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His name before Islam was Abdul Ka'ba, which the Prophet changed to Abdullah.<ref>Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, ''Al-Istīʿāb fī maʿrifat al-aṣḥāb'', vol. 3, p. 963.</ref> He was famously known as Abu Bakr and It has been called with nicknames such as Sadiq<ref>Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, ''Al-Istīʿāb fī maʿrifat al-aṣḥāb'', vol. 3, p. 963; Ibn Abī l-Ḥadīd, ''Sharḥ Nahj al-balāgha'', vol. 3, p. 207.</ref> and Atiq.<ref>Ibn Ḥajar al-ʿAsqalānī, ''Al-Iṣāba fī tamyīz al-ṣaḥāba'', vol. 4, p. 146-147; Ibn Saʿd, ''Al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā'', vol. 3, p. 126-128; Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, ''Al-Istīʿāb fī maʿrifat al-aṣḥāb'', vol. 3, p. 963.</ref>
His name before Islam was Abdul Ka'ba, which the Prophet changed to Abdullah.<ref>Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, ''Al-Istīʿāb fī maʿrifat al-aṣḥāb'', vol. 3, p. 963.</ref> He was famously known as Abu Bakr and It has been called with nicknames such as Sadiq<ref>Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, ''Al-Istīʿāb fī maʿrifat al-aṣḥāb'', vol. 3, p. 963; Ibn Abī l-Ḥadīd, ''Sharḥ Nahj al-balāgha'', vol. 3, p. 207.</ref> and Atiq.<ref>Ibn Ḥajar al-ʿAsqalānī, ''Al-Iṣāba fī tamyīz al-ṣaḥāba'', vol. 4, p. 146-147; Ibn Saʿd, ''Al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā'', vol. 3, p. 126-128; Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, ''Al-Istīʿāb fī maʿrifat al-aṣḥāb'', vol. 3, p. 963.</ref>
===Wives and Children===
===Wives and Children===
His wives were Qutaylah, the daughter of Abdul-Uzza, and Umm Ruman, the daughter of Amir ibn Umair.<ref>Balādhurī, ''Ansāb al-ashrāf'', vol. 10, p. 101.</ref> His daughters were [[Asma]], the daughter of Umais Khathami, and Habiba, the daughter of Kharija ibn Zaid Khazraji.<ref>Ibn Saʿd, ''Al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā'', vol. 3, p. 126.</ref> Abu Bakr's wives were Qutaylah, the daughter of Abdul-Uzza, and Umm Ruman, the daughter of Amir ibn Umair. His sons were Abdullah, Abdul-Rahman, and Muhammad, and his daughters were Asma, Aisha, and Umm Kulthum. [[Aisha]] became the wife of the Prophet Muhammad(s), while Asma married Zubayr ibn al-Awwam and became the mother of [[Abdullah b. Zubayr]].<ref>Balādhurī, ''Ansāb al-ashrāf'', vol. 3, p. 167; Mufīd, ''Kitāb al-amālī'', p. 79.</ref>


His wives were Qutaylah, the daughter of Abdul-Uzza, and Umm Ruman, the daughter of Amir ibn Umair.(8)( Balādhurī, Aḥmad b. Yaḥyā al-. ''Ansāb al-ashrāf.vol10.p101)
==The conversion to Islam==
His daughters were Asma, the daughter of Umais Khathami, and Habiba, the daughter of Kharija ibn Zaid Khazraji.(9)( Ibn Saʿd, Muḥammad. ''Al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā..vol3.p126)
Abu Bakr's wives were Qutaylah, the daughter of Abdul-Uzza, and Umm Ruman, the daughter of Amir ibn Umair. His sons were Abdullah, Abdul-Rahman, and Muhammad, and his daughters were Asma, Aisha, and Umm Kulthum. Aisha became the wife of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him), while Asma married Zubayr ibn al-Awwam and became the mother of Abdullah ibn Zubayr.(10)( Balādhurī, Aḥmad b. Yaḥyā al-. ''Ansāb al-ashrāf..vol3.p167,,, Mufīd, Muḥammad b. Muḥammad al-. ''Kitāb al-amālī..p79)


The conversion to Islam
The conversion of Abu Bakr to Islam is remembered to have occurred after [[Imam Ali(a)]].<ref> Ibn Hishām, ''Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya'', vol. 1, p. 266; Ibn Saʿd, ''Al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā'', vol. 3, p. 128; Kūfī, ''Al-Muṣannaf'', vol. 7, p. 498; Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk'', vol. 2, p. 316; Balādhurī, ''Ansāb al-ashrāf'', vol. 10, p. 100.</ref>
After embracing Islam, Abu Bakr bought and freed a number of tortured Muslim slaves from the [[Quraysh]].<ref>Ibn Qutayba al-Dīnawarī, ''Al-Maʿārif'', p. 177.</ref>
During the Prophet's invitations to the tribes during the [[Hajj]] and in the final years of his presence in [[Mecca]], Abu Bakr, due to his familiarity with Arab genealogies, accompanied the Prophet.<ref>Ṭabarānī, ''Al-Muʿjam al-kabīr'', vol. 6, p. 62; Maghribī, ''Sharḥ al-akhbār'', vol. 2, p. 382-386.</ref> With the Prophet's migration to [[Medina]], Abu Bakr also accompanied him.<ref> Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk'', vol. 2, p. 100</ref>
==After the migration to Medina==
[[Prophet Muhammad (s)|Prophet Muhammad(s)]]stood between Abu Bakr and Salim, the freed slave of Hudhaifah.<ref>Ibn Qutayba al-Dīnawarī, ''Al-Maʿārif'', p. 273.</ref> Or Harithah ibn Zaid.<ref>Ibn Ḥabīb Baghdādī, ''Kitāb al-muḥabbar'', p. 73.</ref> A brotherhood pact was established. Earlier in [[Mecca]], a brotherhood pact had been made between him and [[Umar]].<ref>Ibn Hishām, ''Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya'', vol. 4, p. 206.</ref> Abu Bakr participated in all the expeditions and some crucial events during the time of the Prophet Muhammad (s).<ref>Ibn Athīr, ''Usd al-ghāba'', vol. 3, p. 318.</ref> Abu Bakr participated in all the expeditions and some crucial events during the time of the Prophet Muhammad(s). Based on a report, in [[the Battle of Bani Mustaliq]] in 5 AH/626-7, the flagbearer was from the Emigrants.<ref>Wāqidī, ''Al-Maghāzī'', vol. 1, p. 407.</ref>


The conversion of Abu Bakr to Islam is remembered to have occurred after Ali (may Allah be pleased with him).(11)( Ibn Hishām, ʿAbd al-Malik. ''Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya'.vol1.p266,,, Ibn Saʿd, Muḥammad. ''Al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā.vol3.p128,,, Kūfī, Ibn Abī Shayba al-. ''Al-Muṣannaf'.vol7.p498)(12)( Ṭabarī, Muḥammad b. Jarīr al-.''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk.vol2.p316)(13)( Balādhurī, Aḥmad b. Yaḥyā al-. ''Ansāb al-ashrāf.vol10.p100)
===Emirate of Hajj in the 9AH===
After embracing Islam, Abu Bakr bought and freed a number of tortured Muslim slaves from the Quraysh.(14)( Ibn Qutayba al-Dīnawarī, ʿAbd Allāh b. Muslim . ''Al-Maʿārif.p177)
Abu Bakr, in the ninth year, as the Emir of Hajj, led the first pilgrimage of the Muslims.<ref>Wāqidī, ''Al-Maghāzī'', vol. 3, p. 1077; Ibn Saʿd, ''Al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā'', vol. 3, p. 132.</ref>
During the Prophet's invitations to the tribes during the Hajj and in the final years of his presence in Mecca, Abu Bakr, due to his familiarity with Arab genealogies, accompanied the Prophet (peace be upon him).(15)( Ṭabarānī, Sulaymān b. Aḥmad. ''Al-Muʿjam al-kabīr.vol6.p62,,, Maghribī, Qāḍī Nuʿmān al-. ''Sharḥ al-akhbār'.vol2.p382-386)
And according to a report, for the proclamation of Sura Bara'at (Al-Tawbah) by the prophet(s), he set out from Medina to Mecca with 300 people.<ref>Ibn Hishām, ''Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya'', vol. 4, p. 188.</ref> In this journey, he had five sacrificial camels with him and was instructed to perform the standing ([[Wuquf at 'Arafat|wuquf]]) on [[the Day of Arafa]] in Arafat, not in Muzdalifa, contrary to the polytheists. He would leave [['Arafat|Arafat]] after sunset and depart from [[Muzdalifa]] after sunrise.<ref>Wāqidī, ''Al-Maghāzī'', vol. 3, p. 1077.</ref> After becoming [[muhrim]] in [[Dhul-Hulayfa]], he met Ali (a) at [[Arj]]. At first, he thought that he had been relieved of the [[emirate of Hajj]].<ref>Wāqidī, ''Al-Maghāzī'', vol. 3, p. 1077.</ref>
With the Prophet's migration to Medina, Abu Bakr also accompanied him.(16)( Ṭabarī, Muḥammad b. Jarīr al-.''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk.vol2.p100)
But with the words of Ali, he realized that [[Ali(a)]] had been solely tasked with conveying the initial verses of [[Sura Al-Tawba]] (Bara'at).<ref>Wāqidī, ''Al-Maghāzī'', vol. 3, p. 1077; Ibn Hishām, ''Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya'', vol. 4, p. 190.</ref> Based on this, Abu Bakr went to [[Mecca]] alongside Ali and during the pilgrimage, he delivered sermons in [[Mina]] on the afternoon of the seventh day, the Day of Arafa, and the afternoon of [[Eid al-Adha]].<ref>Wāqidī, ''Al-Maghāzī'', vol. 3, p. 1078.</ref>
After the migration to Medina
According to reports, including a narration from [[Ibn Abbas]], Abu Bakr was relieved of the emirate of Hajj and returned to [[Medina]].<ref>Aḥmad b. Ḥanbal. ''Musnad al-Imām Aḥmad b. Ḥanbal'', vol. 1, p. 3; Mufīd, ''Al-Irshād'', vol. 1, p. 65.</ref>
The Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) stood between Abu Bakr and Salim, the freed slave of Hudhaifah.(17)( Ibn Qutayba al-Dīnawarī, ʿAbd Allāh b. Muslim . ''Al-Maʿārif.p273)
==Caliphate==
Or Harithah ibn Zaid.(18)( Ibn Ḥabīb Baghdādī, Muḥammad b. Ḥabīb. ''Kitāb al-muḥabbar'.p73)
After the passing of the Prophet (a) and before his burial, a group of [[Ansar]] gathered at the [[Saqifa of Bani Sa'ida]] and pledged allegiance to Abu Bakr as the successor to the Prophet (a).<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk'', vol. 2, p. 459; Mufīd, ''Al-Jumal wa al-nuṣra li sayyid al-ʿitra fī ḥarb al-Baṣra'', p. 119.</ref>
A brotherhood pact was established. Earlier in Mecca, a brotherhood pact had been made between him and Umar(19)( Ibn Hishām, ʿAbd al-Malik. ''Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya.vol4.p206)
Although before that on 18 Dhul Hijja of year 10 Hijri/ 16 March 632, the Prophet had raised the hand of Ali bin Abi Talib (a.s.) in the farewell Hajj (Ghadir incident) and introduced him to the people as the master and guardian after him.<ref>Kulaynī, ''Al-Kāfī'', vol. 8, p. 27; Ibn Athīr, ''Usd al-ghāba'', vol. 3, p. 136.</ref>
Abu Bakr participated in all the expeditions and some crucial events during the time of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him).(20)( Ibn Athīr, ʿAlī b. Muḥammad. ''Usd al-ghāba.vol3.p318)
Abu Bakr participated in all the expeditions and some crucial events during the time of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him).
Based on a report, in the Battle of Bani Mustaliq in the fifth year of the Hijri calendar, the flagbearer was from the Muhajirun (Emigrants). (21)( Wāqidī, Muḥammad b. ʿUmar al-. ''Al-Maghāzī''.vol1.p407)


Emirate of Hajj in the ninth year of Hijrah
===Supervision of Pilgrims During the Caliphate===
Abu Bakr, in the ninth year, as the Emir of Hajj, led the first pilgrimage of the Muslims.(22)( Wāqidī, Muḥammad b. ʿUmar al-. ''Al-Maghāzī.vol3.p1077,,, Ibn Saʿd, Muḥammad. ''Al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā.vol3.p132)
In the 11th AH/ 632-3, Abu Bakr appointed [[Umar b. Khattab]] as the head of the pilgrims, and he performed[[Umra]] in the month of Rajab of the 12th AH/ 633-4, and in the season of the same year, he became the head of the pilgrims.<ref>Ibn Saʿd, ''Al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā'', vol. 3, p. 139.</ref>
And according to a report, for the proclamation of Surah Bara'at (Al-Tawbah) by the Messenger of God (peace be upon him), he set out from Medina to Mecca with 300 people.(23)( Ibn Hishām, ʿAbd al-Malik. ''Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya.vol4.p188)
Some reports suggest that during his caliphate, Abu Bakr did not perform Hajj, and Umar or Attab b. Usaid, the agent of the Prophet (a) in Mecca, carried out the pilgrimage.<ref>Ibn Ḥabīb Baghdādī, ''Kitāb al-muḥabbar'', p. 12.</ref> Or he appointed [[Abdul-Rahman b. Awf]] to the emirate of Hajj.<ref>Ibn ʿAsākir, ''Tārīkh-i damishq'', vol. 30, p. 217.</ref>


In this journey, he had five sacrificial camels with him and was instructed to perform the standing (wuquf) on the Day of Arafah in Arafat, not in Muzdalifah, contrary to the polytheists. He would leave Arafat after sunset and depart from Muzdalifah after sunrise.(24)( Wāqidī, Muḥammad b. ʿUmar al-. ''Al-Maghāzī.vol3.p1077)
==Death==
After becoming muhrim in Dhul-Hulayfah, he met Ali (peace be upon him) at Arj. At first, he thought that he had been relieved of the emirate of Hajj.(24)( Wāqidī, Muḥammad b. ʿUmar al-. ''Al-Maghāzī.vol3.p1077).
Abu Bakr passed away due to illness on the seventh of Jumada al-thani in the year 13 AH/ August 8, 634, after two years, three months, and 26 days of caliphate, at the age of 63.<ref> Ibn Saʿd, Muḥammad. ''Al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā'', vol. 3, p. 150-151.</ref> And upon his death, he left behind a date palm grove from the spoils of [[Banu Nadir]], as well as lands in [[Bahrain]], [[Ghaba]], and [[Khaybar]].<ref>Ṣanʿānī, ''Al-Muṣannaf'', vol. 9, p. 101-102.</ref>
But with the words of Ali (peace be upon him), he realized that Ali (peace be upon him) had been solely tasked with conveying the initial verses of Surah Al-Tawbah (Bara'at).(24)( )( Wāqidī, Muḥammad b. ʿUmar al-. ''Al-Maghāzī.vol3.p1077).(25)( ( Ibn Hishām, ʿAbd al-Malik. ''Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya..vol4.p190)
==Notes==
Based on this, Abu Bakr went to Mecca alongside Ali (peace be upon him) and during the pilgrimage, he delivered sermons in Mina on the afternoon of the seventh day, the Day of Arafah, and the afternoon of Eid al-Adha.(26)( Wāqidī, Muḥammad b. ʿUmar al-. ''Al-Maghāzī,vol3.1078)
{{Notes}}
According to reports, including a narration from Ibn Abbas, Abu Bakr was relieved of the emirate of Hajj and returned to Medina.(27)( Aḥmad b. Ḥanbal. ''Musnad al-Imām Aḥmad b. Ḥanbal'.vol1.p3,,, Mufīd, Muḥammad b. Muḥammad al-. ''Al-Irshād.vol1.p65)
==References==
Caliphate
{{References}}
 
After the passing of the Prophet (peace be upon him) and before his burial, a group of Ansar gathered at the Saqifah of Bani Sa'idah and pledged allegiance to Abu Bakr as the successor to the Prophet (peace be upon him).(28)( Ṭabarī, Muḥammad b. Jarīr al-.''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk.vol2.p459,,, Mufīd, Muḥammad b. Muḥammad al-. ''Al-Jumal wa al-nuṣra li sayyid al-ʿitra fī ḥarb al-Baṣra.p119)
Members of Banu Hashim and some companions refrained from pledging allegiance for a long time because they deemed Imam Ali (peace be upon him) more deserving of the caliphate.(29)( Ibn Qutayba al-Dīnawarī, ʿAbd Allāh b. Muslim . ''Al-Imāma wa l-sīyāsa al-mʿrūf bi-tārīkh al-khulafā,,, Yaʿqūbī, Aḥmad b. Abī Yaʿqūb al-. ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī''.vol2.p124,,, Jawharī Baṣrī, Aḥmad b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz. ''Al-Saqīfa wa Fadak''.p49)
 
Supervision of Pilgrims During the Caliphate
In the eleventh year of the Hijri calendar, Abu Bakr appointed Umar ibn Khattab as the supervisor of the pilgrims, while he himself performed Umrah in the month of Rajab of the twelfth year of the Hijri calendar. During the pilgrimage season of that same year, he took charge of supervising the pilgrims.(30)( Ibn Saʿd, Muḥammad. ''Al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā''..vol3.p139)
Some reports suggest that during his caliphate, Abu Bakr did not perform Hajj, and Umar or Attab bin Usaid, the agent of the Prophet (peace be upon him) in Mecca, carried out the pilgrimage.(31)( Ibn Ḥabīb Baghdādī, Muḥammad b. Ḥabīb. ''Kitāb al-muḥabbar'.p12)
Or he appointed Abdur Rahman bin Awf to the emirate of Hajj.(32)( Ibn ʿAsākir, ʿAlī b. Ḥasan. Tārīkh-i damishq.vol30.p217)
 
Death
Abu Bakr passed away due to illness on the seventh of Jumada al-Akhirah in the year 13 AH, after two years, three months, and 26 days of caliphate, at the age of 63.(33)( Ibn Saʿd, Muḥammad. ''Al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā''.vol3.p150-151)
And upon his death, he left behind a date palm grove from the spoils of Banu Nadir, as well as lands in Bahrain, Ghabah, and Khaybar.(34)( Ṣanʿānī, ʿAbd al-Razzāq b. Humām. ''Al-Muṣannaf''.vol9.p101-102)
 
References


Mufīd, Muḥammad b. Muḥammad al-. ''Al-Irshād''. Edited by Muʾassisat Āl al-Bayt li-Taḥqīq al-Turāth. Beirut: Dār al-Mufīd li-ṭibaʿat wa al-Nashr wa al-Tawzīʿ, 1414 AH
Mufīd, Muḥammad b. Muḥammad al-. ''Al-Irshād''. Edited by Muʾassisat Āl al-Bayt li-Taḥqīq al-Turāth. Beirut: Dār al-Mufīd li-ṭibaʿat wa al-Nashr wa al-Tawzīʿ, 1414 AH
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Yaʿqūbī, Aḥmad b. Abī Yaʿqūb al-. ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī''. Beirut: Dār Ṣādir, n.p.
Yaʿqūbī, Aḥmad b. Abī Yaʿqūb al-. ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī''. Beirut: Dār Ṣādir, n.p.
Kulaynī, Muḥammad b. Yaʿqūb al-. ''Al-Kāfī''. Edited by ʿAlī Akbar Ghaffārī & Muḥammad Ākhūndī. Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmīyya, 1407 AH.


Ibn ʿAsākir, ʿAlī b. Ḥasan. Tārīkh-i damishq. Edited by ʿAmr-i b. Gharāma al-ʿAmrawī. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1415 AH/ 1995.
Ibn ʿAsākir, ʿAlī b. Ḥasan. Tārīkh-i damishq. Edited by ʿAmr-i b. Gharāma al-ʿAmrawī. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1415 AH/ 1995.