghumma'', Vol. 3, p. 198.</ref> 
 
===Sending His Family to Mecca=== 
It is said that shortly before his passing, Imam al-Askari sent his mother and his son, [[Imam Mahdi (AS)]], to perform [[Hajj]].<ref>Masʿūdī, Ithbāt al-waṣiyya, p. 255.</ref> They traveled under the protection of Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn al-Mutahhar, a close associate of the eleventh Imam. Following the pilgrimage, it is believed they moved to [[Medina]], possibly as a place of concealment for the twelfth Imam.<ref>Ṣadr, ''Tārīkh al-siyāsī li-ghaybat al-Imām al-thānī ʿashar (ʿaj)'', p. 124.</ref>
 
===Narrations About Hajj=== 
The Imam provided various narrations related to Hajj, including rulings and spiritual insights. For instance, Muhammad ibn al-Mutahhar narrated a tradition regarding [[Hajj Bazli]] (performing Hajj on behalf of another).<ref>Ṣadūq, ''Musnad al-Imām al-ʿAskarī'', p. 252.</ref> The Imam also conveyed a narration about the philosophy and meanings behind the phrases of [[Labbayk]].<ref>Ṣadūq, ''Man lā yaḥḍuruhu al-faqīh'', Vol. 2, pp. 327–328; Ṣadūq, ''ʿIlal al-sharāʾiʿ'', p. 417.</ref>


* In the year 64 AH/683-4, [[Ibn Zubayr]] reconstructed the Ka'ba and installed a gutter for it.
Additional details include:
  * [[Hajjaj b. Yusuf]] made a gutter from brass for the roof of the Ka'ba.
  * [[Walid b. Abd al-Malik]] plated a page with gold on this gutter.
  * Reconstruction of the mizab in 539 AH/1144-5 by Ramshat, who was the builder of [[Ramshat Ribat]] in [[Mecca]].
  * Replacement of the gutter ordered by Caliph al-Muqtadir in 541 AH/1146-7.
  * According to reports, Rameshah, one of the dignitaries of Mecca, ruled Mecca from 701/1301-2 to 746 AH/1345-6 and also constructed a gutter for the Ka'ba.
  * Nasser al-Din Allah also constructed a gutter for the Ka'ba in 781 AH/1379-80, said to be made of wood and decorated with silver.
  * In 959 AH/1552, Sultan Sulaiman Qanooni installed a silver gutter on the Ka'ba.
  * In 962 AH/1554-5, it was replaced with a gold gutter.
  * In 1021 AH/1612-3, Sultan Ahmed decorated it with gold and turquoise.
  * In 1273 AH/1856-7, Sultan Abdul Majid constructed a gutter made of pure gold. This gutter, which used approximately 50 pounds of gold, remained on the Kaaba until the time of Mohammad Taher Kordi's lifetime.<ref>Kurdī, ''Al-Tārīkh al-qawīm li Makka wa bayt Allāh al-karīm'', vol. 4, p. 171.</ref>
==In narrations==
In the narrations, under the Gutter of the Ka'ba is described as the place where Gabriel stood to deliver messages to the [[Prophet Muhammad (s)|Prophet]] and also as a place of worship for the Ahl al-Bayt.<ref>Nūrī, " Mustadrak al-wasāʾil", vol. 9, p. 427.</ref> It has been mentioned in the narrations.<ref> Kulaynī, ''Al-Kāfī'', vol. 4, p. 557.</ref>
Also, there are mentions in narrations about reciting supplications and prayers under the Gutter of the Ka'ba.<ref>Nūrī, " Mustadrak al-wasāʾil", vol. 3, p. 422. , Majlisī, ''Biḥār al-anwār'', vol. 99, p. 230.</ref>
===The cause of healing for the sick===
"In some narrations, the water that flows from the Gutter is described as having healing properties.<ref>Kulaynī, ''Al-Kāfī'', vol. 6, p. 387. , Majlisī,  ''Biḥār al-anwār'', vol. 47, p. 122.
</ref>
==In Persian literature==
the Gutter of the Ka'ba is among the concepts that poets have composed poems about, such as Mahi Lari<ref> Lārī, ''Fatūḥ al-Ḥaramayn'', p. 45-46.</ref>
and Khaqani, like:
"O you thirsty for the clouds of your mercy, like me at the lip of the Gutter of the Ka'ba...
He seeks, blessed by the water of your hand, like a pilgrim from the Gutter of the Ka'ba."<ref>Khāqānī, ''Dīvān Khāqānī'', vol. 1, p. 516.</ref>
==Notes==
==Notes==
{{Notes}}
{{Notes}}
==References==
==References==
{{References}}
{{References}}
*ʿĀmilī, Muḥammad ibn Ḥasan Ḥurr. ''Wasāʾil al-Shīʿah''. Qom: Muʾassasah Āl al-Bayt (ʿA) li-Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth, 1416 AH.
*Abū Saʿīd Shīʿī Sabzawārī al-. ''Rāḥat al-Arwāḥ''. Edited by Muḥammad Sipaḥrī. Tehran: Mīrāth-i Maktūb, 1378 Sh.
*Azraqī, Muḥammad b. ʿAbd Allāh al-. ''Akhbār Makka wa mā jāʾa fīhā min al-āthār''. Edited by Rushdī Ṣāliḥ Mulḥis. Beirut: 1403 AH.
*ʿĀmilī, Tāj al-Dīn b. ʿAlī b. Aḥmad al-Ḥusaynī al-. ''al-Tatamma fī Tawārīkh al-Aʾimma''. Qom: Muʾassasat al-Baʿtha, 1412 AH.  
*Batnūnī, Muḥammad Labīb. ''Al-Riḥlah al-Ḥijāziyyah''. Cairo: Maṭbaʿat al-Jamālīyah, 1329 AH.
*Amīn, Sayyid Muḥsin. ''Aʿyān al-Shīʿa''. Edited by Ḥasan al-Amīn. Beirut: Dār al-Taʿārif.
*Ghaffārī, Ibrāhīm. ''Rāhnemā-ye Haramayn Sharīfayn''. Bījā, Usvah, 1370 SH.
*Arbilī, ʿAlī b. Abī al-Fatḥ al-. ''Kashf al-Ghumma fī Maʿrifat al-Aʾimma''. Beirut: Dār al-Aḍwāʾ, [n.d]. 
*Khāqānī, Badīl ibn ʿAlī. ''Dīvān Khāqānī (Volume 1): Chāmahāhā va Tarkīb-bandhā''. Edited by Mīr Jalāl al-Dīn Kuzāzī. Tehran: Nashr-e Markaz, 1375 SH.
*Ashʿarī al-Qummī, Saʿd b. ʿAbd Allāh, al- (d. 301 AH). *al-Maqālāt wa-l-Firaq*. Qom: Markaz Intishārāt ʿIlmī wa-Thaqāfī, 1360 Sh.
*Khalīlī, Jaʿfar. ''Mawsūʿat al-ʿAtābāt al-Muqaddasah''. Beirut: Muʾassasah al-Aʿlamī li-l-Maṭbūʿāt, 1407 AH / 1987 CE.
*ʿAṭṭārūdī Qujānī, ʿAzīz Allāh. ''Musnad al-Imām al-ʿAskarī Abī Muḥammad al-Ḥasan b. ʿAlī ʿalayhimā al-salām''. Beirut: Dār al-Ṣafwa, 1413 AH/1993 CE. 
*Kulaynī, Muḥammad b. Yaʿqūb al-. ''Al-Kāfī''. Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmīyya, 1375 Sh.
*Ḥajj al-Anbiyāʾ wa-l-Aʾimma (ʿalayhim al-salām)*. Center for Ḥajj Research. Tehran: Mashʿar, 1416 AH.
*Kurdī, Muḥammad Ṭāhir. ''Al-Tārīkh al-qawīm li Makka wa bayt Allāh al-karīm''. Beirut: : Dār al- Khiḍr, 1420 AH.
*Ḥusayn, Jāsim. ''Tārīkh-i Sīyāsī-i Ghaybat-i Imām-i Dawāzdahum (ʿAjj)''. Translated by Sayyid Muḥammad Taqī Āyatullāhī. Tehran: Amīr Kabīr, 1385 Sh. 
*Lārī, Muḥyi al-Dīn. ''Futūḥ al-Ḥaramayn''. Edited by ʿAlī Muḥaddith. Tehran: Intishārāt-e Eṭlāʿāt, 1366 SH.
*Ibn Shahrāshūb . ''Manāqib Āl Abī Ṭālib''. Edited by a group of Najaf scholars. Najaf al-Ashraf: al-Maktaba al-Ḥaydariyya, 1376 AH.
*Majlisī, Muḥammad Bāqir al-. ''Biḥār al-anwār''. Second edition. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 1403 AH.
*Kashshī al-. *Rijāl al-Kashshī (Ikhtiyār Maʿrifat al-Rijāl)*. Corrected by Mīr Dāmād and Rajāʾī. Qom: Āl al-Bayt, 1404 AH. 
* Nūrī. ''Mustadrak al-wasāʾil''. Beirut: Āl al-Bayt, 1408 AH.
*Ibn Khallikān. ''Wafayāt al-Aʿyān wa-Anbāʾ al-Zamān''. Edited by Iḥsān ʿAbbās. Lebanon: Dār al-Thaqāfa, no date.
*Shojāʿī, Muḥammad. ''Ḥajj dar āʾīneh-ye shāʿr-i Fārsī''. 2nd edition. Tehran: Mašʿar, 1388 SH.
*Kātib al-Baghdādī. ''Tārīkh al-Aʾimma (al-Majmūʿa)''. Qom: Maktabat al-Marʿashī al-Najafī, 1406 AH.
*Zubaydī, Sayyid Muḥammad Muṛtaḍā. ''Tāj al-ʿArūs min Jawāhir al-Qāmūs''.Edited by ʿAlī Shīrī. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr lil-Ṭibāʿah wa al-Nashr wa al-Tawzīʿ, 1st edition, 1414 AH.
*Kulaynī al- . ''al-Kāfī''. Corrected by ʿAlī Akbar Ghifārī. Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmiyya, 1363 Sh.
{{end}}
*Maḥallātī, Dhabīḥ Allāh. ''Maʾāthir al-Kubrāʾ fī Tārīkh Sāmarrāʾ''. Qom: al-Maktaba al-Ḥaydariyya, 1384 Sh/1426 AH.
[[fa: ناودان کعبه]]
*Majlisī. ''Biḥār al-Anwār''. Edited by Sayyid Ḥasan al-Mūsawī al-Khurāsān. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 1403 AH.
*Masʿūdī, Abū al-Ḥasan. ''Ithbāt al-Waṣiyya li-l-Imām ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib''. Qom: Anṣārīyān, 1423 AH.
*''Mawsūʿat al-Imām al-ʿAskarī''. Edited by Sayyid Muḥammad al-Ḥusaynī al-Qazwīnī and others. Qom: Muʾassasat Walī al-ʿAṣr, 1426 AH.
*Mufīd. ''al-Irshād''. Beirut: Dār al-Mufīd, 1414 AH.  
*Nuʿmānī al- . ''al-Ghayba''. Edited by Fāris Ḥassūn. Qom: Anwār al-Hudā, 1422 AH.
*Rāwandī, Quṭb al-Dīn . ''al-Kharāʾij wa-l-Jarāʾiḥ''. Edited by Sayyid Muḥammad Bāqir al-Abṭaḥī. Qom: Muʾassasat al-Imām al-Hādī, 1409 AH.
*Ṣadūq al-. ''ʿIlal al-Sharāʾiʿ''. Edited by Sayyid Muḥammad Ṣādiq Baḥr al-ʿUlūm. Najaf al-Ashraf: al-Maktaba al-Ḥaydariyya, 1386 AH.
*Ṣadūq al- . ''Kamal al-Dīn wa-Tamām al-Niʿma''. Edited by ʿAlī Akbar Ghifārī. Qom: al-Nashr al-Islāmī, 1405 AH. 
*Ṣadūq al-. ''Man Lā Yaḥḍuruhu al-Faqīh''. Edithed by ʿAlī Akbar Ghifārī. Qom: al-Nashr al-Islāmī.   
*Sibṭ b. al-Jawzī. ''Tadhkirat al-Khawāṣṣ min al-Umma fī Dhikr Khaṣāʾiṣ al-Aʾimma''. Qom: al-Sharīf al-Raḍī, 1418 AH.     
*Ṭabarasī, Shaykh. Aʿlām al-Warā bi-Aʿlām al-Hudā. Qom: Āl al-Bayt li-Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth, 1417 AH.  
*Ṭabarī al-Shīʿī. ''Dalāʾil al-Imāma''. Qom: al-Baʿtha, 1413 AH. 
*Ṭūsī, Shaykh al-. ''Rijāl al-Ṭūsī (al-Abwāb)''. Edited by Jawād al-Qayyūmī al-Iṣfahānī. Qom: al-Nashr al-Islāmī, 1415 AH.

Revision as of 14:52, 11 January 2025

Imam Hasan al-Askari (AS), the eleventh Imam of Shia Muslims and the father of Imam Mahdi (AS), was born in 232 AH/846-7 AD in Medina. During his childhood, he was forced to accompany his father to Samarra, in present-day Iraq, by the Abbasid caliph. He lived there under Abbasid surveillance until his martyrdom in 260 AH/873-4 AD. He was buried alongside his father, Imam al-Hadi (AS), in Samarra, at a site known as the Shrine of the Two Askari Imams.

There are no specific reports about Imam Hasan al-Askari (AS) performing Hajj. However, narrations from him regarding the pilgrimage, its significance, and the meanings behind the phrases of "Labbayk" have been recorded. In addition to the commentary attributed to him, prayers and supplications by the Imam are also found in Islamic sources.

Biography

Hasan ibn Ali ibn Muhammad (AS), commonly known as Imam Hasan al-Askari (AS), was the eleventh Imam of the Twelve Imams in Shia Islam. His father was Imam al-Hadi (AS), and his mother was a noblewoman from Nubia.[1] According to widely accepted accounts, he was born on the 8th of Rabi al-Thani in 232 AH/2th December 846 in Medina.[2]

At the age of four, in 236 AH/850 AD, or possibly in 233 AH/847 AD[3], he accompanied his father to Samarra after the Abbasid caliph Mutawakkil detained his father. Imam Hasan al-Askari (AS) remained in Samarra until the end of his life.[4]

He was given the title "al-Askari" because Mutawakkil housed him in the military district of Samarra.[5]Additionally, he was known as "Ibn al-Ridha," a title also attributed to his father, Imam al-Hadi (AS), and his grandfather, Imam al-Jawad (AS), due to their lineage from Imam al-Ridha (AS).[6] Other titles recorded for him in historical sources include Khālis, Khāṣṣ, Sirāj, Ṣāmit, Zakī, and Taqī.[7]

Imam Hasan al-Askari’s wife was Lady Narjis Khatun, and their only son was Imam Mahdi (AS)[8]. However, some historians have mentioned the possibility of other children attributed to him.[9]

Martyrdom

Main article: Shrine of the Two Askari Imams

Imam Hasan al-Askari (AS) was martyred at the age of 28 on the 8th of Rabi al-Awwal in 260 AH/ 1th January 874 AD, poisoned under the orders of the Abbasid caliph al-Mu'tamid. He was buried next to his father, Imam al-Hadi (AS), in Samarra. This sacred site is known as the Shrine of the Two Askari Imams (al-Askariyain).[10]

The burial place of Imam Hasan al-Askari (AS), alongside his father, remains a revered shrine and pilgrimage destination, famously referred to as the Shrine of the Two Askari Imams.[11]

Period of Imamate

Imam Hasan al-Askari (AS) spent 23 years alongside his father, Imam al-Hadi (AS), and, following his father’s martyrdom, became his successor at the age of 22, as per Imam al-Hadi’s will.[12] His period of Imamate lasted six years (254–260 AH/846- 874 AD).[13]

Imam Hasan al-Askari’s Imamate coincided with the reigns of three Abbasid caliphs: al-Mu'tazz (252–255 AH/866-868 AD), al-Muhtadi (255–256 AH/868-869 AD), and al-Mu'tamid (256–279 AH/869-892 AD).[14] During al-Mu'tazz’s rule, the Imam was imprisoned, and an attempt was made on his life, but al-Mu'tazz was killed by Turkish forces before he could carry it out.[15] The harassment and imprisonment of the Imam continued during the reigns of al-Muhtadi[16] and al-Mu'tamid.[17]

Despite the Abbasid authorities’ strict surveillance over the Imam's residence, many of his followers, including narrators, representatives, and companions, maintained contact with him. Notable among them were Ibrahim ibn Mahziyar, Abd al-Azim al-Hasani, Uthman ibn Sa’id al-Umari, and Fazl ibn Shadhan al-Nishaburi.[18]

Books Attributed to Imam al-Askari

Among Imam Hasan al-Askari’s cultural contributions are several works attributed to him, including:

  • Kitab al-Manqaba
  • Masa'il Abi Muhammad al-Hasan al-Askari
  • Tawqi'at al-Imam al-Askari
  • Tafsir attributed to Imam Hasan al-Askari[19]

Additionally, many supplications (duas) from the Imam are preserved in various sources.[20]


Imam Hasan al-Askari and Hajj

There are no conclusive reports of Imam Hasan al-Askari performing Hajj. He is widely considered the only Imam who could not perform the pilgrimage due to his house arrest in Samarra.[21] However, some sources mention narrations from the Imam in Mecca, and a report by Baladhuri indicates his presence there.[22]

Sending His Family to Mecca

It is said that shortly before his passing, Imam al-Askari sent his mother and his son, Imam Mahdi (AS), to perform Hajj.[23] They traveled under the protection of Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn al-Mutahhar, a close associate of the eleventh Imam. Following the pilgrimage, it is believed they moved to Medina, possibly as a place of concealment for the twelfth Imam.[24]

Narrations About Hajj

The Imam provided various narrations related to Hajj, including rulings and spiritual insights. For instance, Muhammad ibn al-Mutahhar narrated a tradition regarding Hajj Bazli (performing Hajj on behalf of another).[25] The Imam also conveyed a narration about the philosophy and meanings behind the phrases of Labbayk.[26]

Notes

  1. ↑ Masʿūdī, Ithbāt al-Waṣiyya, p. 244.
  2. ↑ Ṭabarī, Dalāʾil al-Imāma, p. 423; Ibn Shahrāshūb. Manāqib Āl Abī Ṭālib, vol. 3, p. 523.
  3. ↑ Ashʿarī al-Qummī, al-Maqālāt wa-l-Firaq, p. 100.
  4. ↑ Masʿūdī, Ithbāt al-Waṣiyya, p. 243-4.
  5. ↑ Ibn Khallikān. Wafayāt al-Aʿyān, vol. 2, p. 94. Muʾassasat Walī al-ʿAṣr, Mawsūʿat al-Imām al-ʿAskarī, vol. 1, p. 38.
  6. ↑ Ṣadūq, Kamāl al-dīn wa tamām al-niʿma. p. 41, Ibn Shahrāshūb, Manāqib Āl Abī Ṭālib, Vol. 3, p. 523.
  7. ↑ Ṭabarī, Dalāʾil al-imāma, pp. 423–424; Ibn Shahrāshūb, Manāqib Āl Abī Ṭālib. Vol. 3, p. 523.
  8. ↑ Ṣadr al-Dīn al-Ḥusaynī, Al-Tatimma fī tawārīkh al-aʾimma, p. 143;Shūshtarī, Rāḥat al-arwāḥ, p. 267.
  9. ↑ Maṣʿūdī, Tārīkh al-aʾimma, p. 22.
  10. ↑ Ṭūsī, Al-Ghayba, p. 219; Mufīd, Al-Irshād, p. 323; Ṭabrisī, Iʿlām al-warā, p. 131.
  11. ↑ Qazwīnī, Maʾāthir al-kubrā, Vol. 1, p. 315.
  12. ↑ Mufīd, Al-Irshād, pp. 313–315; Ṭabrisī, Iʿlām al-warā bi-aʿlām al-hudā, pp. 131–133; Ibn Shahrāshūb, Manāqib Āl Abī Ṭālib, Vol. 3, pp. 523–524.
  13. ↑ Ṭūsī, Al-Ghayba, pp. 120–122.
  14. ↑ Ṭabarī, Dalāʾil al-imāma p. 423; Ṭabrisī, Iʿlām al-warā, p. 349; Ibn Shahrāshūb, Manāqib Āl Abī Ṭālib, Vol. 3, p. 523.
  15. ↑ Ṭūsī, Al-Ghayba, p. 208.
  16. ↑ Ṭūsī, Al-Ghayba, p. 205.
  17. ↑ Ṭūsī, Al-Ghayba, p. 219; Mufīd, Al-Irshād, p. 323; Ṭabrisī, Iʿlām al-warā, p. 131.
  18. ↑ Ṭūsī, Rijāl al-Ṭūsī, pp. 397–400.
  19. ↑ Arbalī, Kashf al-ghumma, pp. 208–210.
  20. ↑ Arbalī, Kashf al-ghumma. p. 211.
  21. ↑ Ṣadr, Al-Anbiyāʾ wa al-aʾimma, p. 466.
  22. ↑ Arbalī, Kashf al-ghumma, Vol. 3, p. 198.
  23. ↑ Masʿūdī, Ithbāt al-waṣiyya, p. 255.
  24. ↑ Ṣadr, Tārīkh al-siyāsī li-ghaybat al-Imām al-thānī ʿashar (ʿaj), p. 124.
  25. ↑ Ṣadūq, Musnad al-Imām al-ʿAskarī, p. 252.
  26. ↑ Ṣadūq, Man lā yaḥḍuruhu al-faqīh, Vol. 2, pp. 327–328; Ṣadūq, ʿIlal al-sharāʾiʿ, p. 417.

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