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Prophet Muhammad (s): Difference between revisions
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Most Shi'as consider the seventeenth of Rabi' al-Awwal as the date of the birth of the Prophet (s), while most Sunnis consider the twelfth of Rabi' al-Awwal as his birthday.<ref>Āyatī, Muḥammad Ibrāhīm. ''Tārīkh-i Payāmbar-i Islām'', p. 43</ref> | Most Shi'as consider the seventeenth of Rabi' al-Awwal as the date of the birth of the Prophet (s), while most Sunnis consider the twelfth of Rabi' al-Awwal as his birthday.<ref>Āyatī, Muḥammad Ibrāhīm. ''Tārīkh-i Payāmbar-i Islām'', p. 43</ref> | ||
His father was [[Abd Allah b. Abd al-Muttalib]] and his mother was [[Amina bt. Wahb b. 'Abd Manaf]].<ref>Ibn Hishām, ''al-Sīra al-Nabawīyya'', vol. 1, p. 157.</ref> | His father was [['Abd Allah b. 'Abd al-Muttalib]] and his mother was [[Amina bt. Wahb b. 'Abd Manaf]].<ref>Ibn Hishām, ''al-Sīra al-Nabawīyya'', vol. 1, p. 157.</ref> | ||
Muhammad (s) was born in a house in [[Shi'b Abi Talib]], which later became known as [[the Prophet's birthplace|Mawlid al-Nabi]] and was respected. After his birth, he was entrusted to [[Halima]], to nurse him. He resided with Halima among the tribe of Banu Sa'ad b. Bakr b. Hawazin for four years, and in the fifth year, Halima returned him to his mother.<ref>Masʿūdī, ''Murūj al-dhahab'', vol. 2, p. 280.</ref> | Muhammad (s) was born in a house in [[Shi'b Abi Talib]], which later became known as [[the Prophet's birthplace|Mawlid al-Nabi]] and was respected. After his birth, he was entrusted to [[Halima]], to nurse him. He resided with Halima among the tribe of Banu Sa'ad b. Bakr b. Hawazin for four years, and in the fifth year, Halima returned him to his mother.<ref>Masʿūdī, ''Murūj al-dhahab'', vol. 2, p. 280.</ref> | ||
{{more|Forefathers of the Prophet (s)}} | |||
==From Childhood to Marriage== | ==From Childhood to Marriage== | ||
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===Death of Parents=== | ===Death of Parents=== | ||
At the age of six, Muhammad (s) accompanied his mother Amina to [[Medina]]. Amina passed away on the return journey in a place called [[Abwa']] and was buried there. [[Umm Ayman]], took him back to Mecca, after Amina's death. [[Abd al-Muttalib]], the grandfather of Muhammad (s), took care of him until the age of eight, and upon Abd al-Muttalib's passing, his care was entrusted to his uncle, [[Abu Talib]].<ref>Ibn Hishām, ''al-Sīra al-Nabawīyya'', vol. 1, p. 168-169,179; Masʿūdī, ''Murūj al-dhahab'', vol. 2, p. 281.</ref> | At the age of six, Muhammad (s) accompanied his mother Amina to [[Medina]]. Amina passed away on the return journey in a place called [[Abwa']] and was buried there. [[Umm Ayman]], took him back to Mecca, after Amina's death. [['Abd al-Muttalib]], the grandfather of Muhammad (s), took care of him until the age of eight, and upon 'Abd al-Muttalib's passing, his care was entrusted to his uncle, [[Abu Talib]].<ref>Ibn Hishām, ''al-Sīra al-Nabawīyya'', vol. 1, p. 168-169,179; Masʿūdī, ''Murūj al-dhahab'', vol. 2, p. 281.</ref> | ||
===Journey to Syria=== | ===Journey to Syria=== | ||
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==Reconstruction of the Ka'ba== | ==Reconstruction of the Ka'ba== | ||
{{main|Reconstruction of the Ka'ba before Islam}} | |||
Ten years after his marriage to Khadija and fifteen years after the fourth Fijar war, when Muhammad (s) was thirty-five years old, the Quraysh decided to reconstruct the Ka'ba. In this reconstruction, Muhammad (s) placed the [[Black Stone]] (al-Hajar al-aswad) in its place.<ref>Ibn Hishām, ''al-Sīra al-Nabawīyya'', vol. 1, p. 192; Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-Ṭabarī'', p. 321-323.</ref> | Ten years after his marriage to Khadija and fifteen years after the fourth Fijar war, when Muhammad (s) was thirty-five years old, the Quraysh decided to reconstruct the Ka'ba. In this reconstruction, Muhammad (s) placed the [[Black Stone]] (al-Hajar al-aswad) in its place.<ref>Ibn Hishām, ''al-Sīra al-Nabawīyya'', vol. 1, p. 192; Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-Ṭabarī'', p. 321-323.</ref> | ||
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==Tahannuth in Hira'== | ==Tahannuth in Hira'== | ||
{{main|Tahannuth}} | |||
Muhammad (s) used to spend some time in seclusion and solitude in the cave of Hira' every year. Some have said that this period lasted for one month each year, and according to some narrations, it was during the month of Ramadan.<ref>Ibn Hishām, ''al-Sīra al-Nabawīyya'', vol. 1, p. 236.</ref> | Muhammad (s) used to spend some time in seclusion and solitude in the cave of Hira' every year. Some have said that this period lasted for one month each year, and according to some narrations, it was during the month of Ramadan.<ref>Ibn Hishām, ''al-Sīra al-Nabawīyya'', vol. 1, p. 236.</ref> | ||
==Bi'tha== | ==Bi'tha== | ||
{{main|Bi'tha}} | |||
According to the widely accepted belief among Shi'a Muslims (Imamiyyah), the event of the Bi'tha occurred on the 27th day of the month of Rajab. However, according to the popular belief among Sunni Muslims, it took place during the month of Ramadan.<ref> Āyatī, ''Tārīkh-i Payāmbar-i Islām'', p. 67.</ref> | According to the widely accepted belief among Shi'a Muslims (Imamiyyah), the event of the Bi'tha occurred on the 27th day of the month of Rajab. However, according to the popular belief among Sunni Muslims, it took place during the month of Ramadan.<ref> Āyatī, ''Tārīkh-i Payāmbar-i Islām'', p. 67.</ref> | ||
According to some reports, the first encounter of the Muhammad (s) with the angel Gabriel occurred during one of his days of seclusion in the [[cave of Hira]].<ref>Ibn Hishām, ''al-Sīra al-Nabawīyya'', vol. 1, p. 236.</ref> It is said that Muhammad (s) was forty years old at this time.<ref>Yaʿqūbī, ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī'', vol. 2, p. 22.</ref> | According to some reports, the first encounter of the Muhammad (s) with the angel Gabriel occurred during one of his days of seclusion in the [[cave of Hira]].<ref>Ibn Hishām, ''al-Sīra al-Nabawīyya'', vol. 1, p. 236.</ref> It is said that Muhammad (s) was forty years old at this time.<ref>Yaʿqūbī, ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī'', vol. 2, p. 22.</ref> | ||
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Among the family members of Prophet Muhammad (s), the first believers and supporters were [[Ali (a)]] and [[Khadija]].<ref>Yaʿqūbī, ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī'', vol. 2, p. 23.</ref> | Among the family members of Prophet Muhammad (s), the first believers and supporters were [[Ali (a)]] and [[Khadija]].<ref>Yaʿqūbī, ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī'', vol. 2, p. 23.</ref> | ||
[[Hamza b. Abd al-Muttalib]] also embraced Islam in the second or sixth year after Bi'tha. Besides them, a group of Meccans joined him. The companions of the Prophet (s) used to go to the outskirts of [[Mecca]] to pray until a confrontation between them and the Meccan polytheists led them to thereafter pray at the [[house of Arqam]]. | [[Hamza b. 'Abd al-Muttalib]] also embraced Islam in the second or sixth year after Bi'tha. Besides them, a group of Meccans joined him. The companions of the Prophet (s) used to go to the outskirts of [[Mecca]] to pray until a confrontation between them and the Meccan polytheists led them to thereafter pray at the [[house of Arqam]]. | ||
Three years after the beginning of the Prophet's mission, he publicly declared his call in Mecca. From then on, the polytheists sought to constrain the Prophet (s). The Prophet (s) also explored new ways to expand his call. In the fifth year of the mission, he sent a group of Muslims to [[Abyssinia]] and traveled to Ta'if to find supporters in that city.<ref>Yaʿqūbī, ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī'', vol. 2, p. 36.</ref> During the days of [[Hajj]], the Prophet (s) would engage in discussions with the pilgrims and invite them to Islam.<ref>Yaʿqūbī, ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī'', vol. 2, p. 36.</ref> | Three years after the beginning of the Prophet's mission, he publicly declared his call in Mecca. From then on, the polytheists sought to constrain the Prophet (s). The Prophet (s) also explored new ways to expand his call. In the fifth year of the mission, he sent a group of Muslims to [[Abyssinia]] and traveled to Ta'if to find supporters in that city.<ref>Yaʿqūbī, ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī'', vol. 2, p. 36.</ref> During the days of [[Hajj]], the Prophet (s) would engage in discussions with the pilgrims and invite them to Islam.<ref>Yaʿqūbī, ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī'', vol. 2, p. 36.</ref> | ||
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The most important of these are the Battles of [[Badr]], [[Uhud]], [[Khandaq]], and [[Khaybar]]. Gradually, the power of the Muslims increased, and in the eighth year/629-30, with the Conquest of Mecca, their power was consolidated in a large part of the Arabian Peninsula. | The most important of these are the Battles of [[Badr]], [[Uhud]], [[Khandaq]], and [[Khaybar]]. Gradually, the power of the Muslims increased, and in the eighth year/629-30, with the Conquest of Mecca, their power was consolidated in a large part of the Arabian Peninsula. | ||
{{more|Medina|Ghazwas}} | |||
==Conquest of Mecca== | ==Conquest of Mecca== | ||
{{main|Conquest of Mecca}} | |||
The Conquest of Mecca took place in the eighth year after the Hijra/629-30.<ref>Masʿūdī, ''Murūj al-dhahab'', vol. 2, p. 296.</ref> He first went to [[al-Masjid al-Haram]] riding a camel and circumambulated the [[Ka'ba]] seven times, then touched [[the Black Stone]] with a stick he had in his hand.<ref> Āyatī, ''Tārīkh-i Payāmbar-i Islām'', p. 464.</ref> | The Conquest of Mecca took place in the eighth year after the Hijra/629-30.<ref>Masʿūdī, ''Murūj al-dhahab'', vol. 2, p. 296.</ref> He first went to [[al-Masjid al-Haram]] riding a camel and circumambulated the [[Ka'ba]] seven times, then touched [[the Black Stone]] with a stick he had in his hand.<ref> Āyatī, ''Tārīkh-i Payāmbar-i Islām'', p. 464.</ref> | ||
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Many of these memorials are still standing today. The most important of these buildings is [[al-Masjid al-Nabawi]], which was connected to the houses of the Prophet (s) and his wives. The Prophet's body was buried in one of the chambers besides the mosque after his demise. The chambers in which the Prophet (s) is buried and his other chambers were added to al-Masjid al-Nabawi. Today, the al-Masjid al-Nabawi is the most important pilgrimage site for Muslims after the [[al-Masjid al-Haram]] in Mecca. | Many of these memorials are still standing today. The most important of these buildings is [[al-Masjid al-Nabawi]], which was connected to the houses of the Prophet (s) and his wives. The Prophet's body was buried in one of the chambers besides the mosque after his demise. The chambers in which the Prophet (s) is buried and his other chambers were added to al-Masjid al-Nabawi. Today, the al-Masjid al-Nabawi is the most important pilgrimage site for Muslims after the [[al-Masjid al-Haram]] in Mecca. | ||
{{main|Mosques of Medina|Mosques of Mecca}} | |||
Even outside the cities of Mecca and Medina, places where the Prophet (s) has prayed during his journeys and expeditions, later became mosques. Among them, one can mention the 17 mosques along the route of the Tabuk Expedition, which are built from Medina to [[Tabuk]].<ref>Āyatī, ''Tārīkh-i Payāmbar-i Islām'', p. 500.</ref> | Even outside the cities of Mecca and Medina, places where the Prophet (s) has prayed during his journeys and expeditions, later became mosques. Among them, one can mention the 17 mosques along the route of the Tabuk Expedition, which are built from Medina to [[Tabuk]].<ref>Āyatī, ''Tārīkh-i Payāmbar-i Islām'', p. 500.</ref> | ||
==Hajj== | ==Performing Hajj== | ||
After migrating to Medina, the Prophet (s) performed [[Umra]] once in the month of Dhu al-Qi'da of the sixth year after the Hijra/628, which is known as [[Umrat al-Qada]].<ref>Āyatī, ''Tārīkh-i Payāmbar-i Islām'', p. 427.</ref> | After migrating to Medina, the Prophet (s) performed [[Umra]] once in the month of Dhu al-Qi'da of the sixth year after the Hijra/628, which is known as [[Umrat al-Qada]].<ref>Āyatī, ''Tārīkh-i Payāmbar-i Islām'', p. 427.</ref> | ||
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Reports of the Prophet's pilgrimage serve as one of the sources for understanding the jurisprudence and rituals of Hajj among Muslims.<ref>Ibn Hishām, ''al-Sīra al-Nabawīyya'', vol. 2, p. 605-606.</ref> | Reports of the Prophet's pilgrimage serve as one of the sources for understanding the jurisprudence and rituals of Hajj among Muslims.<ref>Ibn Hishām, ''al-Sīra al-Nabawīyya'', vol. 2, p. 605-606.</ref> | ||
It was during the return from this same pilgrimage that the event of [[Ghadir Khumm]] occurred, where the Prophet (s) selected [['Ali b. Abi Talib (a)]] as his successor. | It was during the return from this same pilgrimage that the event of [[Ghadir Khumm]] occurred, where the Prophet (s) selected [['Ali b. Abi Talib (a)]] as his successor. | ||
{{more|'Umra al-Qada'|Hajjat al-Wada'}} | |||
==Passing Away== | ==Passing Away== | ||
Most historians have reported the Prophet's date of passing as the twelfth of Rabi' al-Awwal, but Shia scholars believe it to be the 28th of Safar. 'Ali (a) and Abbas conducted the ritual washing of the Prophet's body, and he was buried in the same place where he passed away ([[The Prophet's Chamber|the chamber of the Prophet]]).<ref>Ibn Hishām, ''al-Sīra al-Nabawīyya'', vol. 2, p. 663; Fayyāḍ, ''Tārīkh-i Islām'',p.111-112.</ref> | Most historians have reported the Prophet's date of passing as the twelfth of Rabi' al-Awwal, but Shia scholars believe it to be the 28th of Safar. 'Ali (a) and Abbas conducted the ritual washing of the Prophet's body, and he was buried in the same place where he passed away ([[The Prophet's Chamber|the chamber of the Prophet]]).<ref>Ibn Hishām, ''al-Sīra al-Nabawīyya'', vol. 2, p. 663; Fayyāḍ, ''Tārīkh-i Islām'',p.111-112.</ref> | ||
{{more|Grave of the Prophet (s)}} | |||
==Wives and Children== | ==Wives and Children== | ||
{{main|Ummahat al-Mu'minin}} | |||
The number of wives of the Prophet Muhammad (s) has been recorded differently by various sources.<ref>Ibn Hishām, ''al-Sīra al-Nabawīyya'', vol. 1, p. 643; Masʿūdī, ''Murūj al-dhahab'', vol. 2, p. 290.</ref> | The number of wives of the Prophet Muhammad (s) has been recorded differently by various sources.<ref>Ibn Hishām, ''al-Sīra al-Nabawīyya'', vol. 1, p. 643; Masʿūdī, ''Murūj al-dhahab'', vol. 2, p. 290.</ref> | ||
The prophet muhammad(s) had three sons and four daughters. His sons passed away at a young age. Al-Qasim and 'Abd Allah were born in [[Mecca]] and passed away there, while Ibrahim was born in 8 AH in Medina and passed away in 10 AH. His daughters were al-Zaynab, Ruqayya, Umm Kulthum, and [[Fatima(s)]].<ref>Āyatī, ''Tārīkh-i Payāmbar-i Islām'', p. 60-61.</ref> | The prophet muhammad(s) had three sons and four daughters. His sons passed away at a young age. Al-Qasim and 'Abd Allah were born in [[Mecca]] and passed away there, while Ibrahim was born in 8 AH in Medina and passed away in 10 AH. His daughters were al-Zaynab, Ruqayya, Umm Kulthum, and [[Fatima(s)]].<ref>Āyatī, ''Tārīkh-i Payāmbar-i Islām'', p. 60-61.</ref> | ||