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Shah 'Abbas I

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Template:جعبه اطلاعات حاکم Shah 'Abbas I (978–1038 AH) was the fifth king of the Safavid dynasty, who made many pilgrimage journeys to Mashhad and the atabat 'aliyat. His walking journey from Isfahan to Mashhad to visit Imam Reza (a) is one of his most famous travels. He also endowed many properties and assets to the Imams (a).

According to a report, Shah 'Abbas endowed a large part of his properties in the city of Isfahan to the shrine of the Prophet (s) and the Sayyids of Banu Husayn in Medina. He also strove for the development and renovation of the shrines of the Ahl al-Bayt (a) in Iraq. Most of his construction works in the atabat were related to Najaf and the Holy Shrine of Imam 'Ali (a). Shah 'Abbas I is buried in Imamzada Habib b. Musa in Kashan.

Introduction

Shah 'Abbas I, the fifth king of the Safavid dynasty, was born in 978 AH in Herat[1] and revolted against his father in 996 AH, ascending to the throne in Qazvin.[2] In the first years of his reign, Shah 'Abbas moved the capital from Qazvin to Isfahan. In addition to reclaiming lost territories of Iran, he expanded domestic and foreign trade.[3] His era is considered the glorious age of the Safavid dynasty.[4]

He passed away on Thursday, Jumada II 24, 1038 AH, in Balada-yi Ashraf (present-day Behshahr in Mazandaran)[5] and was buried in Imamzada Habib b. Musa in Kashan.[6]

Shi'ism

Some of Shah 'Abbas's actions, including his pilgrimage journeys and attention to the shrines of the Imams (a), have been considered signs of his adherence to Shi'ism.[7] Every year, from the nineteenth to the twenty-seventh of Ramadan, on the occasion of the martyrdom of Imam 'Ali (a), and during the first ten days of Muharram, Shah 'Abbas held rawda-khwani sessions and participated in these gatherings himself.[8] In his writings and decrees, he referred to himself as the *kalb* (dog) of the threshold or the *kalb* of the threshold of wilayah.[9]

Endowments of Shah 'Abbas

During the era of Shah 'Abbas I, a transformation occurred in the institution of waqf.[10] In 1016 AH, Shah 'Abbas divided all his private properties into fourteen parts and endowed them to the Fourteen Infallibles (a), appointing subsequent kings as custodians of these endowments.[11] He also endowed the revenues of a portion of his properties for the expenses of pilgrims, servants, and religious students. Shah 'Abbas endowed all the markets around Naqsh-i Jahan Square and a part of his properties and real estate to the shrine of the Prophet of Islam (s) and the Holy Shrine of Imam 'Ali (a).[12] He also allocated half of the income from these endowments for the sustenance and living expenses of the Sayyids of Banu Husayn residing in Medina (provided they had no other financial assistance and were Twelver Shi'a), and the other half of the income was allocated for the living expenses of the residents of Najaf al-Ashraf.[13] Furthermore, Shah 'Abbas endowed several large collections of manuscripts to some holy shrines and madrasas of hawzas; among them is the endowment of one hundred and twenty small and large manuscripts to the Shrine of 'Abd al-'Azim al-Hasani (a).[14]

Pilgrimage Journeys of Shah 'Abbas

Shah 'Abbas was committed to visiting religious sites and left his capital, Isfahan, many times for pilgrimage.[15] He tried to exploit his frequent and renowned pilgrimages for political, cultural, and religious purposes.[16] He also encouraged others to go on pilgrimage.[17]

Pilgrimage to the Shrine of Imam al-Rida (a)

During his forty-two-year reign, Shah 'Abbas traveled to Mashhad several times for pilgrimage.[18] His first pilgrimage to Mashhad in 997 AH coincided with the beginning of his reign.[19] Ten years after this journey, in 1007 AH, after the Uzbek invasion, which caused much destruction in Khorasan and Mashhad, he visited the shrine of Imam al-Rida (a).[20] During this journey, Shah 'Abbas ordered the construction of houses for pilgrims, a sherbet house, and a kitchen, and appointed Ghazi Sultan Turbati as the custodian of Astān-e Quds-e Rażavī.[21] He again traveled to Khorasan for pilgrimage on Safar 1, 1008 AH, and near Mashhad, out of respect for Imam al-Rida (a), he dismounted his horse and walked the rest of the way. He stayed in Mashhad for sixty-five days, and it is said that he was engaged in prayer, pilgrimage, and service at the shrine every night and day.[22]

Walking Journey from Isfahan to Mashhad

In 1009 AH, Shah 'Abbas undertook his most famous pilgrimage.[23] On this journey, he walked the distance from Isfahan to Mashhad in twenty-eight days.[24] After arriving in Mashhad, Shah 'Abbas resided in the city during the months of Rajab, Sha'ban, and Ramadan. He participated in the religious ceremonies of these days, including the Laylat al-Qadr, at the Razavi shrine. In addition to staying awake at night, he personally performed duties related to the servants, such as sweeping carpets and extinguishing candles, to demonstrate his devotion.[25]

Pilgrimage to Lady Fatima al-Ma'suma (s)

In 1016 AH, Shah 'Abbas I, returning from a trip to Ardabil, went to Qom and spent three days visiting the Shrine of Lady Fatima al-Ma'suma (s).[26]

 
The tomb of Shah 'Abbas I in Imamzada Habib b. Musa in Kashan.

Restriction on Hajj Travel and Encouraging Iranians to Visit Imam al-Rida (a)

It is said that since Mecca and Medina and the travel route to them were within the territory of the Ottoman Empire, the main enemy of the Safavids, Shah 'Abbas tried, for economic reasons, to promote the pilgrimage to Imam al-Rida (a) to create a situation where Iranians would go to Mashhad instead of Mecca and Medina, spending their capital, especially gold coins, within the country.[27] According to reports, Shah 'Abbas announced that anyone intending to perform Hajj must personally offer a large sum to the Shah to be granted permission to travel.[28]

Pilgrimage and Reconstruction of the Holy Shrines

Shah 'Abbas I entered Iraq in 1032 AH[29] and made great efforts in honoring and revering the holy shrines.[30] During his stay in Baghdad, he regularly visited the shrines of Kāẓimayn and Sāmarrāʾ and offered many gifts to the servants, residents, and the shrine itself.[31] He then went to Najaf and, before reaching the shrine, dismounted his horse and walked to the shrine.[32] He stayed there for ten days[33] and was engaged in pilgrimage, supplication, and sweeping the shrine.[34] After a ten-day stay, he went to Karbalāʾ and traveled the distance between Najaf and Karbalāʾ on foot in the hot weather.[35]

Shah 'Abbas once again traveled to Iraq during Nowruz in 1033 AH and, in order, visited Karbalāʾ, Najaf, and Kāẓimayn. Then, because his travel coincided with the month of Rajab and he learned of hadiths regarding the reward of pilgrimage to Imam al-Husayn (a) in this month, he returned to Karbalāʾ and from there went to Sāmarrāʾ. In this trip, like the previous one, he donated large sums as alms, vows, and valuable gifts to the shrines of the Imams (a).[36]

Reconstruction of the Holy Shrines

With the arrival of Shah 'Abbas I in Iraq, the reconstruction of the holy shrines, which had begun at the start of the Safavid era, accelerated. In the reconstruction plan of the Shrine of Imam 'Ali (a), which was carried out by Shaykh Bahāʾī, the shrine was placed in the center of the city. A portico twelve dhiraʿ wide was built around the shrine, and around that portico, chambers were constructed, and very exquisite inlaid doors were installed on them. The dome of the shrine was rebuilt and adorned with emerald-colored, inscribed tiles. Four royal iwans were placed on the four sides inside the dome, the four iwans of the shrine were decorated with marble, and the old wooden door of the shrine was removed and replaced with a silver door.[37] Two tall minarets were also built to the left and right of that silver door in the iwan of the shrine.[38] Also, two ablution houses for pilgrims and a large caravanserai near the courtyard, but outside it, for the accommodation and use of pilgrims, as well as a Dār al-Shifāʾ (clinic) and a kitchen for the comfort of pilgrims, were built.[39] Shah 'Abbas also ordered many jewels, such as rubies, sapphires, turquoise, and a large amount of gold, to be used for the casket of the Holy Shrine of Imam 'Ali (a).[40]

Shah 'Abbas I also ordered the construction of magnificent steel sarcophagi to be placed over each of the caskets built during the time of Shah Ismāʿīl I in Karbalāʾ, Kāẓimayn, and Sāmarrāʾ, and also issued orders for the repair and tiling of the Holy Shrine of Imam al-Husayn (a).[41]


Footnotes

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  1. ↑ Tarikh-i 'Alam-ara-yi 'Abbasi, vol. 2, p. 379.
  2. ↑ Tarikh-i 'Alam-ara-yi 'Abbasi, vol. 2, p. 404.
  3. ↑ "Shah 'Abbas", vol. 5, sub entry.
  4. ↑ "Ruikard-i Safaviyan nisbat bi madhhab dar dawra-yi Shah 'Abbas-i awwal-i Safavi", p. 21.
  5. ↑ Tarikh-i Jahan-ara-yi 'Abbasi, p. 220.
  6. ↑ Tarikh-i 'Alam-ara-yi 'Abbasi, p. 9.
  7. ↑ Zindagi-yi Shah 'Abbas-i awwal, p. 159; "Ruikard-i Safaviyan nisbat bi madhhab dar dawra-yi Shah 'Abbas-i awwal-i Safavi", p. 21.
  8. ↑ Tarikh-i Safaviyya, p. 305.
  9. ↑ Qisas al-Khaqani, p. 161.
  10. ↑ "Ruikard-i Safaviyan nisbat bi madhhab dar dawra-yi Shah 'Abbas-i awwal-i Safavi", p. 25.
  11. ↑ Qisas al-Khaqani, pp. 186–196; Siyasat wa iqtisad-i 'asr-i Safavi, p. 74.
  12. ↑ Qisas al-Khaqani, pp. 188-189
  13. ↑ Qisas al-Khaqani, p. 190
  14. ↑ "Barresi-yi wadi'at-i waqfi-yi Shah 'Abbas bi Astan-i 'Abd al-'Azim al-Hasani (a)", p. 63.
  15. ↑ «شاهان صفوی و زیارت», ص۱۳۸.
  16. ↑ «جایگاه حرمین شریفین و عتبات عالیات در مناسبات صفویان و عثمانیان», ص۳۵.
  17. ↑ «جایگاه حرمین شریفین و عتبات عالیات در مناسبات صفویان و عثمانیان», ص۳۵.
  18. ↑ تاریخ عبّاسی یا روزنامه ملّاجلال, ص۲۳۸ و ص۲۳۹؛ عالم آرای عبّاسی, ص۱۳۲۸.
  19. ↑ نقاوة الآثار, ص۳۱۳ و ص۳۱۴.
  20. ↑ «شاهان صفوی و زیارت», ص۱۳۹.
  21. ↑ تاریخ عبّاسی یا روزنامه ملّاجلال, ص۱۷۱ و ص۱۸۵.
  22. ↑ عالم آرای عبّاسی, ص۹۶۲؛ تاریخ عبّاسی یا روزنامه ملّاجلال, ص۱۹۵.
  23. ↑ «شاهان صفوی و زیارت», ص۱۴۰.
  24. ↑ عالم آرای عبّاسی, ص۲۸۲ و ص۲۸۳.
  25. ↑ عالم آرای عبّاسی, ص۸۸۳ و ص۸۸۴؛ قصص الخاقانی, ص۱۸۳ و ص۱۸۴.
  26. ↑ تاریخ عبّاسی یا روزنامه ملّاجلال, ص۳۲۶, ۳۶۷, ۳۶۸؛ عالم آرای عبّاسی, ج۲, ص۸۲۲, ص۱۱۳۷ و ج۳, ص۱۵۲۰.
  27. ↑ «شاهان صفوی و زیارت», ص۱۴۲.
  28. ↑ سفرنامه کروسینسکی, ص۲۵.
  29. ↑ Rawḍat al-Ṣafawiyya, p. 887; 'Alam Ārā-yi 'Abbāsī, pp. 1655–1658.
  30. ↑ Bābak Khurramdīn, pp. 32 and 33. “Shāhān-i Ṣafawī wa Ziyārat”, p. 137.
  31. ↑ 'Alam Ārā-yi 'Abbāsī, pp. 1667–1668.
  32. ↑ Dhayl Tārīkh-i 'Alam Ārā-yi 'Abbāsī, p. 1005; “Jāygāh-i Ḥaramayn-i Sharīfayn wa 'Atabāt-i 'Āliyāt dar Munāsabāt-i Ṣafawiyān wa 'Uthmāniyān”, p. 36.
  33. ↑ Dhayl Tārīkh-i 'Alam Ārā-yi 'Abbāsī, p. 1010.
  34. ↑ 'Alam Ārā-yi 'Abbāsī, pp. 1667–1668.
  35. ↑ Rawḍat al-Ṣafawiyya, p. 888.
  36. ↑ 'Alam Ārā-yi 'Abbāsī, vol. 3, pp. 1679–1680.
  37. ↑ Luʾluʾ Ṣadaf fī l-Tārīkh al-Najaf, pp. 60 and 61; “Najaf dar 'Aṣr-i Shāh 'Abbās-i Awwal”, p. 110.
  38. ↑ “Jāygāh-i Ḥaramayn-i Sharīfayn wa 'Atabāt-i 'Āliyāt dar Munāsabāt-i Ṣafawiyān wa 'Uthmāniyān”, p. 47.
  39. ↑ Shahryār-i Jāddahā, p. 126.
  40. ↑ Qaṣaṣ al-Khāqānī, p. 161.
  41. ↑ Dhayl Tārīkh-i 'Alam Ārā-yi 'Abbāsī, p. 94.
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References

Template:منابع

  • Bābak Khurramdīn, Nafīsī, Sa'īd, Tehran, Sālis, 1387 SH.
  • “Barrasī-yi Waḍ'īyat-i Nusakh-i Waqfī-yi Shāh 'Abbās bi Āstān-i 'Abd al-'Aẓīm Ḥasanī (a)”, Ustādī, Kāẓim, Faṣlnāmah-yi Muṭāla'āt-i Īrānshināsī, no. 26, Spring 1404 SH.
  • Tārīkh-i Jahān Ārā-yi 'Abbāsī, Qazwīnī, Mīrzā Muḥammad Ṭāhir Waḥīd, introduction and annotations by Sa'īd Mīr Muḥammad Ṣādiq, Tehran, Pazhūhishgāh-i 'Ulūm-i Insānī wa Muṭāla'āt-i Farhangī, 1383 SH.
  • Tārīkh-i 'Abbāsī yā Rūznāmah-yi Mullā Jalāl, Munajjim Yazdī, Mullā Jalāl, edited by Sayf Allāh Waḥīdnīyā, Tehran, Waḥīd, 1366 SH.
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  • “Ruwaykard-i Ṣafawiyān Nisbat bi Madhhab dar Dawrah-yi Shāh 'Abbās-i Awwal-i Ṣafawī”, Qāsimzādah, Iftikhār; Sulaymānī, Maytham; Muḥammad Khushknāb, Laylā, Āfāq-i 'Ulūm-i Insānī, no. 34, Bahman 1398 SH.
  • Rawḍat al-Ṣafawiyya, Janābīdhī, Mīrzā Bayk, Tehran, Bunyād-i Mawqūfāt-i Duktur Afshār, 1378 SH.
  • Zindagī-yi Shāh 'Abbās-i Awwal, Louis Blanc, Lucien, translated by Walī Allāh Shādravān, Tehran, Sāṭīr, 1375 SH.
  • Safar Nāmah-yi Krusinskī, Yāddāsht-hā-yi Kashīsh-i Lahistānī 'Aṣr-i Ṣafawī, Krusinskī, Tadeusz, translated by 'Abd al-Razzāq Maftūn Dunbulī, introduction and correction by Maryam Mīraḥmadī, Tehran, Tūs, 1363 SH.
  • Sīyāsat wa Iqtiṣād-i 'Aṣr-i Ṣafawī, Bāstānī Pārīzī, Muḥammad Ibrāhīm, Tehran, Bangāh-i Maṭbū'ātī-yi Ṣafī 'Alī Shāh, 1348 SH.
  • “Shāhān-i Ṣafawī wa Ziyārat”, Īzadī, Ḥusayn, Shī'ah Shināsī, no. 39, Autumn 1391 SH.
  • “Shāh 'Abbās”, Ḥanīf, Muḥammad, Dāʾirat al-Ma'ārif-i Buzurg-i Islāmī, Tehran, Markaz-i Dāʾirat al-Ma'ārif-i Buzurg-i Islāmī, bī-tā.
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  • 'Alam Ārā-yi 'Abbāsī, Turkmān, Iskandar Bayk, corrected by Muḥammad Ismā'īl Raḍwānī, Tehran, Dunyā-yi Kitāb, 1378 SH.
  • Qaṣaṣ al-Khāqānī, Shāmlū, Walī Qulī b. Dāwūd Qulī, corrected and footnoted by Sayyid Ḥasan Sādāt Nāṣirī, Tehran, Wizārat-i Farhang wa Irshād-i Islāmī, 1371 SH.
  • Luʾluʾ Ṣadaf fī l-Tārīkh al-Najaf, Āqā Sayyid 'Abd Allāh, bī-jā, Mihrabān, 1379 SH.
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  • Naqāwat al-Āthār, Afūshtahʾī Naṭanzī, Muḥammad b. Hidāyat Allāh, edited by Iḥsān Ishrāqī, Tehran, Dānishgāh-i Tihrān, 1383 SH.

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