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| Hijr Isma'il
| | Al-Thanāyā Mosque or Al-Thanāyā Dome(Arabic: مسجد الثنایا or قبة الثنایا) is one of the old mosques in [[Medina]], which was built at the place where the Prophet’s teeth were broken in the [[Battle of ʾUhud]]. This mosque was located in the north direction of the tomb of the martyrs of ʾUhud, near the mountain of ʾUhud, but today there is no trace of it. |
| Ḥijr Ismāʿīl (Arabic: حجر اسماعيل) is a Semicircular area near [[Ka'ba]], and according to Islamic narratives is the burial place of [[Ishmael]], [[Hajar|Hājar]] and some prophets.
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| According to some hadiths, a segment of Ḥijr Ismāʿīl was a part of Ka'ba; therefore, according to Shia jurists and most of Sunni jurists, during Ṭawāf, Ḥijr Ismāʿīl should be placed inside the [[Tawaf|Ṭawāf]].
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| ==Introduction==
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| Ḥijr Ismāʿīl is said to be the Semicircular area on the northwest side of [[Ka'ba]], in front of the gold gutter.<ref>Kurdī, ''Al-Tārīkh al-qawīm'', vol. 2, p. 569.</ref>
| | ==The story of Al-Thanāyā Mosque== |
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| Ḥijr Ismāʿīl is marked by a wall with a height of 1.32 meters and a width of 1.52 meters. The distance of this wall from the [[gold gutter]] is nearly 6.80 meters and it covers an area of 8.44 meters between the [[Rukn al-'Iraqī]] and the Rukn ush-Shami (western corner of Ka'ba).<ref>Rafʿat Pāshā. ''Mirʾāt al-ḥaramayn'', vol. 1, p. 266; Kurdī, ''Al-Tārīkh al-qawīm'', vol. 2, p. 576.</ref>
| | There is no mention of this mosque in the old history and geography texts of [[Medina]]. But newer sources have indicated the existence of a mosque on Mount ʾUhud, which was built at the place where Prophet’s Incisors teeth was broken in the [[Battle of ʾUhud]]<ref>Ibn Hishām, ''Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya'', vol. 2, p. 80.</ref> |
| ==History==
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| Based on religious traditions, the history of creation of Ḥijr Ismāʿīl goes back to the time of the construction of [[Ka'ba]] by Prophet [[Abraham(s)]]. There are different and sometimes conflicting reports about the reason of the Ḥijr's construction; Some reports show that [[Ishmael(s)]] took shelter from the scorching sun in this part,<ref>Qāʾidān, ''Tārīkh wa āthār-i Islāmi Makka wa Madīna'', p. 117.</ref> and in this regard, perhaps the Ḥijr is introduced as his house.<ref>Kulaynī, ''Al-Kāfī'', vol. 4, p. 210.</ref>Some other narrations have attributed the construction of the first Ḥijr to Prophet Abraham(s) with the aim of protecting the sheep of Ishmael(s).<ref>Azraqī, ''Akhbār Makka'', Vol. 1, pp. 64-65; Ḥurr al-ʿĀmilī, ''Wasāʾil al-Shīʿa'', vol. 13, p. 355.</ref>
| | Reports from the end of the 13th century |
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| ==Burial of prophets in the Ḥijr==
| | According to the report of Tabrizi Mohammadreza Tabatabayi in 1296 lunar year (1258 AD), this mosque was located 150 paces away from the grave of the martyrs of Uhud.[2. Ṭabāṭabāʾī Tabrīzī Hidāya al-Ḥujjāj, p. 213.] |
| Islamic narratives have reported that some prophets were buried in the Ḥijr without mentioning their names. According to these reports, Ishmael, his mother [[Hājar]] and some of his daughters were buried in this place.<ref>Kulaynī, ''Al-Kāfī'', vol. 4, p. 210; Ibn Hishām,''Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya'', vol. 1, p. 5.</ref>
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| ==The importance of Ḥijr Ismāʿīl among Meccans and Muslims==
| | Hossam al-Sultaneh, who went to Hajj in 1297, reports that he entered the Sanaya Mosque and prayed there. According to him, this mosque had a small courtyard and a dome, and it was located in the north direction, above the shrine of Hazrat Hamza Seyyed al-Shahda (a.s.).3[ Safarnāma makka’’ , p. 154.] |
| Ḥijr Ismāʿīl has always attracted the attention of people of Mecca. There are reports of [[ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib]] sitting in Ḥijr Ismāʿīl,<ref>Ibn Saʿd, ''Al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā'' ,vol. 1, p. 82.</ref> and verbal disputes between Prophet Muhammad (s) and polytheists of [[Quraysh]] in this place,<ref>Ibn Hishām,''Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya'', vol. 1, pp. 289-290.</ref> and also the gathering of polytheists to decide on his assassination.<ref>Wāqidī, ''Al-Maghāzī'', vol. 1, p. 125.</ref> The number of dreams attributed to grandees such as ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib<ref>Ibn Hishām,''Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya'', vol. 1, p. 142; Ibn Kathīr,''Al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya'', Vol. 2, p. 244. </ref>and the Prophet(s) in Ḥijr Ismāʿīl<ref>Ibn Ṭāwūs, ''Saʿd al-suʿūd'', p. 100; Majlisī, Biḥār al-anwār, vol. 18, p. 317.</ref>shows that this place is suitable for resting after worshiping.
| | According to another report, this mosque was rebuilt by Haj Ramez Pasha, the son-in-law of Salim Beg Mainji, in 1303 AH (1265 AH).[4. ʿAlī b. Mūsā.Risāʾil fī Tārīkh al-madīna.p. 14.] |
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| Reports related to the designation of Ḥijr Ismāʿīl as the starting point of the [[ascension]] of the Prophet(s),<ref>Ibn Ṭāwūs, ''Saʿd al-suʿūd'', p. 100; Majlisī, Biḥār al-anwār, vol. 18, p. 317</ref> the holding of some of his speeches,<ref>Qummī, ''Tafsīr al-Qummī'', vol. 1, p. 379.</ref> the presence of Shia imams on various occasions, and their prayers and supplications at this place<ref>ʿAyyāshī, Tafsīr al-ʿAyyāshī, vol. 2, p. 337; Ṭūsī, Al-Ghayba. , p. 259; Ṣaffār, Baṣāʾir al-darajāt p. 373.</ref> show prominent position of Ḥijr Ismāʿīl among religious grandees.
| | Ibrahim Rifat Pasha saw this mosque in 1319 and spoke about it as follows: “Near the graves of the martyrs, there is a water spring called Ain Al-Thanaya, which has a guar and can be reached by a few steps. There is the dome of Sanaya.” [5. Ibrāhīm Rafʿat Pāshā. ‘’Mirʾāt al-ḥaramayn, p. 393] He has published two pictures of this dome in his book. [6. Ibrāhīm Rafʿat Pāshā. ‘’Mirʾāt al-ḥaramaynp. 599] |
| | Destruction of the mosque |
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| ==Reconstructions of Ḥijr Ismāʿīl throughout history==
| | Because this mosque was located in the middle of the branches and in the path of the flowing water that flowed from Mount Ahud in winter and spring, over time, first its dome collapsed and only the walls around the building remained, and after a while, due to its lack of reconstruction, It was completely destroyed. [7. .] Seyyed Ahmad Yasin Khiari (1321-1380 AH) confirmed this in his book that the dome of the Sanaya Mosque was destroyed and only the remains of its building remained.[8 .Tārīkh maʿālimal-madīna al-munawwara qadīman wa ḥadīthan p. 192.] |
| Some scholars, citing a hadith attributed to [[Prophet Muhammad(s)]] addressed to [[ʿĀʾisha]]<ref>Khuzaymah,Ṣaḥīḥ ibn Khuzaimah , vol. 2, p. 1413; Muslim Nayshābūrī, ''Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim'', vol. 2, p. 968.</ref> believe that a part of the current Ḥijr Ismāʿīl was part of [[Ka'ba]], which was placed in the inner Ḥijr due to the financial inability of the [[Quraysh]] to rebuild the Ka'ba in the fifth year before [[Biʿtha]]/605 CE.<ref>Kurdī,''Al-Tārīkh al-qawīm'', vol. 2, p. 573.</ref> They have even considered the naming of the Ḥijr to be appropriate to the stones marking the remaining part of the [[Ka'ba]] and to prevent people from entering it.<ref>Ḥamawī, ''Muʿjam al-buldān'', vol. 2, p. 221.</ref>
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| [[ʿAbd Allāh b. al-Zubayr]] in 64 AH/683-4 CE In [[rebuilding the Ka'ba]], he added the mentioned part to the Ka'ba, but [[Al-Ḥajjāj b. Yūsuf]] after permission from [[ʿAbd al-Malik b. Marwān]] (R: 65-86 AH/ 65/684-5 - 86/705 CE) in 74 AH/ 693-4 CE. He restored the building of the [[Ka'ba]] to its previous form.<ref>Rustā, ''Al-aʿlāq al-nafīsa'', p. 30; Azraqī, ''Akhbār Makka'', Vol. 1, p. 214.</ref>The area of the Ḥijr has remained unchanged since then.
| | According to the report of Rasul Jafarian in 1416 A.H. (1/5/1375) There was no trace of this mosque in this place.[9. Jaʿfariyān, Rasūl. ‘’Āthār-i islāmi-yi Makka wa Madīna’ , p. 433.] |
| | | =Notes== |
| According to Sources the paving of Ḥijr was done in 140 AH/757-8 By order of [[Mansūr al-'Abbasī]](R: 136-158 AH/754-775<ref>Azraqī,''Akhbār Makka'', vol. 1, p. 313;sanjārī, ''Manāʾiḥ al-karam'', vol. 2, p. 92.</ref> and reconstructed in 164 AH/780-1 By the order of [[Mahdī al-'Abbasī]] (R:158-169 AH/775-785-6).<ref>Azraqī,''Akhbār Makka'', Vol 1, pp. 313-314; Kurdī, ''Al-Tārīkh al-qawīm'', vol. 2, p. 579.</ref>Other renovations were done in 1040 AH/1630-1, 1260 AH/1844-5 and 1283 AH/1866-7. It was done during the period of the Ottoman sultans.<ref>Kurdī, ''Al-Tārīkh al-qawīm'', vol. 2, p. 579.</ref> | |
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| ==Ṭawāf in Ḥijr Ismāʿīl==
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| The method of [[Ṭawāf]] and also the obligatory and recommended prayers at Ḥijr Ismāʿīl have been disputed by Shia and Sunni jurists. The root of this disagreement is the difference in their views on Ḥijr Ismāʿīl whether is a part of [[Ka'ba]] or not.<ref>PūrAmīnī, Ḥijr Ismaʿīl. pp. 42-61; Quarterly magazine of Mīqāt-I Ḥajj. vol. 8, p. 111.</ref>
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| Shia scholars have unanimously placed Ḥijr Ismāʿīl inside Ṭawāf, and in the case of entering Ḥijr Ismāʿīl while doing Ṭawāf, they have ruled to return Ṭawāf and repeat it.<ref>Ṭūsī,''Al-Khilāf'', vol. 2, p. 324; Majmaʿ al-fāʾida wa al-burhān, Vol. 7, p. 79.</ref> Sunni jurists have also considered [[Ṭawāf]] outside the Ḥijr as permissible and only to Abū Ḥanīfa’s belief is that entering the Ḥijr does not disturb the correctness of Ṭawāf.<ref>Shāfiʿī, ''Al-Umm'', vol. 2, p. 193; kalūdhānī, ''Al-Hidāya'', p. 190.</ref>
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| =Notes==
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| {{Notes}} | | {{Notes}} |
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| ==references== | | ==references== |
| {{References}} | | {{References}} |
| | | *Jaʿfariyān, Rasūl. ‘’Āthār-i islāmi-yi Makka wa Madīna’’. Tehran: Mashʿar, 1382 Sh |
| *ʿAlī b. Tāj al-ddīn al-sanjārī.''Manāʾiḥ al-karam''. Mecca: umm al-qurā university, 1998. | | *Khiyārī, Sayyid Aḥmad Yāsīn.Tārīkh maʿālimal-madīna al-munawwara qadīman wa ḥadīthan. Riyadh: al-Amāna alʿāmma li-liḥtifāl miʾat ʿām ʿalā tʾsīs al-mamlika al- ʿarabiyya al-suʿūdiyya, 1419 AH/1999. |
| *ʿAyyāshī, Muḥammad b. Masʿūd al-.''Tafsīr al-ʿAyyāshī''. Edited by Rasūlī Maḥallātī. Tehran: al-Maktaba al-ʿIlmiyya al-Islāmiyya, 1380 Sh. | | *ʿAlī b. Mūsā.Risāʾil fī Tārīkh al-madīna. Edited by Ḥamd al-jāsir, Riyadh: Dār al-yamāma. |
| *Azraqī, Muḥammad b. ʿAbd Allāh al-.''Akhbār Makka wa mā jāʾa fīhā min al-āthār''. Edited by Rushdī Ṣāliḥ Mulḥis. Beirut: 1403 AH. | | **Sulṭān Murād Mīrzā Ḥisām al-salṭana .’’Safarnāma makka’’. Edited by Rasūl Jaʿfarīyān, Tehran: Mashʿar, 1374 sh. |
| *Ḥamawī, Yāqūt b. ʿAbd Allāh al-. ''Muʿjam al-buldān''. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 1399 AH.
| | *Ibn Hishām, ʿAbd al-Malik. ‘’Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya’’. Edited by Muṣṭafā al-Saqā, Ibrāhīm Ābyārī and ʿAbd al-Ḥafīz Shalbī. Cairo: 1355 AH/1936. |
| *Ḥurr al-ʿĀmilī, Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan al-. ''Wasāʾil al-Shīʿa''. Edited by ʿAbd al-Raḥīm Rabbānī Shīrāzī. fifth edition. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 1403 AH-1983. | | *Ibrāhīm Rafʿat Pāshā. ‘’Mirʾāt al-ḥaramayn, aw, al-raḥlāt al-ḥijāziyya wa al-ḥaj wa mashāʿirihi al-dīniyya’’. Beirut: Dār al-Maʿrifa, [n |
| *Ibn Hishām, ʿAbd al-Malik. ''Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya''. Edited by Muṣṭafā al-Saqā, Ibrāhīm Ābyārī and ʿAbd al-Ḥafīz Shalbī. Cairo: 1355 AH/1936. | | * |
| *Ibn Kathīr, Ismāʿīl b. ʿUmar. ''Al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya''. Edited by ʿAlī Shīrī. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 1408 AH | | Ṭabāṭabāʾī Tabrīzī, Muḥammad Riḍā .Hidāya al-Ḥujjāj. Qom: Muwarikh* |
| *Ibn Saʿd, Muḥammad. ''Al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā''. Muḥammad Ṣāmil al-Silmī. Al-Ṭaʾif: Maktabat al-Ṣiddiq, 1414 AH/1993.
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| *Ibn Ṭāwūs, ʿAlī b. Mūsā. ''Saʿd al-suʿūd''. Najaf: 1369 AH-1950.
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| *kalūdhānī, Abū al-khaṭṭāb al-.''Al-Hidāya ʿAlā madhhab al-imam Aḥmad''. Edited by ʿAbd al-Laṭīf Hamīm and Māhir Yāsīn al-faḥl, [n.p], Muʾassisa Gharrās, 1425 AH.
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| *Khuzaymah, Muḥammad b. ''Ṣaḥīḥ ibn Khuzaimah''. Edited by Muḥammad Muṣṭafā al-aʿzamī, Beirut: al-Maktab al-Islāmī, 1424 AH.
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| *Khwārizmī, Muwaffaq b. Aḥmad al-. ''Al-Manāqib''. Edited by Mālik Mahmūdī. Qom: 1414 AH.
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| *Kulaynī, Muḥammad b. Yaʿqūb al-. ''Al-Kāfī''. Edited by Najm al-Dīn al-Amulī. Tehran: Al-Maktabat al-Islāmīyya, 1388 AH.:
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| *Kurdī, Muḥammad Ṭāhir. ''Al-Tārīkh al-qawīm li Makka wa bayt Allāh al-karīm''. Beirut: 1420 AH.
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| *Majlisī, Muḥammad Bāqir al-. ''Biḥār al-anwār al-jāmiʿa li-durar akhbār al-aʾimmat al-aṭhār''. Third edition. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 1403 AH.
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| *Muqaddas Ardibīlī, Aḥmad b. Muḥammad. ''Majmaʿ al-fāʾida wa al-burhān fī sharḥ irshād al-adhhān''. Edited by Mujtabā Irāqī, ʿAlīpanāh Ishtihārdī and Ḥusayn Yazdī Iṣfahānī. Qom: 1st volume, 1403/ volume 11, 1414 AH.
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| *Nawawī, Yaḥyā b. Sharaf. ''Ṣaḥīḥ al-Muslim bi sharḥ al-Nawawī''. Beirut: 1407 AH.:
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| *PūrAmīnī, Muḥammad Amīn. ''Ḥijr Ismaʿīl''. Tehran: Intishārāt-i Mashʿar, 1388 sh.
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| *Qāʾidān, Aṣghar. ''Tārīkh wa āthār-i Islāmi Makka wa Madīna''. 4th edition. Qom: Nashr-i Mashʿar, 1381 Sh
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| *Quarterly magazine of Mīqāt-I Ḥajj. Tehran: Representation of the Leader in matters of Hajj and pilgrimage.
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| *Qummī, ʿAlī b. Ibrāhīm al-. ''Tafsīr al-Qummī''. Edited by Ṭayyib Mūsawī Jazāʾrī. Qom: Dār al-Kitāb, 1404 AH.
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| *Rafʿat Pāshā, Ibrāhīm. ''Mirʾāt al-ḥaramayn''. Tehran: Mashʿar,[n.d].
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| *Rusta, Aḥmad b. ʿUmar . ''Al-aʿlāq al-nafīsah''. Beirut: Dār Ṣādir, 1892. | |
| *Ṣaffār, Muḥammad b. Ḥasan. ''Baṣāʾir al-darajāt fī faḍāʾil-i Āl-i Muḥammad''. Edited by Muḥsin Kūchabāghī. Qom: Kitābkhāna-yi Āyat Allāh al-Marʿashī, 1404 AH.
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| *Shāfiʿī, Muḥammad b. Idrīs. ''Al-Umm''. Beirut: 1403 AH
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| *Ṭūsī, Muḥammad b. al-Ḥaasn al-. ''Al-Khilāf''. Edited by ʿAlī Khurāsānī et.al. Qom: Daftar-i Intishārāt-i Islāmī, 1407 AH.
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| *Ṭūsī, Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan al-. ''Al-Ghayba''. Edited by ʿIbād Allāh Tihrānī and ʿAlī Aḥmad Nāṣiḥ. Qom: Muʾassisat al-Maʿārif al-Islāmīyya, 1411 AH.
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| *Wāqidī, Muḥammad b. ʿUmar al-. ''Al-Maghāzī''. Translated to Farsi by Maḥmūd Mahdawī Dāmghānī. 2nd edition. Tehran: Markaz-i Nashr-i Dānishgāhī, 1388 Sh. | |
| {{end}}
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| [[fa:حجر اسماعیل]]
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| [[ar:حجر إسماعيل]]
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