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| '''The Cave of Thawr''' is a cave located on [[Mount Thawr (Mecca)|Mount Thawr]] in the south of [[Mecca]]. This cave is the place where the Prophet (PBUH) sought refuge during the migration to Medina."
| | "Badr Martyrs Cemetery." |
| | "The graveyard of the martyrs of Badr is located in the vicinity of the city of Medina in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. According to historical accounts, the martyrs of the Battle of Badr are buried there. Badr is situated near the city of Medina. The cemetery of the Badr martyrs, according to historical travelogues, was an area adjacent to the Arish Mosque. Today, there is still a cemetery with a wall in the city of Badr, recognized as the burial place of the martyrs of Badr." |
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| ==Hiding of the Prophet (PBUH)==
| | "The Battle of Badr" |
| | "The Battle of Badr was the first military expedition led by the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) in a region of the same name, occurring in the year 2 AH (After Hijra). At that time, Badr was a gathering place for the Arabs, hosting an annual market for eight days starting from the beginning of the month of Dhu al-Qa'dah."(1)( Wāqidī, Muḥammad b. ʿUmar al-. ''Al-Maghāzī'.vol1.p384,,, • Najafī, Sayyid Muḥammad Bāqir. Madīna shināsī.vol2.p28). "The Battle of Badr, which lasted half a day, concluded with the killing of seventy and the capture of the same number of polytheists. Only fourteen Muslims, consisting of six migrants and eight supporters, achieved martyrdom in this battle."(2)(' Ibn Saʿd, Muḥammad b. Manīʿ al-Ḥāshimī al-Baṣrī. ''Al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā.vol2.p12,,, Wāqidī, Muḥammad b. ʿUmar al-. ''Al-Maghāzī'.vol1.p145-152). |
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| The significance of [[Mount Thawr]] lies in the fact that the Prophet (PBUH), during the [[migration to Yathrib]], concealed himself in a cave atop this mountain for three days. The polytheists, utilizing skilled trackers such as [[Kurz bin Alqamah]], pursued him and traced his footsteps to the entrance of Thawr Cave. The nesting of birds, the weaving of spider webs, or the growth of a short-lived plant at the cave's entrance left the polytheists discouraged in their search for the Prophet. After a three-day stay in this cave, the prophet (PBUH) continued his journey to Yathrib.<ref>Ibn Saʿd, ''Al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā'', vol. 1, p. 177; Balādhurī, ''Ansāb al-ashrāf''.vol. 1, p. 307; Maqrizī, ''Imtāʿ al-asmāʾ.vol. 1, p. 58.</ref>
| | "Martyrs of Badr |
| Apparently, the passage along the route chosen by the Prophet (PBUH) for ascending the mountain during the migration posed difficulties, leading to bleeding in his feet during the ascent.<ref>Fākihī, ''Akhbār Makka fī qadīm al-dahr wa ḥaīthih'', vol. 4, p. 80.
| | Most historians have identified the martyrs of Badr as fourteen individuals. These fourteen include the following individuals:"(3) • Zāhidī Muqaddam, Muḥammad. Qazwi-yi badr, shuhadā wa mazārāt-i ān .p91). |
| </ref>
| | "Martyrs of Badr from the Migrants: |
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| ==Location==
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| At the summit of [[Mount Thawr]], there are two adjacent caves, both considered hiding places of the Prophet (PBUH) during the migration to Yathrib (Medina). Considering the companionship of [[Abu Bakr]] and also [[Amer bin Fuhayrah]], the guide of the route, it can be said that the larger cave served as the place of concealment. The dimensions of this cave are 5.3 square meters in length and width, with a height of 1.3 meters.<ref>Qāʾidān, ''Tārīkh wa āthār-i Islāmī-yi Makka wa Madīna'', p. 96.
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| Verse 40 of Surah At-Tawbah, in which Allah reports about the support of the Prophet and his companion, refers to this event and the cave.<ref>Ibn Kathīr, ''Al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya'', vol. 6, p. 184.</ref>
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| ==Visit to Thawr Cave==
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| Thawr Cave has always been a focal point for Muslims, and many individuals throughout different periods have ascended the mountain to see it.<ref>abbāgh, ''Taḥṣīl al-marām'', vol. 1, p. 511-512.</ref>
| | 1. Ubaidah bin Harith |
| "Apparently, in the 14th century AH (20th century CE), it was customary for the people of Mecca to visit this mountain on Saturdays, while the rest of the days were for others to visit.<ref>Ṣabrī Pāshā, ''Mawsūʿa mirʾāt al-ḥaramayn'', vol. 2, p. 912.</ref> At that time, stone markers were placed along the path and on top of the mountain to guide visitors.<ref>Ibrāhīm Rafʿat Pāshā. ''Mirʾāt al-ḥaramayn'', vol. 1, p. 61.</ref>
| | 2. Umayr bin Abi Waqqas |
| | 3. Umayr bin Abd Amr bin Nudlah Khazai |
| | 4. Aqil bin Bukayr |
| | 5. Mihja' Ghulam of Umar bin Khattab |
| | 6. Safwan bin Bayda |
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| ==Changes to the Cave Entrance==
| | Martyrs of Badr from the Ansar: |
| Kurdi (d. 1400 AH/ 1979-80) claimed, referring to a phrase from the Qamus al-Muhit and Abu Bakr's account of staying in the cave, that the entrance to the cave was originally at its upper section during the Prophet's time and that the current entrances were later created.<ref>Kurdī, ''Al-Tārīkh al-qawīm li Makka wa bayt Allāh al-karīm'' , vol. 2, p. 394; Gāzī, ''Ifādat al-anām'', vol. 2, p. 18.</ref>
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| Ibn Jubayr (d. 612 AH/1215-6) mentioned two entrances for the cave, with one of them being wider, and people mostly used that entrance to access the cave.<ref>Ibn Jubayr, ''Riḥla Ibn Jubayr'', p. 124-125; Warthīlānī, ''Al-Riḥla al- Warthīlānīyya'', vol. 2, p. 475; Ibn Zahīra, ''Al-Jāmiʿ al-laṭīf fī faḍl-i Makka wa ahluhā wa bināʾ al-Bayt al-Sharīf'', p. 300.</ref>
| | 1. Sa'd bin Khuthaimah |
| Based on this report, apparently, during those periods, the second entrance was created for the easy access of pilgrims to the cave. This was because the main opening of the cave, which was located on the [[Qibla]] side, was very narrow, requiring a specific skill to pass through. Around the year 800 AH/1397-8, the main entrance of the cave was slightly expanded by cutting rocks.<ref>Fāsī al-Makkī, ''Shifāʾ al-gharām bi akhbār al-balad al-ḥarām'', vol. 1, p. 280-281; Ibn Fahd, ''Itḥāf al-warā bi akhbār umm al-qurā'', vol. 3, p. 409.</ref>
| | 2. Mubashir bin Abdul-Mundhir bin Zunbur |
| | 3. Yazid bin Harith bin Fushum |
| | 4. Umayr bin Humam |
| | 5. Rafi bin Mu'awi |
| | 6. Harithah bin Suraqah bin Harith |
| | 7. Awf bin Harith bin Rufa'ah |
| | 8. Mu'adh bin Harith bin Rufa'ah." |
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| "Nevertheless, subsequent reports still narrate the small size of the cave entrance. For instance, in the year 810AH/1407-8, the entrance to the cave was temporarily closed due to overcrowding.<ref>Fāsī al-Makkī, ''Al-ʿAqd al-thamīn fī tārīkh al-balad al-ʾamīn'', vol. 3, p. 255; Ibn Fahd, ''Itḥāf al-warā bi akhbār umm al-qurā'', vol. 3, p. 458-459.</ref> | | "The city of Badr" |
| "Another report indicates that during the time of [[Sharif Aun al-Rafi']] (r. 1299 AH/ 1881-2), the Emir of Mecca ordered the expansion of the cave entrance.<ref>Kurdī, ''Al-Tārīkh al-qawīm li Makka wa bayt Allāh al-karīm'', vol. 2; p. 395.</ref> | | "Today, the region of Badr, also known as Badr Hunayn, has transformed into a city located 153 kilometers from Medina and 310 kilometers from Mecca. Its population in the year 1425 AH was over 33,000 people, and considering the population of its suburbs, it exceeded 58,000 people."(4)( • Zāhidī Muqaddam, Muḥammad. Qazwi-yi badr, shuhadā wa mazārāt-i ān.p17). |
| ==Notes==
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| {{Notes}}
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| ==References==
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| {{References}}
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| *Āl-i Basām, ʿAbdullāh b. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān. ''Khazāna al-tawārīkh al-najdīyya''. Saudi Arabia:[n.p]1419 AH.
| | "Historical reports about the Badr Cemetery |
| *Balādhurī, Aḥmad b. Yaḥyā al-. ''Ansāb al-ashrāf''. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1417 AH.
| | One of the oldest known reports about the Badr Cemetery dates back to Waqidi (d. 207 AH)."(5)( • Zāhidī Muqaddam, Muḥammad. Qazwi-yi badr, shuhadā wa mazārāt-i ān.p110). |
| *Bilādī, ʿĀtiq b. Ghayth al-.''Muʿjam al-Maʿārif al- Jughrāfīyya''. Mecca: Dār al-Makka, 1402 AH.
| | "According to Waqidi's report, the burial places of the martyrs were at some distance from each other."(6) Wāqidī, Muḥammad b. ʿUmar al-. ''Al-Maghāzī'.vol1.p147). |
| *Dīyārbakrī, Ḥusayn b. Muḥammad. ''Tārīkh al-khamīs fī aḥwāl ʾanfas al-nafīs''. Beirut: Muʾssisa sha ʿbān, 1283 AH.
| | "In the fifth century, Bihiqi (d. 458 AH) visited this cemetery as a place of pilgrimage."(7) Bayhaqī, Aḥmad b. al-Ḥusayn al-. ''Dalāʾil al-nubuwwa wa maʿrifat aḥwāl ṣāḥib al-sharīʿa''.vol3.p125). |
| *Fākihī, Muḥammad b. Isḥāq. ''Akhbār Makka fī qadīm al-dahr wa ḥaīthih''. Beirut: Dār al- Khiḍr, 1414 AH.
| | "In the sixth century, Ibn Jubayr observed the burial place of the martyrs of Badr in the year 578 AH. According to him, on that day, the battlefield of Badr had been transformed into a date palm grove, and the cemetery of the martyrs of Badr was located behind that date palm grove."(8)( • Ibn Jubayr, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad. ''Riḥla Ibn Jubayr.p148). |
| *Fāsī al-Makkī, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad. ''Shifāʾ al-gharām bi akhbār al-balad al-ḥarām''. Translated by Muḥammad Muqaddas. Tehran: Mashʿar, 1386 sh.
| | "Approximately a century later, in the year 688 AH, Abdari visited Badr and reported a large cemetery where the graves of the martyrs of Badr were located, west of the Arish Mosque."(9)( • ʿAbdarī, Muḥammad b. Muḥammad. Riḥla al- ʿAbdarī.p346/347). |
| *Fāsī al-Makkī, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad. ''Al-ʿaqd al-thamīn fī tārīkh al-balad al-ʾamīn''. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 1419 AH.
| | "Several centuries later, in the year 1110 (AH 1170), Muhammad Taqi Sharifi Fasi reported about the location of the graves of the martyrs of Badr, surrounded by a short wall. He also mentioned a sanctuary attached to the cemetery. (Sharifi Fasi's travelogue, p. 354). In 1179, Wirthlani reported on the cemetery and the surrounding wall."(10)( • Warthīlānī, Ḥusayn b. Muḥammad. Al-Riḥla al- Warthīlānīyya..vol1.p419). |
| *Gāzī, ʿAbdullāh b. Muḥammad al-. ''Ifādat al-anām''. Mecca: Maktabat al-Asadī, 1430 AH.
| | "Other reports do not provide significantly different information."(11)( • Burckhardt, John Lewis. Tarḥāl fī al-jazīra al-ʿarabīyya.vol2.p193-195,,, • Hājib al-Dawla, ʿAlī b. Ḥusayn. Safarnāma Hāj ʿAlīkhān Iʿtimād al-salṭana..p97). |
| *Hajj Research Center. ''Adʿīyya wa ādāb-i Makke-yi mukarrama''. Tehran: Mashʿar, 1386 sh.
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| *Khārazmī, Muḥammad b. Isḥāq al-. ''Ithara al-targhīb''. Mecca: Maktabat Nazār Muṣṭafā al-Bāz, 1418 AH.
| | "The current status of the graves of the martyrs of Uhud." |
| *Ibn Fahd, ʿUmar b. Muḥammad. ''Itḥāf al-warā bi akhbār umm al-qurā''. Mecca: Jāmiʿa umm al-qurā, 1408 AH.
| | "Mohammad Ali Najafi, who visited the city of Badr between 1354-1357 SH (1975-1978), writes about the graves of the martyrs of Badr: 'During a period of pilgrimage and research in this area, I observed that the graves of the martyrs are situated among the general cemetery of Badr. Similar to all cemeteries in Saudi Arabia, they are flat, nameless, and unmarked. Only a short wall covered with white cement, fenced with iron rods, separates these graves from other tombs, giving them distinction.'"(12)( • Najafī, Sayyid Muḥammad Bāqir. Madīna shināsī.vol2.p172). |
| *Ibn Kathīr, Ismāʿīl b. ʿUmar. ''Al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya''. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1407 AH.
| | "The images available today of the cemetery of the martyrs of Badr depict a large graveyard surrounded by a white wall, with the graves marked by specific stones."(13)( "The images of the cemetery of Baqi.") |
| *Ibn Jubayr, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad. ''Riḥla Ibn Jubayr''. Beirut: Dār al-Maktaba al-Hilāl, 1986.
| | منابع |
| *Ibn Saʿd, Muḥammad b. Manīʿ al-Ḥāshimī al-Baṣrī. ''Al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā''. Edited by Muḥammad ʿAbd al-Qādir ʿAṭā. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya,1418 AH.
| | Ibn Saʿd, Muḥammad b. Manīʿ al-Ḥāshimī al-Baṣrī. ''Al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā''. Edited by Muḥammad ʿAbd al-Qādir ʿAṭā. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya,1410AH-1990. |
| *Ibn Zahīra, Muḥammad Jārullāh. ''Al-Jāmiʿ al-laṭīf fī faḍl-i Makka wa ahluhā wa bināʾ al-Bayt al-Sharīf''. Edited by ʿAlī ʿUmar. Cairo: Maktabat al-Thaqāfa al-Dīnīyya, 1423 AH.
| | • Ibn Jubayr, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad. ''Riḥla Ibn Jubayr''. Beirut: Dār al-Maktaba al-Hilāl, 1986. |
| *Kurdī, Muḥammad Ṭāhir. ''Al-Tārīkh al-qawīm li Makka wa bayt Allāh al-karīm''. Beirut: : Dār al- Khiḍr, 1420 AH.
| | • Warthīlānī, Ḥusayn b. Muḥammad. Al-Riḥla al- Warthīlānīyya. Cairo: Maktabat al-Thaqāfa, 1429 AH. |
| *Maqrizī, Aḥmad b. ʿAlī. ''Imtāʿ al-asmāʾ''. Edited by Muḥammad ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd al-Namīsī. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 1420 AH.
| | Wāqidī, Muḥammad b. ʿUmar al-. ''Al-Maghāzī''. Edited by Marsden Jones. Beirut: Muʾassisa al-Aʿlām, 1409 AH. |
| *Marjānī, ʿAbdullāh al-. ''Bahjat al-nufūs wa al-asrār''. Beirut: Dār al-Gharb al-Islāmī, 2002.
| | |
| *Qāʾidān, Aṣghar. ''Tārīkh wa āthār-i Islāmī-yi Makka wa Madīna''. 4th edition. Qom: Nashr-i Mashʿar, 1381 Sh.
| | Bayhaqī, Aḥmad b. al-Ḥusayn al-. ''Dalāʾil al-nubuwwa wa maʿrifat aḥwāl ṣāḥib al-sharīʿa''. Edited by ʿAbd al-Muʿṭī al-Qalʿajī. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmīyya, 1405 AH. |
| *Rafʿat Pāshā, Ibrāhīm. ''Mirʾāt al-ḥaramayn, aw, al-raḥlāt al-ḥijāziyya wa al-ḥaj wa mashāʿirihi al-dīniyya''. Beirut: Dār al-Maʿrifa, [n.d].
| | • Burckhardt, John Lewis. Tarḥāl fī al-jazīra al-ʿarabīyya (Travels in Arabia). Cairo: Al-Markaz al-Raqūmī li-l-Tarjuma, 2007. |
| *Ṣabbāgh, Muḥammad. Aḥmad. ''Taḥṣīl al-marām''. [n.p], 1424 AH.
| | • ʿAbdarī, Muḥammad b. Muḥammad. Riḥla al- ʿAbdarī. Damascus: Dār al- Saʿd al-Din, 1426 AH. |
| *Ṣabrī Pāshā, Ayyūb. ''Mawsūʿa mirʾāt al-ḥaramayn''. Translated by ʿAbd al-Rasūl Munshī. Tehran: Markaz-i Pazhūhishī Mīrāth-i Maktūb, 1382 sh.
| | • Zāhidī Muqaddam, Muḥammad. Qazwi-yi badr, shuhadā wa mazārāt-i ān. Tehran: Hajj and Pilgrimage Research Institute, 1401 sh. |
| *Sulṭān Murād Mīrzā Ḥisām al-salṭana .''Safarnāma makka''. Edited by Rasūl Jaʿfarīyān, Tehran: Mashʿar, 1374 sh.
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| *Warthīlānī, Ḥusayn b. Muḥammad. ''Al-Riḥla al- Warthīlānīyya''. Cairo: Maktabat al-Thaqāfa, 1429 AH.
| | • Najafī, Sayyid Muḥammad Bāqir. Madīna shināsī. Tehran: Mashʿar, 1387 sh. |
| *Yāqūt al-Ḥamawī. ''Muʿjam al-buldān''. Second edition. Beirut: Dār Ṣādir, 1995.
| | • Hājib al-Dawla, ʿAlī b. Ḥusayn. Safarnāma Hāj ʿAlīkhān Iʿtimād al-salṭana. . Tehran: Mashʿar, 1379 sh. |