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'''Prophet Muhammad (s)''', the son of Abdullah, is the Prophet of Islam. He was born in [[Mecca]], attained prophethood at the age of forty, and began inviting people to Islam in Mecca. Fourteen years later, he went to [[the city of Yathrib]] to expand his invitation, a city that was later named [[Medina]] after the Prophet's arrival and became the center of the Islamic government. He lived in this city for ten years, and the [[Masjid al-Nabī|Prophet's Mosque]] was his residence along with his wives. Later, mosques were built in various places where he visited or prayed.
'''Muhammad ibn 'Abd Allah (S)''', the Prophet of Islam, was born in [[Mecca]]. At the age of forty, he was bestowed with prophethood and commenced his mission of inviting people to Islam in Mecca. Fourteen years later, he migrated to Yathrib, which was subsequently renamed [[Medina |Madina al-Nabi]] (the City of the Prophet) in his honor, and it became the epicenter of the Islamic governance. The Prophet (S) resided in this blessed city for ten years, living with his noble wives in chambers adjacent to al-Masjid al-Nabawi. Over time, mosques were established in various places where the Prophet (S) had visited or offered his prayers.


==Birthday==
==Birth of the Prophet Muhammad (S)==
Most Shi'ites consider the seventeenth of Rabi' al-Awwal as the date of the birth of the prophet, while most Sunnis consider the twelfth of Rabi' al-Awwal as his birthday.<ref>Āyatī, Muḥammad Ibrāhīm. ''Tārīkh-i payāmbar-i Islām'', p. 43</ref>)
Most Shia Muslims commemorate the birth of the Prophet Muhammad (S) on the 17th of Rabi' al-Awwal, while most Sunni Muslims observe it on the 12th of the same month.<ref>Āyatī, Muḥammad Ibrāhīm. ''Tārīkh-i Payāmbar-i Islām'', p. 43</ref>
His father was [[Abdullah b. Abdul-Muttalib]] and his mother was [[Amina bint Wahb b. Abd Manaf]].<ref>Ibn Hishām, ''Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya'', vol. 1, p. 157.</ref>
Muhammad was born in a house in the neighborhood of [[Abu Talib]], which later became known as [[Prophet's birthplace|the House of the Prophet's Birth]] and was respected. After his birth, he was entrusted to [[Halima]], the daughter of Abu Dhuaib, to nurse him. He resided with Halima among the tribe of Banu Sa'ad ibn Bakr ibn Hawazin for four years, and in the fifth year, Halima returned him to his mother.<ref>Masʿūdī, ''Murūj al-dhahab wa maʿadin al-jawhar'', vol. 2, p. 280.</ref>


==From childhood to marriage==
His father was [[Abdullah ibn Abd al-Muttalib]], and his mother was [[Amina bint Wahb ibn Abd Manaf]]. <ref>Ibn Hishām, ''al-Sīra al-Nabawīyya'', vol. 1, p. 157.</ref>
From childhood to youth and the marriage of Prophet Muhammad, some events have been highlighted by biographers.


===Death of Parents===
The Prophet Muhammad (S) was born in a house in the valley of Abu Talib ([[Shi'b Abi Talib]]), which later became known as [[Mawlid al-Nabi]] and is revered by Muslims.
At the age of six, the Prophet accompanied his mother Amina to [[Medina]]. Amina passed away on the return journey in a place called [[Abwa]] and was buried there. [[Umm Ayman]], after Amina's death, took the Prophet back to Mecca. [[Abdul-Muttalib]], the grandfather of Muhammad(s), took care of him until the age of eight, and upon Abdul-Muttalib's passing, his care was entrusted to his uncle, [[Abu Talib]].<ref>Ibn Hishām, ''Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya'', vol. 1, p. 168-169,179; Masʿūdī, ''Murūj al-dhahab wa maʿadin al-jawhar'', vol. 2, p. 281.</ref>
Upon his birth, he was entrusted to [[Halimah]] bint Abi Dhu’ayb to be nursed. The Prophet Muhammad (S) spent four years with Halimah among the tribe of Banu Sa’ad ibn Bakr ibn Hawazin. In the fifth year, Halimah returned him to his mother, Amina.
<ref>Masʿūdī, ''Murūj al-dhahab'', vol. 2, p. 280.</ref>
 
{{more|Ancestors of the Messenger of Allah (S).}}
 
==From Childhood to Marriage==
The life of the Prophet Muhammad (S) from childhood to his youth and eventual marriage is rich with significant events and milestones that have captivated the attention of biographers and historians. These formative years laid the foundation for his future role as the final Messenger of Allah, highlighting the remarkable journey of a boy destined to change the course of history.
 
===Passing of His Parents===
At the tender age of six, the Prophet Muhammad (S) embarked on a journey with his mother, Amina, to Medina. Tragically, on their return trip, Amina fell ill and passed away in the village of [[Abwa]], where she was laid to rest. Following this heartbreaking loss, [[Umm Ayman]] lovingly escorted the young Muhammad (S) back to Mecca. His grandfather, [[Abd al-Muttalib]], then took him under his protective care until he, too, passed away when Muhammad was eight. Thereafter, his devoted uncle, Abu Talib, embraced the responsibility of his guardianship, ensuring his nephew's well-being and nurturing him into adulthood.<ref>Ibn Hishām, ''al-Sīra al-Nabawīyya'', vol. 1, p. 168-169,179; Masʿūdī, ''Murūj al-dhahab'', vol. 2, p. 281.</ref>
 
===Journey to Sham===
At the age of twelve, nine, or thirteen, the Prophet Muhammad (S) joined his uncle Abu Talib on a trading caravan of [[Quraysh]] to Sham ([[Syria]]). Years later, at twenty-five, he embarked on another trading expedition to Sham, this time managing the business affairs of Lady Khadija (S). This pivotal journey not only marked his successful career in trade but also culminated in his marriage to Lady [[Khadija]] (S), forging a profound partnership that would significantly shape his future mission.<ref>Ibn Hishām, ''al-Sīra al-Nabawīyya'', vol. 1, p. 181; Yaʿqūbī, ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī'', vol. 2, p. 20.</ref>


===Journey to Syria===
At the age of twelve, or some say nine or thirteen, prophet Muhammad(s) accompanied Abu Talib on a trade caravan of the [[Quraysh]] to [[Syria]]. Muhammad once again traveled to Syria at the age of twenty-five for trade, financed by [[Khadija]], a journey that laid the groundwork for the marriage of Muhammad (s) and Khadijah.<ref>Ibn Hishām, ''Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya'', vol. 1, p. 181; Yaʿqūbī, ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī'', vol. 2, p. 20.</ref>
==Reconstruction of the Ka'ba==
==Reconstruction of the Ka'ba==
Ten years after his marriage to Khadija and fifteen years after the fourth Fijar, when the Messenger of God was thirty-five years old, the Quraysh decided to reconstruct the Kaaba. In this reconstruction, Muhammad placed [[the Black Stone]](Hajar al-aswad) in its place.<ref>Ibn Hishām, ''Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya'', vol. 1, p. 192; Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-Ṭabarī'', p. 321-323.</ref>  
{{main|Reconstruction of the Ka'ba before Islam}}
Some reports suggest that the Prophet's age at the time of this event was twenty-five.<ref>Yaʿqūbī, ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī'', vol. 1, p. 19.</ref>
 
A decade after his blessed marriage to Lady Khadija (RA) and fifteen years following the fourth Fijar War, the Prophet Muhammad (S), at the age of thirty-five, was honored to participate in the momentous reconstruction of the [[Kaaba]]. The Quraysh tribe, driven by a profound reverence for the sacred sanctuary, embarked on this noble endeavor. During this significant undertaking, the Prophet Muhammad (S) was bestowed with the esteemed role of placing the Black Stone ([[Hajar al-Aswad]]) in its rightful position. <ref>Ibn Hishām, ''al-Sīra al-Nabawīyya'', vol. 1, p. 192; Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-Ṭabarī'', p. 321-323.</ref>  
 
Although some sources suggest that this pivotal event occurred when the Prophet (S) was twenty-five, it remains a testament to his esteemed place and revered status among his people even before his prophethood.<ref>Yaʿqūbī, ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī'', vol. 1, p. 19.</ref>
 
==Tahannuth in Hira'==  
==Tahannuth in Hira'==  
The Prophet Muhammad used to spend some time in seclusion and solitude in the cave of Hira every year. Some have said that this period lasted for one month each year, and according to some narrations, it was during the month of Ramadan.<ref>Ibn Hishām, ''Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya'', vol. 1, p. 236.</ref>
{{main|Tahannuth}}
 
Each year, the Prophet Muhammad (S) devoted a period of time to profound seclusion and spiritual reflection in the [[Cave of Hira]], nestled on [[Mount Hira]]. This sacred retreat, which some reports suggest lasted for a month annually, was a time of deep contemplation and connection with the Divine. According to certain traditions, this period of I'tikaf often coincided with the blessed month of [[Ramadan]], further elevating the spiritual significance of his retreat and preparing him for the monumental revelations to come.<ref>Ibn Hishām, ''al-Sīra al-Nabawīyya'', vol. 1, p. 236.</ref>


==Bi'tha==
==Bi'tha==
According to the widely accepted belief among Shia Muslims (Imamiyyah), the event of the Ba'athat occurred on the 27th day of the month of Rajab. However, according to the popular belief among Sunni Muslims, it took place during the month of Ramadan.<ref> Āyatī, ''Tārīkh-i payāmbar-i Islām'', p. 67.</ref>
{{main|Bi'tha}}
According to some reports, the first encounter of the Prophet Muhammad with the Angel Gabriel occurred during one of his days of seclusion (I'tikaf) in [[cave of Hira|the cave of Hira]].<ref>Ibn Hishām, ''Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya'', vol. 1, p. 236.</ref> It is said that Muhammad was forty years old at this time.<ref>Yaʿqūbī, ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī'', vol. 2, p. 22.</ref>
There is a difference of opinion regarding the first verses revealed to the Prophet Muhammad(s). Some believe that the first five verses of Sura Al-Alaq (Sura 96) were the initial revelations, while others argue that the first verses were from Sura Al-Muddathir (Surah 74). Additionally, some scholars consider the Surah Al-Fatiha (Sura 1), as the first revelation.<ref> Āyatī, ''Tārīkh-i payāmbar-i Islām'', p. 70.</ref>
==The commencement of the Prophet's call in Mecca==
Among the family members of Prophet Muhammad, the first believers and supporters were [[Ali]] and [[Khadija]].<ref>Yaʿqūbī, ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī'', vol. 2, p. 23.</ref>
[[Hamza b. Abdul-Muttalib]] also embraced Islam in the second or sixth year after the commencement of the Bi'tha. Besides them, a group of Meccans joined him. The companions of the Prophet used to go to the outskirts of [[Mecca]] to pray until a confrontation between them and the Meccan polytheists led them to thereafter pray at [[the house of Arqam]].


Three years after the beginning of the Prophet's mission, he publicly declared his call in Mecca and expanded it. From then on, the polytheists sought to constrain the Prophet. The prophet(s) also explored new ways to expand his call. In the fifth year of the mission, he sent a group of Muslims to [[Abyssinia]] and traveled to Ta'if to find supporters in that city.<ref>Yaʿqūbī, ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī'', vol. 2, p. 36.</ref> During the pilgrimage days, the Prophet would engage in discussions with the pilgrims and invite them to Islam.<ref>Yaʿqūbī, ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī'', vol. 2, p. 36.</ref>
According to the widely accepted belief among Shi'a Muslims ([[Imamiyyah]]), the event of the Bi'tha occurred on the 27th day of the month of Rajab. However, according to the popular belief among [[Sunni]] Muslims, it took place during the month of Ramadan.<ref> Āyatī, ''Tārīkh-i Payāmbar-i Islām'', p. 67.</ref>
===The acquaintance of the people of Medina with the Prophet===
According to reports, the first divine encounter between the Prophet Muhammad (S) and the [[Angel Gabriel]] took place during one of the Prophet's periods of seclusion in the [[Cave of Hira]]. It is commonly believed that the Prophet Muhammad (S) was forty years old at this pivotal moment.<ref>Ibn Hishām, ''al-Sīra al-Nabawīyya'', vol. 1, p. 236.</ref> It is said that Muhammad (s) was forty years old at this time.<ref>Yaʿqūbī, ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī'', vol. 2, p. 22.</ref>
In the eleventh year after Bi'tha/620 AD, during the days of Hajj, the Prophet met with six individuals from the [[tribe of Khazraj]] in [[Yathrib]] (later known as Medina) and invited them to Islam. After returning to Yathrib, this group brought up the Prophet's invitation.<ref>Ibn Hishām, ''Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya'', vol. 1, p. 428-431.</ref>


During the Hajj of the twelfth year of the Bi'tha/621 AD, twelve individuals from the people of Yathrib pledged allegiance to the Prophet at [[Aqaba]], known as the [[First Aqaba pledge]]. In the thirteenth year's Hajj, around seventy dignitaries from [[Medina]] met with the Prophet and pledged allegiance, known as the [[Second Aqaba pledge]]/ 622 AD, inviting him to migrate to Medina.<ref>Ibn Hishām, ''Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya'', vol. 1, p. 438; Yaʿqūbī, ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī'', vol. 2, p. 38.</ref>
There is also some scholarly debate regarding the specific verses that were revealed first. Some scholars maintain that the initial five verses of Surah Al-'Alaq (Chapter 96) were the first to be revealed, while others propose that Surah Al-Muddathir (Chapter 73) marked the beginning of the revelation. Additionally, some argue that the opening verses of Surah Al-Fatiha (Chapter 1) were the first to be revealed. This diversity of opinion reflects the richness of Islamic tradition and the depth of scholarly engagement with the sacred texts.<ref> Āyatī, ''Tārīkh-i Payāmbar-i Islām'', p. 70.</ref>


==Migration to the medina==  
==Commencement of the Prophet's Call in Mecca==
In the nascent stages of the Prophetic Call, several esteemed members of Prophet Muhammad's (S) close circle were among the first to embrace Islam. His revered cousin, [[Ali ibn Abi Talib]], and his beloved wife, [[Khadijah bint Khuwaylid]], were among the earliest converts..<ref>Yaʿqūbī, ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī'', vol. 2, p. 23.</ref>


The migration of Muslims began after the second pledge at Al-Aqaba in Dhu al-Hijjah of the thirteenth year after Bi'tha/622 AD . The Prophet himself migrated in the first of Rabi' al-Awwal of the year 14 after the Bi'tha/ 623 AD. The Prophet's journey to Medina later became known as the Hijra route. He entered Quba on the twelfth of Rabi' al-Awwal, which was one of the neighborhoods of Medina.<ref>Ibn Hishām, ''Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya'', vol. 1, p. 590; Masʿūdī, ''Murūj al-dhahab wa maʿadin al-jawhar'', vol. 2, p. 286.</ref>
Additionally, [[Hamzah ibn Abd al-Muttalib]] embraced the faith in either the second or sixth year of the Prophethood. Alongside these prominent figures, several Meccans were inspired by the Prophet's (S) message and joined his cause.


==The Prophet in Medina==
Initially, the companions would venture into the valleys of Mecca to perform their prayers, seeking solitude and peace. However, after facing hostility and confrontation from the polytheists of Mecca, they relocated their prayer gatherings to the house of [[Al-Arqam]]. This residence became a pivotal sanctuary for the early Muslims, offering them a secure and private place for worship and community gatherings amidst growing opposition.
The Prophet lived in [[Medina]] for ten years and passed away in this city. The migration to Medina later became the beginning of Islamic history. The years following the migration were the years of the establishment of the Muslim state under the leadership of the Prophet. During these years, several small and large battles occurred between the Muslims of Medina and the polytheists of Quraysh or other tribes around or within Medina (the Jews).<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-Ṭabarī'', vol. 2, p. 491; Masʿūdī, ''Murūj al-dhahab wa maʿadin al-jawhar'', vol. 2, p. 287-289.</ref>
The most important of these are the battles of [[Badr]], [[Uhud]], the Trench, [[Hudaybiyya]], and [[Khaybar]]. Gradually, the power of the Muslims increased, and in the eighth year, with the conquest of Mecca, their power was consolidated in a large part of the Arabian Peninsula.
==The Conquest of Mecca==
The Conquest of Mecca took place in the eighth year after the Hijra/ 630 AD.<ref>Masʿūdī, ''Murūj al-dhahab wa maʿadin al-jawhar'', vol. 2, p. 296.</ref> He went to the [[al-Masjid al-Haram|Masjid al-Haram]] riding on a camel and circumambulated the [[Ka'ba]] seven times, then touched [[the Black Stone]] with a stick he had in his hand.<ref> Āyatī, ''Tārīkh-i payāmbar-i Islām'', p. 464.</ref>
After the [[conquest of Mecca]], the prophet(s) entered the Ka'ba, smashed the idols, stood at the door of the Ka'ba, and addressed the people.<ref>Yaʿqūbī, ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī'', vol. 2, p. 60; Āyatī,  ''Tārīkh-i payāmbar-i Islām'', p. 466.</ref>


==The memorials of Muhammad in Mecca and Medina==
[[Public Announcement and Early Opposition]]
In addition to the Quran, which is the holy book of Muslims and the result of divine revelation to the Prophet, Muslims consider many places or buildings associated with him as valuable memorials. Among them, mosques have been built in various locations in Mecca and Medina where the Prophet prayed.<ref>Numayrī, ''Tārīkh al-madīna al-munawwara'', vol. 1, p. 75.</ref>
Three years into his Prophethood, the Prophet Muhammad (S) publicly announced his mission in Mecca, expanding his call to Islam. This bold move prompted the polytheists to intensify their efforts to restrict and oppose him. In response to these challenges, the Prophet (S) sought new avenues to disseminate his message.
Many of these memorials are still standing today. The most important of these buildings is the [[Al-Masjid al-Nabawi|Prophet's Mosque]], which was connected to the house of the Prophet and his wives. The Prophet's body was buried in this mosque after his death. Today, the Prophet's Mosque is the largest pilgrimage site for Muslims after the Masjid al-Haram in Mecca.
In the fifth year of the Prophethood, he sent a group of his followers to [[Abyssinia]] (modern-day Ethiopia) to find refuge from the persecution in Mecca This migration, known as the first Hijrah, was led by Ja'far ibn Abi Talib and marked a significant step in the early Muslim community's quest for safety and freedom. The Prophet (S) also traveled to Ta'if, hoping to find support and new converts among its inhabitants. Although his mission there faced rejection and hostility, it demonstrated his relentless dedication to spreading the message of Islam.<ref>Yaʿqūbī, ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī'', vol. 2, p. 36.</ref> During the [[Hajj]] season, when pilgrims from various regions gathered in Mecca, the Prophet (S) actively engaged with them, inviting them to embrace Islam. His efforts during these gatherings aimed to reach beyond Mecca, spreading the message to different tribes and communities and laying the groundwork for the future spread of Islam.<ref>Yaʿqūbī, ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī'', vol. 2, p. 36.</ref>
Even outside the cities of Mecca and Medina, places where the Prophet prayed during his journeys and expeditions later became mosques. Among them, one can mention the 17 mosques along the route of the Tabuk Expedition, which were built from Medina to [[Tabuk]].<ref>Āyatī,  ''Tārīkh-i payāmbar-i Islām'', p. 500.</ref>
 
==Hajj==
===The acquaintance of the people of Medina with the Prophet(S)===
In the eleventh year of Prophethood, during the pilgrimage season, the Prophet Muhammad (S) met with six individuals from the [[Khazraj]] tribe of [[Yathrib]]. He invited them to embrace Islam, and they were moved by his message. Upon returning to Yathrib, these six individuals shared the Prophet's invitation with their people. This marked the beginning of the spread of Islam in Yathrib.<ref>Ibn Hishām, ''al-Sīra al-Nabawīyya'', vol. 1, p. 428-431.</ref>
 
In the twelfth year of the Prophet Muhammad's (S) mission, during the annual [[Hajj]] pilgrimage, twelve representatives from [[Yathrib]] (later known as Medina) convened with the Prophet at [[Aqaba]] in [[Mina]]. This meeting, known as the [[First Pledge of Aqaba]], marked the initial formal acceptance of his message by the people of Yathrib.
 
The subsequent year, in the thirteenth year of his Prophethood, approximately seventy distinguished individuals from [[Medina]] reconvened at the same location to offer their allegiance in what is referred to as the Second Pledge of Aqaba. During this significant assembly, they extended a formal invitation to the Prophet (S) to migrate to Medina, pledging their full support and protection. This event was crucial in facilitating the Prophet's migration ([[Hijra]]) to Medina, which played a decisive role in the consolidation and expansion of the Islamic community.<ref>Ibn Hishām, ''al-Sīra al-Nabawīyya'', vol. 1, p. 438; Yaʿqūbī, ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī'', vol. 2, p. 38.</ref>
 
==Migration to Medina==
[[Main Article: Hijra]]
The migration of Muslims began following the Second Pledge of Aqaba in Dhu al-Hijjah of the thirteenth year of the Prophethood. The Prophet Muhammad (S) undertook his own migration on the first of Rabi' al-Awwal in the fourteenth year of his mission. The route taken by the Prophet (S) to Medina subsequently became known as the "Path of Hijra." On the twelfth of Rabi' al-Awwal, the Prophet (S) arrived in Quba, a district within Medina.<ref>Ibn Hishām, ''al-Sīra al-Nabawīyya'', vol. 1, p. 590; Masʿūdī, ''Murūj al-dhahab'', vol. 2, p. 286.</ref>
 
==The Prophet (s) in Medina==
The Prophet Muhammad (S) resided in Medina for ten years, where he passed away. The migration to Medina later became the starting point for the [[Islamic calendar]]. The years following the [[Hijra]] were marked by the establishment of the Muslim state under the Prophet's leadership. During this period, several significant conflicts occurred between the Muslims of Medina and the [[Quraysh]] polytheists, as well as other tribes surrounding or within Medina, including the [[Jewish tribes]].<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-Ṭabarī'', vol. 2, p. 491; Masʿūdī, ''Murūj al-dhahab'', vol. 2, p. 287-289.</ref>
 
Among the most significant events during the Prophet Muhammad's (S) time in Medina were the Battles of [[Badr]], [[Uhud]], the Trench ([[Khandaq]]), [[Hudaybiyyah]], and [[Khaybar]]. Gradually, the strength of the Muslim community increased, culminating in the pivotal conquest of Mecca in the eighth year of the Hijra. This victory solidified their power over a large part of the Arabian Peninsula.
 
{{Further Reading|Medina|Ghazwas (Battles)}}
 
==Conquest of Mecca==
{{main|The Conquest of Mecca}}
 
The Conquest of Mecca, a seminal event in Islamic history, took place in the eighth year of the Hijra.<ref>Masʿūdī, ''Murūj al-dhahab'', vol. 2, p. 296.</ref> He first went to [[al-Masjid al-Haram]] riding a camel and circumambulated the [[Ka'ba]] seven times, then touched [[the Black Stone]] with a stick he had in his hand.<ref> Āyatī, ''Tārīkh-i Payāmbar-i Islām'', p. 464.</ref>
 
During this momentous occasion, the Prophet Muhammad (S) journeyed to the Sacred Mosque (Masjid al-Haram) riding a camel. Upon his arrival, he performed the Tawaf of the [[Kaaba]] seven times (seven circumambulations), reverently touching the Black Stone (Hajar al-Aswad) with a staff. After the city was secured, the Prophet (S) entered the Kaaba, where he demolished the idols within. He then stood at the entrance of the Kaaba and delivered a historic speech to the people, marking a pivotal moment in the establishment of Islam.<ref>Yaʿqūbī, ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī'', vol. 2, p. 60; Āyatī,  ''Tārīkh-i Payāmbar-i Islām'', p. 466.</ref>
 
==Memorials of the Prophet (s) in Mecca and Medina==
Beyond the Quran, which remains the sacred text of Islam and the direct result of divine revelation to the Prophet Muhammad (S). Muslims revere many places and structures associated with him as significant memorials. Notably, mosques were constructed at various locations in Mecca and Medina where the Prophet (S) used to pray, and many of these still stand today.<ref>Numayrī, ''Tārīkh al-Madīna al-munawwara'', vol. 1, p. 75.</ref>
 
Among these, the most prominent is Al-Masjid an-Nabawi, which was originally attached to the Prophet's home and that of his wives. After his passing, the Prophet Muhammad (S) was laid to rest in this mosque. Today, Al-Masjid an-Nabawi is the largest place of pilgrimage for Muslims after the Masjid al-Haram in Mecca.
 
{{More Details|Mosques of Medina|Mosques of Mecca}}
 
Even Beyond the two cities of Mecca and Medina, many of the locations where the Prophet Muhammad (S) prayed during his travels and military expeditions were also transformed into mosques. For instance, the seventeen mosques established along the route of the Expedition to Tabuk, between Medina and [[Tabuk]], stand as significant examples of such memorials.<ref>Āyatī,  ''Tārīkh-i Payāmbar-i Islām'', p. 500.</ref>
 
==Performing Hajj (Pilgrimage)==
 
After the migration to Medina, the Prophet Muhammad (S) performed Umrah once in Dhu al-Qi'dah during the sixth year of Hijrah, known as Umrat al-Qada.<ref>Āyatī,  ''Tārīkh-i Payāmbar-i Islām'', p. 427.</ref>
 
He performed Umrah again in Dhu al-Qi'dah following the [[Battle of Hunayn]] in the eighth year of Hijrah. Additionally, in the tenth year of Hijrah, the Prophet (S) performed the [[Hajj]] pilgrimage, which is famously known as the Farewell Pilgrimage ([[Hajjat al-Wada]]).<ref>Masʿūdī, ''Murūj al-dhahab'', vol. 2, p. 297.</ref>
 
The narratives of this pilgrimage by the Prophet (S) serve as vital sources for understanding Islamic jurisprudence and the rituals of Hajj. This pilgrimage is extensively documented and provides significant insights into the religious practices and legal injunctions of Islam.<ref>Ibn Hishām, ''al-Sīra al-Nabawīyya'', vol. 2, p. 605-606.</ref>
It was on the return journey from this pilgrimage that the notable event of [[Ghadir Khumm]] took place, where the Prophet (S) publicly declared [[Ali ibn Abi Talib]] (AS) as his successor.
 
{{More Details|'Umra al-Qada'|Hajjat al-Wada'}}
 
==Demise==
Most historians mark the date of Prophet Muhammad's (S) passing as the 12th of Rabi' al-Awwal, while Shia scholars recognize it as the 28th of Safar. According to historical accounts, the ritual washing ([[Ghusl]]) of the Prophet's body was performed by Ali and [[Abbas]]. He was then interred in the very chamber where he passed away, known as the [[Prophet's chamber]].<ref>Ibn Hishām, ''al-Sīra al-Nabawīyya'', vol. 2, p. 663; Fayyāḍ,  ''Tārīkh-i Islām'',p.111-112.</ref>
 
{{More Details|The Grave of the Prophet (s)}}


After migrating to Medina, the Prophet performed [[Umra]] once in the month of Dhu al-Qi'dah of the sixth year after the Hijra, which is known as [[Umrah al-Qada]].<ref>Āyatī,  ''Tārīkh-i payāmbar-i Islām'', p. 427.</ref>
Once again, after the [[Battle of Hunayn]], in the month of Dhu al-Qi'dah of the eighth year after the Hijra, the Prophet performed Umra. He also performed Hajj once in the tenth year after the Hijra. This pilgrimage is known as the [[Hajjat al-Wida']].<ref>Masʿūdī, ''Murūj al-dhahab wa maʿadin al-jawhar'', vol. 2, p. 297.</ref>
Reports of the Prophet's pilgrimage serve as one of the sources for understanding the jurisprudence and rituals of Hajj among Muslims.<ref>Ibn Hishām, ''Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya'', vol. 2, p. 605-606.</ref>
It was during the return from this same pilgrimage that the event of [[Ghadir Khumm]] occurred, where the Prophet (s) selected Ali b. Abi Talib (s) as his successor.
==Passing Away==
Most historians have reported the Prophet's(s) date of passing as the twelfth of Rabi' al-Awwal, but Shia scholars believe it to be the 28th of Safar. Ali and Abbas conducted the ritual washing of the Prophet's body, and he was buried in the same place where he passed away ([[The Prophet's Chamber|the chamber of the Prophet]]).<ref>Ibn Hishām, ''Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya'', vol. 2, p. 663; Fayyāz,  ''Tārīkh-i Islām'',p.111-112.</ref>
==Wives and Children==
==Wives and Children==
The number of wives of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) has been recorded differently by various sources.<ref>Ibn Hishām, ''Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya'', vol. 1, p. 643; Masʿūdī, ''Murūj al-dhahab wa maʿadin al-jawhar'', vol. 2, p. 290.</ref>
{{Main Article|Ummahat al-Mu'minin (Mothers of the Believers)}}
The prophet muhammad(s) had three sons and four daughters. His sons passed away at a young age. Qasim and Abdullah were born in [[Mecca]] and passed away there, while Ibrahim was born in the eighth year after the Hijra in Medina and passed away in the tenth year. His daughters were Zaynab, Ruqayya, Umm Kulthum, and [[Fatima(s)]].<ref>Āyatī, ''Tārīkh-i payāmbar-i Islām'', p. 60-61.</ref>
 
The number of wives of the Prophet Muhammad (S) is recorded differently across various historical sources. In the Quran Prophet's wives are known as the [[Mothers of the Believers]].<ref>Ibn Hishām, ''al-Sīra al-Nabawīyya'', vol. 1, p. 643; Masʿūdī, ''Murūj al-dhahab'', vol. 2, p. 290.</ref>
The Prophet Muhammad (S) had three sons and four daughters. Unfortunately, all his sons passed away during their childhood. His sons were:
* Qasim: Born in Mecca, he passed away at a young age.
* Abdullah: Also born in Mecca, he too died during his infancy.
* Ibrahim: Born in the eighth year of Hijra in Medina, he passed away in the tenth year of Hijra.
His daughters, who survived into adulthood, were:
* Zainab: She was the eldest daughter of the Prophet (S), born on the 30th [[Year of the Elephant]] when the Prophet was thirty years old. Zainab passed away in the 8th year of Hijra and was buried in the Baqi cemetery.<ref> Madanī al-Barzanjī, Nazhat al-nāzirīn fī masjid sayyid al-awwalīn wa l-akharīn, pp. 312-13.</ref>
* Ruqayyah: She participated in both the migration to Abyssinia and the migration to Medina. Ruqayyah passed away in the 2nd year of Hijra and was buried in the Baqi cemetery.<ref>Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, al-Istīʿāb fī maʿrifat al-aṣḥāb, vol. 3, p. 1038.</ref>
* Umm Kulthum: She passed away in the 9th year of Hijra and was also buried in the Baqi cemetery.
* Fatimah (SA): According to Shia sources, she was born five years after the Prophet's call to prophethood (bi'thah). Sunni sources, however, report that she was born five years before the bi'thah. Fatimah (SA) was the youngest daughter and is highly revered in Islamic tradition. She married Ali ibn Abi Talib, the cousin of the Prophet (S), and had two sons, Hassan and Hussein, who are also significant figures in Islamic history.<ref>Āyatī, ''Tārīkh-i Payāmbar-i Islām'', p. 60-61.</ref><ref>Makarim Shirazi, Tafsir-i nimuna, vol. 27, p. 375; see: Tabatabai'i, al-Mizan, vol. 20, p. 370.</ref>


==Notes==
==Notes==
{{Notes}}
{{Notes}}
==References==
==References==
{{References}}
{{References}}
*Āyatī, Muḥammad Ibrāhīm. ''Tārīkh-i payāmbar-i Islām''. Edited by Abu l-Qāsim Gurjī. Tehran: Intishārat-i Dānishgāh-i Tehran, 1378 Sh.
* Āyatī, Muḥammad Ibrāhīm. ''Tārīkh-i Payāmbar-i Islām''. Edited by Abu l-Qāsim Gurjī. Tehran: Intishārat-i Dānishgāh-i Tehran, 1378 Sh.
*Fayyāz ʿAlī Akbar. Tārīkh-i Islām. Tehran:Intishārat-i Dānishgāh-i Tehran, 1382 Sh.
* Fayyāḍ ʿAlī Akbar. ''Tārīkh-i Islām''. Tehran: Intishārat-i Dānishgāh-i Tehran, 1382 Sh.
*Ibn Hishām, ʿAbd al-Malik. ''Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya''. Edited by Muṣṭafā al-Saqā. Beirut: Dār al-Maʿrifa, [n.d].
* Ibn Hishām, ʿAbd al-Malik. ''Al-Sīra al-Nabawīyya''. Edited by Muṣṭafā al-Saqqā. Beirut: Dār al-Maʿrifa, [n.d].
*Masʿūdī, ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn al-. ''Murūj al-dhahab wa maʿadin al-jawhar''.Beirut: Dār al-Maʿrifa, [n.d].
* Masʿūdī, ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn al-. ''Murūj al-dhahab wa maʿādin al-jawhar''.Beirut: Dār al-Maʿrifa, [n.d].
*Numayrī, Ibn Shubbah. ''Tārīkh al-madīna al-munawwara''. Edited by Fahīm Muḥammad Shaltūt. Beirut: Dār al-Maʿrifa, [n.d].
* Numayrī, Ibn Shubba. ''Tārīkh al-Madīna al-munawwara''. Edited by Fahīm Muḥammad Shaltūt. Beirut: Dār al-Maʿrifa, [n.d].
*Ṭabarī, Muḥammad b. Jarīr al-. ''Tārīkh al-Ṭabarī''. Fourth edition. Beirut: Muʾassisat al-Aʿlamī li-l-Maṭbūʿāt, 1403 AH.
* Ṭabarī, Muḥammad b. Jarīr al-. ''Tārīkh al-Ṭabarī''. Fourth edition. Beirut: Muʾassisat al-Aʿlamī li-l-Maṭbūʿāt, 1403 AH.
*Yaʿqūbī, Aḥmad b. Abī Yaʿqūb al-. ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī''. Beirut: Dār Ṣādir, n.p.
* Yaʿqūbī, Aḥmad b. Abī Yaʿqūb al-. ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī''. Beirut: Dār Ṣādir, n.p.
{{end}}
{{end}}
[[Category:The Prophet (s)]]
[[fa:حضرت محمد (ص)]]
[[fa:حضرت محمد (ص)]]

Latest revision as of 10:18, 9 December 2024

Muhammad ibn 'Abd Allah (S), the Prophet of Islam, was born in Mecca. At the age of forty, he was bestowed with prophethood and commenced his mission of inviting people to Islam in Mecca. Fourteen years later, he migrated to Yathrib, which was subsequently renamed Madina al-Nabi (the City of the Prophet) in his honor, and it became the epicenter of the Islamic governance. The Prophet (S) resided in this blessed city for ten years, living with his noble wives in chambers adjacent to al-Masjid al-Nabawi. Over time, mosques were established in various places where the Prophet (S) had visited or offered his prayers.

Birth of the Prophet Muhammad (S)

Most Shia Muslims commemorate the birth of the Prophet Muhammad (S) on the 17th of Rabi' al-Awwal, while most Sunni Muslims observe it on the 12th of the same month.[1]

His father was Abdullah ibn Abd al-Muttalib, and his mother was Amina bint Wahb ibn Abd Manaf. [2]

The Prophet Muhammad (S) was born in a house in the valley of Abu Talib (Shi'b Abi Talib), which later became known as Mawlid al-Nabi and is revered by Muslims. Upon his birth, he was entrusted to Halimah bint Abi Dhu’ayb to be nursed. The Prophet Muhammad (S) spent four years with Halimah among the tribe of Banu Sa’ad ibn Bakr ibn Hawazin. In the fifth year, Halimah returned him to his mother, Amina. [3]

Further information: Ancestors of the Messenger of Allah (S).

From Childhood to Marriage

The life of the Prophet Muhammad (S) from childhood to his youth and eventual marriage is rich with significant events and milestones that have captivated the attention of biographers and historians. These formative years laid the foundation for his future role as the final Messenger of Allah, highlighting the remarkable journey of a boy destined to change the course of history.

Passing of His Parents

At the tender age of six, the Prophet Muhammad (S) embarked on a journey with his mother, Amina, to Medina. Tragically, on their return trip, Amina fell ill and passed away in the village of Abwa, where she was laid to rest. Following this heartbreaking loss, Umm Ayman lovingly escorted the young Muhammad (S) back to Mecca. His grandfather, Abd al-Muttalib, then took him under his protective care until he, too, passed away when Muhammad was eight. Thereafter, his devoted uncle, Abu Talib, embraced the responsibility of his guardianship, ensuring his nephew's well-being and nurturing him into adulthood.[4]

Journey to Sham

At the age of twelve, nine, or thirteen, the Prophet Muhammad (S) joined his uncle Abu Talib on a trading caravan of Quraysh to Sham (Syria). Years later, at twenty-five, he embarked on another trading expedition to Sham, this time managing the business affairs of Lady Khadija (S). This pivotal journey not only marked his successful career in trade but also culminated in his marriage to Lady Khadija (S), forging a profound partnership that would significantly shape his future mission.[5]

Reconstruction of the Ka'ba

Main article: Reconstruction of the Ka'ba before Islam

A decade after his blessed marriage to Lady Khadija (RA) and fifteen years following the fourth Fijar War, the Prophet Muhammad (S), at the age of thirty-five, was honored to participate in the momentous reconstruction of the Kaaba. The Quraysh tribe, driven by a profound reverence for the sacred sanctuary, embarked on this noble endeavor. During this significant undertaking, the Prophet Muhammad (S) was bestowed with the esteemed role of placing the Black Stone (Hajar al-Aswad) in its rightful position. [6]

Although some sources suggest that this pivotal event occurred when the Prophet (S) was twenty-five, it remains a testament to his esteemed place and revered status among his people even before his prophethood.[7]

Tahannuth in Hira'

Main article: Tahannuth

Each year, the Prophet Muhammad (S) devoted a period of time to profound seclusion and spiritual reflection in the Cave of Hira, nestled on Mount Hira. This sacred retreat, which some reports suggest lasted for a month annually, was a time of deep contemplation and connection with the Divine. According to certain traditions, this period of I'tikaf often coincided with the blessed month of Ramadan, further elevating the spiritual significance of his retreat and preparing him for the monumental revelations to come.[8]

Bi'tha

Main article: Bi'tha

According to the widely accepted belief among Shi'a Muslims (Imamiyyah), the event of the Bi'tha occurred on the 27th day of the month of Rajab. However, according to the popular belief among Sunni Muslims, it took place during the month of Ramadan.[9] According to reports, the first divine encounter between the Prophet Muhammad (S) and the Angel Gabriel took place during one of the Prophet's periods of seclusion in the Cave of Hira. It is commonly believed that the Prophet Muhammad (S) was forty years old at this pivotal moment.[10] It is said that Muhammad (s) was forty years old at this time.[11]

There is also some scholarly debate regarding the specific verses that were revealed first. Some scholars maintain that the initial five verses of Surah Al-'Alaq (Chapter 96) were the first to be revealed, while others propose that Surah Al-Muddathir (Chapter 73) marked the beginning of the revelation. Additionally, some argue that the opening verses of Surah Al-Fatiha (Chapter 1) were the first to be revealed. This diversity of opinion reflects the richness of Islamic tradition and the depth of scholarly engagement with the sacred texts.[12]

Commencement of the Prophet's Call in Mecca

In the nascent stages of the Prophetic Call, several esteemed members of Prophet Muhammad's (S) close circle were among the first to embrace Islam. His revered cousin, Ali ibn Abi Talib, and his beloved wife, Khadijah bint Khuwaylid, were among the earliest converts..[13]

Additionally, Hamzah ibn Abd al-Muttalib embraced the faith in either the second or sixth year of the Prophethood. Alongside these prominent figures, several Meccans were inspired by the Prophet's (S) message and joined his cause.

Initially, the companions would venture into the valleys of Mecca to perform their prayers, seeking solitude and peace. However, after facing hostility and confrontation from the polytheists of Mecca, they relocated their prayer gatherings to the house of Al-Arqam. This residence became a pivotal sanctuary for the early Muslims, offering them a secure and private place for worship and community gatherings amidst growing opposition.

Public Announcement and Early Opposition Three years into his Prophethood, the Prophet Muhammad (S) publicly announced his mission in Mecca, expanding his call to Islam. This bold move prompted the polytheists to intensify their efforts to restrict and oppose him. In response to these challenges, the Prophet (S) sought new avenues to disseminate his message. In the fifth year of the Prophethood, he sent a group of his followers to Abyssinia (modern-day Ethiopia) to find refuge from the persecution in Mecca This migration, known as the first Hijrah, was led by Ja'far ibn Abi Talib and marked a significant step in the early Muslim community's quest for safety and freedom. The Prophet (S) also traveled to Ta'if, hoping to find support and new converts among its inhabitants. Although his mission there faced rejection and hostility, it demonstrated his relentless dedication to spreading the message of Islam.[14] During the Hajj season, when pilgrims from various regions gathered in Mecca, the Prophet (S) actively engaged with them, inviting them to embrace Islam. His efforts during these gatherings aimed to reach beyond Mecca, spreading the message to different tribes and communities and laying the groundwork for the future spread of Islam.[15]

The acquaintance of the people of Medina with the Prophet(S)

In the eleventh year of Prophethood, during the pilgrimage season, the Prophet Muhammad (S) met with six individuals from the Khazraj tribe of Yathrib. He invited them to embrace Islam, and they were moved by his message. Upon returning to Yathrib, these six individuals shared the Prophet's invitation with their people. This marked the beginning of the spread of Islam in Yathrib.[16]

In the twelfth year of the Prophet Muhammad's (S) mission, during the annual Hajj pilgrimage, twelve representatives from Yathrib (later known as Medina) convened with the Prophet at Aqaba in Mina. This meeting, known as the First Pledge of Aqaba, marked the initial formal acceptance of his message by the people of Yathrib.

The subsequent year, in the thirteenth year of his Prophethood, approximately seventy distinguished individuals from Medina reconvened at the same location to offer their allegiance in what is referred to as the Second Pledge of Aqaba. During this significant assembly, they extended a formal invitation to the Prophet (S) to migrate to Medina, pledging their full support and protection. This event was crucial in facilitating the Prophet's migration (Hijra) to Medina, which played a decisive role in the consolidation and expansion of the Islamic community.[17]

Migration to Medina

Main Article: Hijra The migration of Muslims began following the Second Pledge of Aqaba in Dhu al-Hijjah of the thirteenth year of the Prophethood. The Prophet Muhammad (S) undertook his own migration on the first of Rabi' al-Awwal in the fourteenth year of his mission. The route taken by the Prophet (S) to Medina subsequently became known as the "Path of Hijra." On the twelfth of Rabi' al-Awwal, the Prophet (S) arrived in Quba, a district within Medina.[18]

The Prophet (s) in Medina

The Prophet Muhammad (S) resided in Medina for ten years, where he passed away. The migration to Medina later became the starting point for the Islamic calendar. The years following the Hijra were marked by the establishment of the Muslim state under the Prophet's leadership. During this period, several significant conflicts occurred between the Muslims of Medina and the Quraysh polytheists, as well as other tribes surrounding or within Medina, including the Jewish tribes.[19]

Among the most significant events during the Prophet Muhammad's (S) time in Medina were the Battles of Badr, Uhud, the Trench (Khandaq), Hudaybiyyah, and Khaybar. Gradually, the strength of the Muslim community increased, culminating in the pivotal conquest of Mecca in the eighth year of the Hijra. This victory solidified their power over a large part of the Arabian Peninsula.

Template:Further Reading

Conquest of Mecca

Main article: The Conquest of Mecca

The Conquest of Mecca, a seminal event in Islamic history, took place in the eighth year of the Hijra.[20] He first went to al-Masjid al-Haram riding a camel and circumambulated the Ka'ba seven times, then touched the Black Stone with a stick he had in his hand.[21]

During this momentous occasion, the Prophet Muhammad (S) journeyed to the Sacred Mosque (Masjid al-Haram) riding a camel. Upon his arrival, he performed the Tawaf of the Kaaba seven times (seven circumambulations), reverently touching the Black Stone (Hajar al-Aswad) with a staff. After the city was secured, the Prophet (S) entered the Kaaba, where he demolished the idols within. He then stood at the entrance of the Kaaba and delivered a historic speech to the people, marking a pivotal moment in the establishment of Islam.[22]

Memorials of the Prophet (s) in Mecca and Medina

Beyond the Quran, which remains the sacred text of Islam and the direct result of divine revelation to the Prophet Muhammad (S). Muslims revere many places and structures associated with him as significant memorials. Notably, mosques were constructed at various locations in Mecca and Medina where the Prophet (S) used to pray, and many of these still stand today.[23]

Among these, the most prominent is Al-Masjid an-Nabawi, which was originally attached to the Prophet's home and that of his wives. After his passing, the Prophet Muhammad (S) was laid to rest in this mosque. Today, Al-Masjid an-Nabawi is the largest place of pilgrimage for Muslims after the Masjid al-Haram in Mecca.

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Even Beyond the two cities of Mecca and Medina, many of the locations where the Prophet Muhammad (S) prayed during his travels and military expeditions were also transformed into mosques. For instance, the seventeen mosques established along the route of the Expedition to Tabuk, between Medina and Tabuk, stand as significant examples of such memorials.[24]

Performing Hajj (Pilgrimage)

After the migration to Medina, the Prophet Muhammad (S) performed Umrah once in Dhu al-Qi'dah during the sixth year of Hijrah, known as Umrat al-Qada.[25]

He performed Umrah again in Dhu al-Qi'dah following the Battle of Hunayn in the eighth year of Hijrah. Additionally, in the tenth year of Hijrah, the Prophet (S) performed the Hajj pilgrimage, which is famously known as the Farewell Pilgrimage (Hajjat al-Wada).[26]

The narratives of this pilgrimage by the Prophet (S) serve as vital sources for understanding Islamic jurisprudence and the rituals of Hajj. This pilgrimage is extensively documented and provides significant insights into the religious practices and legal injunctions of Islam.[27] It was on the return journey from this pilgrimage that the notable event of Ghadir Khumm took place, where the Prophet (S) publicly declared Ali ibn Abi Talib (AS) as his successor.

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Demise

Most historians mark the date of Prophet Muhammad's (S) passing as the 12th of Rabi' al-Awwal, while Shia scholars recognize it as the 28th of Safar. According to historical accounts, the ritual washing (Ghusl) of the Prophet's body was performed by Ali and Abbas. He was then interred in the very chamber where he passed away, known as the Prophet's chamber.[28]

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Wives and Children

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The number of wives of the Prophet Muhammad (S) is recorded differently across various historical sources. In the Quran Prophet's wives are known as the Mothers of the Believers.[29] The Prophet Muhammad (S) had three sons and four daughters. Unfortunately, all his sons passed away during their childhood. His sons were:

  • Qasim: Born in Mecca, he passed away at a young age.
  • Abdullah: Also born in Mecca, he too died during his infancy.
  • Ibrahim: Born in the eighth year of Hijra in Medina, he passed away in the tenth year of Hijra.

His daughters, who survived into adulthood, were:

  • Zainab: She was the eldest daughter of the Prophet (S), born on the 30th Year of the Elephant when the Prophet was thirty years old. Zainab passed away in the 8th year of Hijra and was buried in the Baqi cemetery.[30]
  • Ruqayyah: She participated in both the migration to Abyssinia and the migration to Medina. Ruqayyah passed away in the 2nd year of Hijra and was buried in the Baqi cemetery.[31]
  • Umm Kulthum: She passed away in the 9th year of Hijra and was also buried in the Baqi cemetery.
  • Fatimah (SA): According to Shia sources, she was born five years after the Prophet's call to prophethood (bi'thah). Sunni sources, however, report that she was born five years before the bi'thah. Fatimah (SA) was the youngest daughter and is highly revered in Islamic tradition. She married Ali ibn Abi Talib, the cousin of the Prophet (S), and had two sons, Hassan and Hussein, who are also significant figures in Islamic history.[32][33]

Notes

  1. ↑ Āyatī, Muḥammad Ibrāhīm. Tārīkh-i Payāmbar-i Islām, p. 43
  2. ↑ Ibn Hishām, al-Sīra al-Nabawīyya, vol. 1, p. 157.
  3. ↑ Masʿūdī, Murūj al-dhahab, vol. 2, p. 280.
  4. ↑ Ibn Hishām, al-Sīra al-Nabawīyya, vol. 1, p. 168-169,179; Masʿūdī, Murūj al-dhahab, vol. 2, p. 281.
  5. ↑ Ibn Hishām, al-Sīra al-Nabawīyya, vol. 1, p. 181; Yaʿqūbī, Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī, vol. 2, p. 20.
  6. ↑ Ibn Hishām, al-Sīra al-Nabawīyya, vol. 1, p. 192; Ṭabarī, Tārīkh al-Ṭabarī, p. 321-323.
  7. ↑ Yaʿqūbī, Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī, vol. 1, p. 19.
  8. ↑ Ibn Hishām, al-Sīra al-Nabawīyya, vol. 1, p. 236.
  9. ↑ Āyatī, Tārīkh-i Payāmbar-i Islām, p. 67.
  10. ↑ Ibn Hishām, al-Sīra al-Nabawīyya, vol. 1, p. 236.
  11. ↑ Yaʿqūbī, Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī, vol. 2, p. 22.
  12. ↑ Āyatī, Tārīkh-i Payāmbar-i Islām, p. 70.
  13. ↑ Yaʿqūbī, Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī, vol. 2, p. 23.
  14. ↑ Yaʿqūbī, Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī, vol. 2, p. 36.
  15. ↑ Yaʿqūbī, Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī, vol. 2, p. 36.
  16. ↑ Ibn Hishām, al-Sīra al-Nabawīyya, vol. 1, p. 428-431.
  17. ↑ Ibn Hishām, al-Sīra al-Nabawīyya, vol. 1, p. 438; Yaʿqūbī, Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī, vol. 2, p. 38.
  18. ↑ Ibn Hishām, al-Sīra al-Nabawīyya, vol. 1, p. 590; Masʿūdī, Murūj al-dhahab, vol. 2, p. 286.
  19. ↑ Ṭabarī, Tārīkh al-Ṭabarī, vol. 2, p. 491; Masʿūdī, Murūj al-dhahab, vol. 2, p. 287-289.
  20. ↑ Masʿūdī, Murūj al-dhahab, vol. 2, p. 296.
  21. ↑ Āyatī, Tārīkh-i Payāmbar-i Islām, p. 464.
  22. ↑ Yaʿqūbī, Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī, vol. 2, p. 60; Āyatī, Tārīkh-i Payāmbar-i Islām, p. 466.
  23. ↑ Numayrī, Tārīkh al-Madīna al-munawwara, vol. 1, p. 75.
  24. ↑ Āyatī, Tārīkh-i Payāmbar-i Islām, p. 500.
  25. ↑ Āyatī, Tārīkh-i Payāmbar-i Islām, p. 427.
  26. ↑ Masʿūdī, Murūj al-dhahab, vol. 2, p. 297.
  27. ↑ Ibn Hishām, al-Sīra al-Nabawīyya, vol. 2, p. 605-606.
  28. ↑ Ibn Hishām, al-Sīra al-Nabawīyya, vol. 2, p. 663; Fayyāḍ, Tārīkh-i Islām,p.111-112.
  29. ↑ Ibn Hishām, al-Sīra al-Nabawīyya, vol. 1, p. 643; Masʿūdī, Murūj al-dhahab, vol. 2, p. 290.
  30. ↑ Madanī al-Barzanjī, Nazhat al-nāzirīn fī masjid sayyid al-awwalīn wa l-akharīn, pp. 312-13.
  31. ↑ Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, al-Istīʿāb fī maʿrifat al-aṣḥāb, vol. 3, p. 1038.
  32. ↑ Āyatī, Tārīkh-i Payāmbar-i Islām, p. 60-61.
  33. ↑ Makarim Shirazi, Tafsir-i nimuna, vol. 27, p. 375; see: Tabatabai'i, al-Mizan, vol. 20, p. 370.

References

  • Āyatī, Muḥammad Ibrāhīm. Tārīkh-i Payāmbar-i Islām. Edited by Abu l-Qāsim Gurjī. Tehran: Intishārat-i Dānishgāh-i Tehran, 1378 Sh.
  • Fayyāḍ ʿAlī Akbar. Tārīkh-i Islām. Tehran: Intishārat-i Dānishgāh-i Tehran, 1382 Sh.
  • Ibn Hishām, ʿAbd al-Malik. Al-Sīra al-Nabawīyya. Edited by Muṣṭafā al-Saqqā. Beirut: Dār al-Maʿrifa, [n.d].
  • Masʿūdī, ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn al-. Murūj al-dhahab wa maʿādin al-jawhar.Beirut: Dār al-Maʿrifa, [n.d].
  • Numayrī, Ibn Shubba. Tārīkh al-Madīna al-munawwara. Edited by Fahīm Muḥammad Shaltūt. Beirut: Dār al-Maʿrifa, [n.d].
  • Ṭabarī, Muḥammad b. Jarīr al-. Tārīkh al-Ṭabarī. Fourth edition. Beirut: Muʾassisat al-Aʿlamī li-l-Maṭbūʿāt, 1403 AH.
  • Yaʿqūbī, Aḥmad b. Abī Yaʿqūb al-. Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī. Beirut: Dār Ṣādir, n.p.
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