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"the pillars of the Kaaba" The pillars of the Kaaba are the four corners of this structure, each facing one of the four cardinal directions: east, west, north, and south. Each corner is called a "Rukun," and they are as follows: the Rukun al-Hajar al-Aswad (eastern), the Rukun al-Shami (western), the Rukun al-Iraqi (northern), and the Rukun al-Yamani (southern).

"Overview" The Kaaba is a square building with four corners, each called a "rukn" (corner), and collectively known as the "arkan al-Kaaba" (corners of the Kaaba).

Each of these corners has other names as well. For example, each corner is named after the direction it faces: the Iraqi Corner, the Levantine (Shami) Corner, and the Yemeni Corner.

The corners of the Kaaba are significant in the positioning of certain rituals and rites of Hajj. For instance, the corner of the Black Stone (Hajar al-Aswad) marks the starting and ending point of the circumambulation (Tawaf) .(1) • Ṣabrī Pāshā, Ayyūb. Mawsūʿa mirʾāt al-ḥaramayn, vol. 2, p. 264.

Corner of the Black Stone The eastern corner, known as the Corner of the Black Stone (Rukn al-Hajar al-Aswad), is the starting point of the circumambulation (Tawaf). This corner is located in the southeast of the Kaaba.(2) , Al-Azraqī, Akhbār Makkah, Vol. 1, p. 65. , Kurdī,Al-Tārīkh al-qawīm li Makka wa bayt Allāh al-karīm, vol.3, p. 236. , Ibn Jubayr,Riḥla Ibn Jubayr, p. 53. This corner is the closest to the entrance of the Kaaba and is opposite the Zamzam well. Facing the Corner of the Black Stone is the famous Mount Abu Qubais.(3) al-Maqdisī al-Bashārī, Aḥsan al-taqāsīm fī maʿrifat al-aqālīm, p. 72. The Multazam is a part of the Kaaba's wall near this corner.

Iraqi Corner

The Iraqi Corner (Rukn al-Iraqi) is the second corner of the Kaaba encountered in the path of the circumambulation (Tawaf).(4) Ibn ʿAbd al-Ḥaqq Baghdādī, Marāṣid al-ʾiṭṭlāʿ ʿlā ʾasmāʾi al-amkina wa al-buqāʿ, vol. 2, p. 629. , al-Fārisī al-Aṣṭuḫrī, Al-Masālik wa al-mamālik,p. 16. , After the corner of the Black Stone and before the Syrian corner, and on the side of the Bab al-Umrah.(5) Marjānī, Bahjat al-nufūs wa al-asrār, vol. 2, p. 763. , Kurdī,Al-Tārīkh al-qawīm li Makka wa bayt Allāh al-karīm, vol. 3, p. 248. , Ibn Baṭūṭa,Al-Raḥla Ibn Baṭūṭa, vol. 1, p. 374. This corner is famous as the Iraqi corner because it is located towards Iraq and serves as the qibla for the people of Iraq.(6) al-Ṭūsī (Shaykh Ṭūsī), Muṣbaḥ al-mutahajjid wa silāḥ al-mutaʿabbid, p. 27. , ibn Ṭāwūs (Sayyid ibn Ṭāwūs, Falāḥ al-sāʾil wa najāḥ al-masāʾil fī ʿamal al-yawm wa al-layl, p. 129. , Sharāb, Al-Ma'ālim al-Athīrah fī al-Sunnah wa al-Sīrah, p. 129. "The Syrian corner: The Syrian corner is the third corner among the corners of the Kaaba in the path of circumambulation.(7) al-Qalqashandī,Ṣubḥ al-Aʿshá fī ṣināʿat al-inshā, vol. 4, p. 258. , Farhād Mīrzā Muʿtamid al-Dawlah, Safarnāmah-i Farhād Mīrzā, p. 257. , Kurdī,Al-Tārīkh al-qawīm li Makka wa bayt Allāh al-karīm, vol. 3, p. 247-248. This corner is located after the Iraqi corner and before the Yemeni corner, on the side of Bab al-Ziyadah.(8) Khwārizmī, Iṣārat al-targhīb wa al-tashwīq ilá al-masājid al-thalātha wa al-bayt al-ʿatīq, vol. 1, p. 289-290. , Marjānī, Bahjat al-nufūs wa al-asrār, vol. 2, p. 763. , , Ibn Baṭūṭa,Al-Raḥla Ibn Baṭūṭa, vol. 1, p. 374.

"The Yemeni corner: According to the path of circumambulation, the Yemeni corner is recognized as the last and fourth corner of the Kaaba, before the Black Stone.(9) Yāqūt al-Ḥamawī,Muʿjam al-buldān, vol. 4, p. 465. , Ibn Baṭūṭa,Al-Raḥla Ibn Baṭūṭa, vol. 1, p. 374. , , Farhād Mīrzā Muʿtamid al-Dawlah, Safarnāmah-i Farhād Mīrzā, p. 375. The corner is located in the south of the Kaaba and is therefore also known as the southern corner.(10) Nāṣir Khusrav, Safarnāmah-i Nāṣir Khusrav, p. 129. , Burckhardt, Tarḥāl fī al-Jazīrah al-ʿArabīyah, p. 176. , Khalīlī, Mawsūʿat al-ʿAtābāt al-Muqaddasah, vol. 2, p. 333. In narrations, an angel near the Yemeni corner is mentioned whose task is to respond 'Ameen' to the prayers of the believers. Additionally, this angel conveys the blessings of the believers upon the Prophet to him.(11) Kulaynī, Al-Kāfī, vol. 4, p. 408. The Mustajar is a part of the wall7 of the Kaaba near this corner.

References • Ṣabrī Pāshā, Ayyūb. Mawsūʿa mirʾāt al-ḥaramayn. Cairo: Shirkat al-Dawlīyya li-l-Ṭibāʿa, 2004. • Azraqī, Muḥammad b. ʿAbd Allāh al-. Akhbār Makka. Qom: Maktaba al-Sharīf al-Raḍī, [n.d] • Kurdī, Muḥammad Ṭāhir. Al-Tārīkh al-qawīm li Makka wa bayt Allāh al-karīm. Beirut: : Dār al- Khiḍr, 1420 AH. . Ibn Jubayr, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad. Riḥla Ibn Jubayr. Beirut: Dār al-Maktaba al-Hilāl, 1986. .Aḥsan al-taqāsīm fī maʿrifat al-aqālīm, Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad al-Maqdisī al-Bashārī, Cairo, Maktabat Madbūlī, 1411 AH. .Ibn ʿAbd al-Ḥaqq Baghdādī, Ṣafīī al-dīn ʿAbd al-Muʾmin. Marāṣid al-ʾiṭṭlāʿ ʿlā ʾasmāʾi al-amkina wa al-buqāʿ. Beirut: Dār al-Jayl, 1412 AH. .Al-Masālik wa al-mamālik**, Ibrāhīm ibn Muḥammad al-Fārisī al-Aṣṭuḫrī (al-Karkhī) (d. 346 AH), Edited by Aḥmad ibn Sahl Abū Zayd, Beirut, Dār Ṣādir, 1927 CE. .Ibn Baṭūṭa, Muḥammad b. ʿAbd Allāh. Al-Raḥla Ibn Baṭūṭa. Edited by ʿAbd al-Hādī Tāzī. Rabat: Ākādimīyya al-Mamlikat al-Maghribīyya, 1417 AH. • Marjānī, ʿAbdullāh al-. Bahjat al-nufūs wa al-asrār. Beirut: Dār al-Gharb al-Islāmī, 2002. .Muṣbaḥ al-mutahajjid wa silāḥ al-mutaʿabbid**, Muḥammad ibn Ḥasan al-Ṭūsī (Shaykh Ṭūsī), Edited by Ismāʿīl Anṣārī Zanjānī, Prepared by ʿAlī Asghar Marvārīd, Beirut, Fiqh al-Shīʿah, 1411 AH. . ʿAlī ibn Mūsā ibn Ṭāwūs (Sayyid ibn Ṭāwūs) Falāḥ al-sāʾil wa najāḥ al-masāʾil fī ʿamal al-yawm wa al-layl (d. 664 AH), Qom, Intishārāt al-Islāmī. . Muhammad Muhammad Ḥasan Sharāb, Al-Ma'ālim al-Athīrah fī al-Sunnah wa al-Sīrah, Beirut, Dār al-Qalam, 1411 AH. . Aḥmad ibn ʿAlī al-Qalqashandī, Ṣubḥ al-Aʿshá fī ṣināʿat al-inshā'**, Edited by Muḥammad Ḥusayn Shams al-Dīn, Beirut, Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmīyah, n.d. . Farhād Mīrzā Muʿtamid al-Dawlah, Safarnāmah-i Farhād Mīrzā (Hidāyat al-Sabīl wa Kafāyat al-Dalīl)**, Edited by Ghulām Riḍā Ṭabāṭabāʾī, Tehran, Ilmī, 1366 SH. . Muḥammad ibn Isḥāq al-Khwārizmī, Iṣārat al-targhīb wa al-tashwīq ilá al-masājid al-thalātha wa al-bayt al-ʿatīq, Edited by Muḥammad Ḥusayn al-Ẓahabī, Mecca, Maktabah Nizār Muṣṭafá al-Bāz, 1418 AH. .Yāqūt al-Ḥamawī. Muʿjam al-buldān. Second edition. Beirut: Dār Ṣādir, 1995. . Nāṣir Khusrav Safarnāmah-i Nāṣir Khusrav, Edited by Muḥammad Dabīr Siyāqī, Tehran, Zavār, 1381 SH. . John Lewis Burckhardt, **Tarḥāl fī al-Jazīrah al-ʿArabīyah (Yataḍamman tārīkh manāṭiq al-ḥijāz al-muqaddasah ʿinda al-Muslimīn) translated by Ṣabrī Muḥammad Ḥasan, Cairo, Al-Markaz al-Qawmī lil-Tarjama, 2007 CE. . Jaʿfar Khalīlī, Mawsūʿat al-ʿAtābāt al-Muqaddasah**, Beirut, al-A'lami, 1407 AH. .Muḥammad ibn Yaʿqūb al-Kulaynī, .Al-Kāfī,Edited by ʿAlī-Akbar Ghaffārī, Tehran, Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmīyah, 1363 SH.