View source for Adab al-Haramayn

'''Adab al-Haramayn''' ({{ia|آداب الحرمين}}, rites of the two shrines) is the rights and wrongs of performing hajj and visiting Mecca and Medina
Adāb (rites) is the plural of adab means the rites and manners<ref>''Lughatnāma'', vol1, p.43; ''Farhang-i Farsī'', vol.1, p.16 </ref> and technically is doing the mustahab deeds and refraining from the makruh ones. Al-Shafi'i and some others have defined it as doing good deeds whether mustahab or obligatory.<ref>''Al-Baḥr al-raʾiq'', vol.1, p.56; ''al-Qāmūs al-fiqhī'', p.17; ''Muʿjam alfāẓ al-fiqh al-Jaʿfarī'', p.22</ref>
The word “haramayn” is the dual form of “haram” meaning the area around holy places.<ref>''Al-ʿAyn'', vol.3, p.221; ''Lughatnāma'', vol.6, p.7787; ''Farhang-i Farsī'', vol.1, p.521</ref> which is used specifically for al-Haram al-Madani and al-Haram al-Makki.<ref>''Jamharat al-lugha'', vol.1, p.521; ''Lughatnāma, vol.6, p.7792</ref> and when the word “haram” used alone it means al-Haram al-Makki.<ref>''Jawāhir al-kalām'', vol.5, p.60; ''Muʿjam lughat al-fuqahāʾ'', p.178</ref> Medina, like Mecca, has a haram containing [[al-Masjid al-Nabawi]] and its surroundings, and its rulings differ from al-Haram al-Makki.<ref>''Tadhkirat al-fuqahāʾ'', vol.7, p.380; ''Jāmiʿ al-maqāsid'', vol.3, p.277</ref>
Adab al-Haramayn are the deeds and manners the visitor considers regarding the holiness of the two places.<ref>see: ''al-Mawsūʿat al-fiqhīyya al-muyassara'', vol.1, p.85</ref> and in sources of hadith and fiqh they are called mustahab deeds.<ref>''Al-Kāfī'', vol.4, p.401; ''Wasāʾil al-Shīʿa'', vol.9, p.314-332; ''Mustanad al-Shīʿa'', vol.13, p.342</ref> Each of the [[rites of hajj]] has its own manners which are mentioned in their respective entries; in this article we take a general look at the manners of hajj and haramayn. The manners are two types, common, and specific.
==Common Manners==
These manners are to be considered in both harams and even other holy places:
* Respect, humility, and solemnity<ref>''Al-Kāfī'', vol.4, p.401; ''Wasāʾil al-Shīʿa'', vol.9, p.321; ''Itḥāf al-zāʾir'', p.109</ref>
* Apparent and inner cleanliness by taking a ritual bath (ghusl)<ref>''Al-Rasāʾil al-ʿashr'', p.168; ''al-Majmūʿ'', vol.8, p.273; ''Nuzhat al-naẓir'', p.16</ref>
* Not quitting Mecca and Medina after noon except after saying the noon and evening prayers,<ref>''Al-Kāfī'', vol.4, p.543; ''al-Nihāya'', p.286; ''al-Wasīla'', p.191</ref> or Friday prayer in Fridays.<ref>''Wasāʾil al-Shīʿa'', vol.10, p.426; ''Biḥār al-anwār'', vol.97, p.132</ref>
* Saying obligatory prayers in al-Masjid al-Haram and al-Masjid al-Nabawi<ref>''Itḥāf al-zāʾir'', p.30-41; ''Biḥār al-anwār'', vol.96, p.381; ''Jāmiʿ-i ʿAbbāsī'', p.35</ref>
==Special Manners of Mecca==
Special manners and rulings, obligatory or mustahab, is mentioned for visiting Mecca (see: Quran 2:125, 127, 158; 3:96-97; 5:97; 22:26).<ref>see: ''Wasāʾil al-Shīʿa'', vol.9, p.334-336</ref> also everything that may cause disrespect to the haram specially to Ka'ba is forbidden<ref>''Tafsīr Samarqandī'', vol.1, p.324; ''al-Mabsūṭ'', al-Sarakhsī, vol.4, p.105; ''Jawāhir al-kalām'', vol.41, p.345</ref> and is considered as an instance of the verse “whoever seeks to commit therein sacrilege with the intent of wrongdoing, We shall make him taste a painful punishment.” (Quran 22:25, {{ia|وَمَن یرِد فِیهِ بِإِلحَادٍ بِظُلمٍ نُذِقهُ مِن عَذَابٍ أَلِیم}}). 
Manners of Mecca are:
* Entering Mecca from “'Aqaba al-Madaniyyin” in the north and quitting from [[Dhi Tuwa]] in the south of Mecca.<ref>''Jāmiʿ aḥādīth al-Shīʿa'', vol.10, p.355, 359</ref> Getting off the vehicle and walking from the gate of the city to al-Masjid al-Haram is recommended.<ref>see: ''al-Mabsūṭ'', al-Tūsī, vol.1,  p.355; ''al-Muʿtamad'', vol.5, p.479</ref>
* Remaining in Mecca for less than a year.<ref>''Al-Durūs'', vol.1, p.471; ''Wasāʾil al-Shīʿa'', vol.9, p.340-343</ref>
* Building constructions taller than Ka'ba is prohibited.<ref>''Iḥyāʾ ʿulūm al-dīn'', vol.3, p.54-55; ''Wasāʾil al-Shīʿa'', vol.9, p.343</ref>
* People of Mecca are deterred from receiving money for renting their houses out to the pilgrims<ref>''Wasāʾil al-Shīʿa'', vol.9, p.367</ref>
* Protecting properties of pilgrims.<ref>''Al-Kāfī'', vol.4, p.545; ''Wasāʾil al-Shīʿa'', vol.9, p.399-400; ''Mustadrak al-wasāʾil'', vol.9, p.320</ref>
* Cleanliness of body and clothes<ref>''Biḥār al-anwār'', vol96, p.193; ''Wasāʾil al-Shīʿa'', vol.9, p.314, 318; ''Jawāhir al-kalām'', p.19, p.278</ref>
* Looking at Ka'ba<ref>''Man lā-yaḥḍuruh al-faqīh'', vol.2, p.205; ''Kanz al-ʿummāl'', vol.12, p.197</ref>
* Mentioning Allah frequently and reciting Quran<ref>''Wasāʾil al-Shīʿa'', vol.9, p.382-383; 464-465</ref>
* Drinking water of [[Zamzam well]] and eating [[al-idhkhir]].<ref>''Al-Mabsūṭ'', al-Tūsī, vol.1, p.355</ref>
* Attending the sick<ref>''Al-Kāfī'', vol.4, p.545, ''Wasāʾil al-Shīʿa'', vol.9, p.399</ref>
* Intention and decision to come back for hajj<ref>''Wasāʾil al-Shīʿa'', vol.8, p.107; ''Mustadrak al-wasāʾil'', vol.8, p.53</ref>
* Having the eyes cast down and maintaining chastity<ref>see: ''Al-Thamar al-dānī'', p.66; ''Manāsik al-ḥajj'', p.114</ref>
* Reciting the supplications narrated for al-Haram al-Makki<ref>''Wasāʾil al-Shīʿa'', vol.9, p.321</ref> in addition to al-Masjid al-Haram, there are other holy places in Mecca visiting of which is of the manners of going to Mecca, including, [[birth place of the Prophet (s)]], [[Abu Talib Cemetery]].<ref>''Al-Durūs'', vol.1, p.468; ''Manāsik al-ḥajj'', p.168-171</ref> house of Khadija, house of Arqam b. Abi Arqam, [[Hira Cave]] in [[Jabal al-Nur]], [[Thawr Cave]].<ref>''Al-Durūs'', vol.1, p.468; ''Aʿmāl al-Ḥaramayn'', p.143-146</ref>
===Al-Masjid al-Haram===
Some of the manners are for al-Masjid al-Haram:
* Entering from the gate of Banu Shayba<ref>''Man lā-yaḥḍuruh al-faqīh'', vol.2, p.238; ''Jāmiʿ aḥādīth al-Shīʿa'', vol.10, p.422; ''Iḥyāʾ ʿulūm al-dīn'', vol.3, p.66</ref>
* Reciting a special supplication upon entering the mosque<ref>''Jāmiʿ aḥādīth al-Shīʿa'', vol.11, p.272-274</ref>
* Maintaining the respect of al-Masjid al-Haram<ref>''Al-Kāfī'', vol.4, p.366; ''Al-Jāmiʿ li-l-sharāyiʿ'', p.230; ''Jāmiʿ aḥādīth al-Shīʿa'', vol.10, p.173</ref>
* Saying the prayer of [[eid al-adha]] in al-Masjid al-Haram.<ref>''al-Mabsūṭ'', al-Tūsī, vol.1, p.169</ref>
===Ka'ba===
* Uttering “all praise belongs to Allah who made you great and noble and honorable and made you a place of reward for mankind and a sanctuary, a blessing and a guidance for all nations”, addressing Ka'ba,<ref>''Man lā-yaḥḍuruh al-faqīh'', vol.2, p.530-531; ''Biḥār al-anwār'', vol.96, p.190</ref> also looking at [[al-Hajar al-Aswad]] and saying, “all praise belongs to Allah, who guided us to this. We would have never been guided had not Allah guided us.” is mustahab.
* Touching al-Hajar al-Aswad and if not possible, pointing toward it and reciting it supplication.<ref>''Iḥyāʾ ʿulūm al-dīn'', vol.3, p.67; ''Jāmiʿ aḥādīth al-Shīʿa'', vol.10, p.359, 455, vol.11, p.277</ref> If around al-Hajar al-Aswad is too crowded it is better not going near it.<ref>''Al-Kāfī'', vol.4, p.412</ref>
* After [[tawaf]] clinging to the wall of Ka'ba and grabbing its curtain and putting ones right cheek on it saying, “O the Lord of the free house…” (the supplication is mentioned in supplication books)<ref>''Iḥyāʾ ʿulūm al-dīn'', vol.3, p.69</ref>
* Performing tawaf and prayer on behalf of parents, spouse and relatives<ref>''Al-Kāfī'', vol.4, p.421-423; ''Wasāʾil al-Shīʿa'', vol.9, p.397, p.460-462</ref>
* Entering Ka'ba<ref>''Al-Muqniʿ'', p.226; ''al-Majmūʿ'', vol.8, p.268; ''Nayl al-awṭār'', vol.5, p.166</ref> for which manners such as ritual bath, entering bare footed, reciting some supplication, and saying prayer inside Ka'ba is mentioned.<ref>''Al-Hidāya'', p.252; ''Al-Muhadhdhab'', vol.1, p.263; ''Wasāʾil al-Shīʿa'', vol.9, p.372</ref> if it is impossible for a person to enter Ka'ba (which is the case), entering [[Hijr Isma'il]] is recommended as it is considered a part of Ka'ba and saying prayer in it is mustahab<ref>''Fiqh al-sunna'', vol.1, p.709</ref>
* Bidding farewell to Ka'ba: when parting Ka'ba some manners are mustahab, including farewell tawaf with touching Rukn al-Hajar and al-Rukn al-Yamani every round, reciting supplication and praising Allah and salutation to the Prophet (s) and his household, going toward Zamzam well and drinking its water, saying two rak'as of prayer behind [[Maqam Ibrahim]], touching al-Hajar al-Aswad and touching the face afterwards, touching the door of Ka'ba, long sajda, and exiting from Bab al-Hannatin in front of al-Rukn al-Shami.<ref>''al-Wasīla'', p. 191; ''Mughnī l-muḥtāj'', vol.1, p. 513; ''Mustadrak al-wasāʾil'', vol.10, p.163</ref> and upon exiting keeping looking at Ka'ba till it gets out of sight<ref>''Iḥyāʾ ʿulūm al-dīn'', vol.3, p.81</ref>
==Medina and the Holy Shrine of the Prophet (s)==
Of the manners of visiting Medina is that pilgrims stop by [[Masjid al-Shajara]] and perform a ghusl and say a two rak'a prayer and wear his best and cleanest clothes and use perfume and enter Medina reciting “in the name of Allah, as Allah has wished, there is no power except by Allah” and salute the Prophet (s) on the way.<ref>''Al-Kāfī'', vol.4, p.565-566; ''Wasāʾil al-Shīʿa'', vol.10, p.291</ref>
Staying in Medina, fasting for three days, i'tikahf, worship, giving charity, observing his deeds, and refraining from sins are among the manners in Medina.<ref>''al-Mabsūṭ'', al-Tūsī, vol.1, p.386; ''Wasāʾil al-Shīʿa'', vol.10, p.271-275</ref> Upon exiting Medina performing ghusl and going to the grave of the Prophet (s) and bidding farewell to him<ref>''Al-Kāfī'', vol.4, p.563; ''Kāmil al-zīyārāt'', p.68; ''Wasāʾil al-Shīʿa'', vol.10, p.280-281</ref> also bidding farewell to the Imams buried in al-Baqi' with supplication.<ref>''Miṣbāḥ al-mutahajjid'', p.714; ''al-Mabsūṭ'', al-Tūsī, vol.1, p.386</ref>
Most of the faqihs and scholars of Islamic sects considered ziyara of the shrine of the Prophet (s) as mustahab and among the best deeds and worships.<ref>''Al-Ḥadāʾiq'', vol.1, p.403</ref> even some of Shi'a and Sunni faqihs believe that ziyara of the Prophet (s) after hajj is obligatory.<ref>''Al-Ḥadāʾiq'', vol.1, p.401</ref>
Some of the manners of ziyara of al-Masjid al-Nabawi are as follows:
* Entering wearing clean, white, and scented clothes, with solemnity and calmness.<ref>''Miṣbāḥ al-mutahajjid'', p.709-710; ''Itḥāf al-zāʾir'', p.46</ref>
* Saluting the Prophet (s) upon entering and exiting.<re>''Kāmil al-zīyārāt'', p.50-51; ''Itḥāf al-zāʾir'', p.57</ref>
* Entering through [[Bab Jara'il]].<ref>''Al-Mazār'', p.54</ref>
* Saying a two rak'as of prayer for greeting of the mosque (salat al-tahiyya) and saying many prayers in the [[rawda]] and saying prayer beside the [[pillar of Abu Lubaba]] (pillar of tawba)<ref>''al-Mabsūṭ'', al-Tūsī, vol.1, p.386; ''al-Wasīla'', p.197; ''Al-Durūs'',  vol.2, p.20; ''al-Majmūʿ'', vol.8, p.273</ref>
* Offering the obligatory prayers in the mosque and holding vigil there.<ref>''al-Mabsūṭ'', al-Tūsī, vol.1,  p.386; ''al-Wasīla'', p.197;  ''Al-Durūs'', vol.2, p.20; ''al-Majmūʿ'', vol.8, p.273</ref>
* Reciting the ziyara text of the Prophet (s) and saluting him on behalf of family and friends.<ref> ''Iḥyāʾ ʿulūm al-dīn'', vol.3, p.83; ''al-Majmūʿ'', vol.8, p.275; ''Itḥāf al-zāʾir'', p.52, 56</ref>
* Reciting shahadatayn (testimonies of faith) near a pillar on the right of the darih of the Prophet (s) which is near the head of the Prophet (s).<ref>''Itḥāf al-zāʾir'', p.50; ''Jāmiʿ al-saʿādāt'', vol.3, p.321</ref>
* Touching the manbar (culprit) with the intention of tabarruk and asking wishes there.<ref>''Itḥāf al-zāʾir'', p.50; ''Jāmiʿ al-saʿādāt''، vol.3, p.321</ref>
* Saying a two rak'a prayer between the tomb of the Prophet (s) and his manbar<ref>''Al-Kāfī'', vol.4, p.563; ''Kāmil al-zīyārāt'', p.55; ''Tadhīb'', vol.6, p.11</ref>
* Reciting the ziyara text of Lady Fatima in [[rawda]], or near her house in the darih of the Prophet (s), or in al-Baqi' cemetery (possible places of her burial).<ref>''Al-Kāfī'', vol.1,  p.461; ''Wasāʾil al-Shīʿa'', vol.10, p.287-289</ref>
* Offering two rak'as of prayer between the tomb of the Prophet (s) and his manbar, then performing sajda out of gratitude (sajda al-shukr), then going toward the darih and touching and kissing it and reciting: “peace be upon you O apostle of Allah…” (till the end of the ziyara text).<ref>''Al-Kāfī'', vol.4, p.563, ''Kāmil al-zīyārāt'', p.55-56; ''Tahdhīb'', vol.6, p.11</ref>
* Also observing silence in supplications and avoiding vain speech and talking worldly affairs.<ref>''Itḥāf al-zāʾir'', p.46</ref>
In addition to al-Masjid al-Nabawi, visiting other holy place in Medina is also of the manners of the city. Including 
* ziyara of the Imams buried in al-Baqi'.<ref>''Iḥyāʾ ʿulūm al-dīn'', vol.3, p.84; ''al-Majmūʿ'',  vol.8, p.275; ''Itḥāf al-zāʾir'', p.90</ref> 
* In al-Baqi' ziyara of Fatima bt. Asad, the mother of Imam 'Ali (a), al-'Abbas b. 'Abd al-Muttalib, 'Aqil, 'Abd Allah b. Ja'far, wives of the Prophet (s), daughters of the Prophet (s), Ibrahim the son of the Prophet (s), Isma'il b. Imam al- Sadiq, aunts of the Prophet (s), Halima al-Sa'diyya, and Umm al-Banin
* Ziyara of Hamza and the martyrs of the Battle of Uhud.<ref>''al-Majmūʿ'',  vol.8, p.275-76; ''Itḥāf al-zāʾir'', p. 84-92; ''Al-Durūs'',vol.2, p.20-21</ref>
Visiting some of the mosques and prayer and supplication there is also mustahab. Including: Quba mosque, al-Fadikh or Radd al-Shams mosque, al-Ahzab mosque, Salman mosque, al-Qiblatayn mosque, Uhud mosque, al-Mubahala mosque.<ref>''Al-Kāfī'', vol.4, p.561-62; ''al-Majmūʿ'', vol.8, p.276;  ''Wasāʾil al-Shīʿa'', vol.10, p.275-78</ref>
Visiting historical places belonging to the beginning of Islam including [[Mashraba Umm Ibrahim]].<ref>''Al-Kāfī'', vol.4, p.561-62; ''Itḥāf al-zāʾir'', vol.93; ''Wasāʾil al-Shīʿa'', vol.10, p.275-78</ref>

==Notes==
{{notes}}

==References==
{{ref}}
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* '''''al-Mabsūṭ''''': al-Sarakhsī (483AH), Beirut, Dār al-Maʿrifa, 1406AH
* '''''al-Majmūʿ''''': al-Nawawī (676AH), Beirut, Dār al-Fikr.
* '''''Al-Mazār al-kabīr''''': Muḥammad b. al-Mashhadī (610AH), ed. al-Qayyūmī, Qom, al-Nashr al-Islāmī, 1419AH.
* '''''Mustadrak al-wasāʾil''''': al-Nūrī (1320AH), Beirut: Āl al-Bayt, 1408AH.
* '''''Miṣbāḥ al-mutahajjid''''': al-Tūsī (460AH), Beirut, Fiqh al-Shīʿa, 1411AH.
* '''''al-Muʿtamad fī sharḥ al-manāsik muḥāḍirāt al-Khoei''''': al-Khalkhālī, Qom, Madrasa-yi Dār al-ʿIlm, 1410AH.
* '''''Muʿjam lughat al-fuqahāʾ''''': Muḥammad Qalʿajī, Beirut, Dār al-Nafāʿis, 1408AH.
* '''''Mughnī l-muḥtāj''''': Muḥammad al-Sharbīnī (977AH), Beirut, Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 1377AH.
* '''''Al-Muqniʿ''''': al-Ṣadūq (381AH), Qom, Muʿassisat al-Imām al-Hādī, 1415AH.
* '''''Al-Muqniʿa''''': al-Mufīd (413AH), Qom, Nashr al-Islāmī, 1410AH.
* '''''Al-Muhadhdhab''''', al-Qāḍī b. al-Barrāj (481AH), Qom, Nashr al-Islāmī, 1406AH.
* '''''Nuzhat al-naẓir''''': Yaḥya b. Saʿīd al-Ḥillī (689AH), Najaf, Maṭbaʿa al-Ādab, 1386AH.
* '''''Nayl al-awṭār''''': al-Shawkānī (1255AH), Beirut, Dār al-Jayl, 1973CE.
* '''''Al-Hidāya''''': al-Ṣadūq (381AH), Qom, Muʾassisat al-Imām al-Hādī, 1418AH
{{end}}

[[fa:آداب الحرمین]]

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