Al-Haramayn

Al-Ḥaramayn refers to the two sanctuaries of Mecca and Medina. The Meccan sanctuary encompasses an area of the city of Mecca, and the Medinan sanctuary encompasses an area of the city of Medina. They are called "sanctuaries" due to their sanctity and respect, as well as the prohibition of certain acts within them. They also share virtues and rulings in Islam; for example, the reward for performing prayer in the two sanctuaries is a thousand times greater than in other places, and cutting trees there is forbidden.

The Meccan and Medinan sanctuaries also differ in certain rulings; for instance, entering the Prophet’s sanctuary does not require donning the Ihram. Considering the characteristics of each sanctuary, there is disagreement regarding which one is superior to the other.

Term / Word

The term "Ḥaramayn" (the two sanctuaries) is the dual form of "Ḥaram".(1) Muṣṭafawī ," Al-Taḥqīq fī Kalimāt al-Qurʾān al-Karīm " ,vol. 2, p. 204.

And in lexicons, it has meant “being forbidden” or “prohibited”.(2) al-Rāghib al-Iṣfahānī , "Mufradāt Alfāẓ al-Qurʾān " , p. 229. ,,, Ibn Manẓūr , " Lisān al-ʿArab " ,vol. 12, p. 122.

And in terminology, it refers to the Meccan and Medinan sanctuaries.(3)  ibn. Duraid , " Jamhara al-Lugha ", p. 390-391. ,,, al-Ḥamawī , "Muʿjam al-Buldān " ,vol. 2, p. 243.

The reason they are called "sanctuaries" is due to their sanctity and respect, as well as the prohibition of certain things within them.  (4)   b. Fāris ,"Muʿjam Maqāyīs al-Lugha" ,vol. 2, p. 45. .,,, al-Rāghib al-Iṣfahānī , "Mufradāt Alfāẓ al-Qurʾān " , p. 230. 

Al-Ḥaram Al-Makkī

The Meccan Sanctuary is an area of the city of Mecca, which in Islam has special rulings, such as the prohibition of cutting trees,(5) al-Kulaynī , " Al-Kāfī ",vol. 4, p. 230-231. ,,, al-Ṭūsī , " Taḥdhīb al-Aḥkām fī Sharḥ al-Muqniʿa li al-Shaykh al-Mufīd " ,vol. 5, p. 379-380. ,,, al-Nasāʾī ," Sunan al-Nasāʾī " ,vol. 5, p. 211.

The prohibition of a non-Muslim entering(6)  al-Ṭūsī , "Al-Mabsūṭ fī Fiqh al-Imāmiyya" ,vol. 2, p. 47. ,,, al-Miqdād , " Kanz al-ʿIrfān fī Fiqh al-Qurʾān " ,vol. 1, p. 46 ,,,  al-Shāfiʿī , " Al-Um " ,vol. 1, p. 71./ vol. 4, p. 187. ,,, b. Ḥazm , " Al-Muḥallā bi al-Āthār" ,vol. 4, p. 243.

and the increase of the blood money for murder.(7) al-Ṭūsī , "Al-Mabsūṭ fī Fiqh al-Imāmiyya" ,vol. 7, p. 116-117. ,,, Muḥaqqiq Ḥillī ," Al-Mukhtaṣar al-Nāfiʿ fī Fiqh al-Imāmiyya (al-Nāfiʿ fī Mukhtaṣar al-Sharāʾiʿ)" ,vol. 2, p. 302.

The Sacred Mosque of Mecca is considered a place of security; therefore, a person seeking refuge in the sanctuary, even if they are a criminal, is safe as long as they remain within the sanctuary, except if they commit a crime inside the sanctuary.(8) al-Ṭūsī , " Al-Tibyān fī Tafsīr al-Qurʾān " ,vol. 2, p. 537. ,,,, al-Mashhadī , "Kanz al-Daqāʾiq " ,vol. 3, p. 171.

In the narrations, regarding the history of Mecca becoming a sanctuary, there are three categories of narrations, tracing back to the period of the “creation of the heavens and the earth.(9) al-Bukhārī  , "Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī" ,vol. 2, p. 214. ,,, al-Kulaynī , " Al-Kāfī ",vol. 4, p. 225. ,,, b. Bābawayh , "Man Lā Yaḥḍuruhu al-Faqīh " ,vol. 2, p. 245-246.

“After the descent of Prophet Adam (peace be upon him).”(10) b. Bābawayh , "Man Lā Yaḥḍuruhu al-Faqīh " ,vol. 2, p. 192. ,,, al-Kulaynī , " Al-Kāfī ",vol. 4, p. 195. ,,, al-Ḥurr al-ʿĀmilī , "Wasāʾil al-Shīʿa (Tafṣīl Wasāʾil al-Shīʿa ilā Taḥṣīl Masāʾil al-Sharīʿa" ,vol. 13, p. 221. ,,, al-Azraqī , " Akhbār Makkah wa Mā Jāʾa Fīhā min al-Āthār" ,vol. 1, p. 37-38. ,,, al-Fāsī , " Al-Zuhūr al-Muqṭaṭafa min Tārīkh Makkah al-Musharrafah" ,p. 33. ,,, al-Fāsī , " Shifāʾ al-Gharām bi Akhbār al-Balad al-Ḥarām", vol. 1, p. 105.

And "The Era of Prophet Ibrahim (A.S.)"(11) al-Bukhārī  , "Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī" ,vol.3, p. 22/225. ,,, al-Nīshābūrī ," Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim" ,vol. 4, p. 112/118.

It refers to this. Some have combined these three together(12) al-Samhūdī, " Wafāʾ al-Wafāʾ bi Akhbār Dār al-Muṣṭafā" ,vol. 4, p. 189.

The narrations have stated that the reason for Mecca becoming sacred is the Kaaba.(13) b. Bābawayh (Shaykh Ṣaduq) ,ʿ"Ilal al-Sharāʾiʿ wa al-Aḥkām",vol. 2, p. 415. ,,, b. Khālid al-Barqī ," Al-Maḥāsin " , vol. 2, p. 330. ,,, al-Majlisī , " Biḥār al-Anwār al-Jāmiʿa li Durar Akhbār al-Aʾimma al-Aṭhār. " ,vol. 96, p. 43-44.

There is disagreement regarding the exact boundaries of the sacred area of Mecca.(14) al-Māwardī , "Al-Aḥkām al-Sulṭāniyya wa al-Wilāyāt al-Dīniyya" , vol. 2, p.164-165. ,,, al-Ṭūsī , "Al-Nihāya fī Mujarrad al-Fiqh wa al-Fatāwā " ,p. 234.

Throughout Islamic history and even today, markers have been placed around the city of Mecca called "Anṣāb al-Ḥaram," which define the boundaries of the sacred area based on the narrations left by the Prophet (PBUH).(15)*

According to some studies, the boundary of the sacred area extends 15,500 meters from the Ta’if side, 6,150 meters from the Tan‘īm side (the road to Medina), and 17,000 meters from the Yemen side [16].*

And its perimeter is 127 kilometers.(17)*

Al-Haram Al-Madani

The Sacred Area of Medina is a part of the city of Medina that holds reverence in Islam.(18) al-Nīshābūrī ," Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim" ,vol. 4, p. 117-118. ,,, al-Bayhaqī , "Al-Sunan al-Kubrā" ,vol. 5, p. 198. ,,, al-Ṭabarānī , "Al-Muʿjam al-Kabīr " ,vol. 6, p. 92. ,,, Aḥmad b. Ḥanbal , "Musnad al-Imām Aḥmad b. Ḥanbal" , vol. 4, p. 55-56. ,,, al-Haythamī , "Majmaʿ al-Zawāʾid wa Manbaʿ al-Fawāʾid ",vol. 3, p. 306. ,,, al-Ṭūsī , " Taḥdhīb al-Aḥkām fī Sharḥ al-Muqniʿa li al-Shaykh al-Mufīd " ,vol. 10, p. 216. ,,, al-Samhūdī, " Wafāʾ al-Wafāʾ bi Akhbār Dār al-Muṣṭafā" ,vol. 1, p. 117-118.

And it has etiquettes and rulings, such as the virtue of performing ritual ablution (ghusl).(19) al-Kulaynī , " Al-Kāfī ",vol. 4, p. 550. ,,, al-Ṭūsī , " Taḥdhīb al-Aḥkām fī Sharḥ al-Muqniʿa li al-Shaykh al-Mufīd " ,vol. 6, p. 5. ,,, al-Ḥaṣkafī  , "Al-Durr al-Mukhtār" ,vol. 1, p. 184. ,,, al-Nawawī , "Al-Majmūʿ Sharḥ al-Muḥaḏhab" ,vol. 8, p. 273.***

And it requires purification when entering it.(20) ) al-Kulaynī , " Al-Kāfī ",vol. 4, p. 550. ,,, al-Ṭūsī , " Taḥdhīb al-Aḥkām fī Sharḥ al-Muqniʿa li al-Shaykh al-Mufīd " ,vol. 6, p. 5.

This area, from the east and west, lies between the Eastern Harrah and the Western Harrah.(21) ) al-Kulaynī , " Al-Kāfī ",vol. 4, p. 564-565. ,,, ,,, Aḥmad b. Ḥanbal , "Musnad al-Imām Aḥmad b. Ḥanbal" , vol. 3, p. 23. ,,, al-Nīshābūrī ," Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim" ,vol. 4, p. 113.

And from the north and south, it lies between Mount Thawr and Mount ʻIr.(22) al-Nīshābūrī ," Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim" ,vol. 4, p. 115. ,,, al-Bukhārī  , "Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī" ,vol. 8, p. 10.

Regarding the reason for Medina becoming sacred, various causes have been mentioned.(23) al-Samhūdī, " Wafāʾ al-Wafāʾ bi Akhbār Dār al-Muṣṭafā" ,vol. 1, p. 117-118.

"Providing protection to Medina and its inhabitants,"(24) ) al-Nīshābūrī ," Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim" ,vol. 4, p. 117-118. ,,, al-Bayhaqī , "Al-Sunan al-Kubrā" ,vol. 5, p. 198. ,,, al-Ṭabarānī , "Al-Muʿjam al-Kabīr " ,vol. 6, p. 92. ,,, Aḥmad b. Ḥanbal , "Musnad al-Imām Aḥmad b. Ḥanbal" , vol. 4, p. 55-56. ,,, al-Haythamī , "Majmaʿ al-Zawāʾid wa Manbaʿ al-Fawāʾid ",vol. 3, p. 306. ,,, al-Ṭūsī , " Taḥdhīb al-Aḥkām fī Sharḥ al-Muqniʿa li al-Shaykh al-Mufīd " ,vol. 10, p. 216.

"Respect for Prophet Muhammad (PBUH)" and "the sanctity of the place where he is buried"(25) ) al-Samhūdī, " Wafāʾ al-Wafāʾ bi Akhbār Dār al-Muṣṭafā" ,vol. 1, p. 117-118.are some of them.

Shared Virtues

According to Shia narrations, the value of prayer in the Two Sacred Mosques is equivalent to a thousand prayers elsewhere.(26) b. Bābawayh (Shaykh Ṣaduq), " Al-Khaṣāl al-Maḥmūda wa al-Madhmūma", p. 628.

And whoever dies in one of the Two Sacred Mosques is considered a "muhajir ila Allah" (one who has migrated for the sake of God).(27) Ibn Qulawayh al-Qummī, " Kāmil al-Ziyārāt", p. 44. ,,, al-Majlisī , " Biḥār al-Anwār al-Jāmiʿa li Durar Akhbār al-Aʾimma al-Aṭhār. " ,vol. 96, p. 387.

And is safe from punishment.(28) al-Kulaynī , " Al-Kāfī ",vol. 4, p. 558. ,,, *** ,,, al-Rāwandī, "Al-Daʿawāt", p. 241.

Shared Rulings

• According to a group of Shia narrations, performing the full prayer in the Two Sacred Mosques carries virtue.(29) al-Kulaynī , " Al-Kāfī ",vol. 4, p. 524.,,, al-Ḥurr al-ʿĀmilī , "Wasāʾil al-Shīʿa (Tafṣīl Wasāʾil al-Shīʿa ilā Taḥṣīl Masāʾil al-Sharīʿa)" , vol. 8, p. 526/533.

Some Shia jurists have considered performing the full prayer in the Two Sacred Mosques as recommended (mustahabb).(30) ,,, al-Ṭūsī , " Taḥdhīb al-Aḥkām fī Sharḥ al-Muqniʿa li al-Shaykh al-Mufīd " ,vol. 5, p. 425. ,,, Ḥillī , "Tadhkirat al-Fuqahāʾ", vol. 8, p. 444. ,,, Najafī , " Jawāhir al-Kalām fī Sharḥ Sharāʾiʿ al-Islām. ", vol. 14, p. 330.

And some have issued a ruling allowing a choice between performing the prayer in shortened form or in full.(31) ʿAlawī ʿĀmilī , "Manāhij al-Akhyār fī Sharḥ al-Istibsār" , vol. 3, p. 695. ,,, Najafī , " Jawāhir al-Kalām fī Sharḥ Sharāʾiʿ al-Islām. ", vol. 14, p. 329.

Among jurists, there is disagreement regarding the boundaries for performing the full prayer in the two cities of Mecca and Medina.(32) Imām Khomeinī, " Manāsik Ḥajj (Maḥshī" , p. 486. ,,, Ibn Idrīs (d. 598 AH). Al-Sarāʾir al-Ḥāwī li Taḥrīr al-Fatāwā" , vol. 1, p. 342. ,,, Ṭabāṭabāʾī Yazdī ,"Al-ʿUrwa al-Wuthqā", vol. 3, p. 516.

• Leaving the Two Sacred Mosques before sunrise and before performing the Dhuhr prayer is disliked.(33) ) al-Kulaynī , " Al-Kāfī ",vol. 4, p. 17/543.,,, al-Ṭūsī , " Taḥdhīb al-Aḥkām fī Sharḥ al-Muqniʿa li al-Shaykh al-Mufīd " ,vol. 5, p. 452. ,,, Ḥillī , "Tadhkirat al-Fuqahāʾ", vol. 8, p. 447. ,,, Ḥillī , "Taḥrīr al-Aḥkām al-Sharʿiyya ʿalā Madhhab al-Imāmiyya" ,vol. 2, p. 116/882.

Differences

There are differences between the rulings of the Meccan and Medinan sacred areas, some of which are as follows:

• According to the ruling of some Shia jurists(34) Ḥillī , "Tadhkirat al-Fuqahāʾ", vol. 7, p. 380. ,,, Ḥillī , "Muntahā al-Maṭlab fī Taḥqīq al-Madhhab" , vol. 2, P. 799. ,,, Najafī , " Jawāhir al-Kalām fī Sharḥ Sharāʾiʿ al-Islām. ", vol. 20, p. 77-79.

and Sunni(35) Nawawī , "Al-Majmūʿ Sharḥ al-Muḥaḏhab" ,vol. 7, p. 480/497.

Hunting and cutting trees in the Sacred Area of Medina is not forbidden and does not require expiation.

• According to the ruling of Shia jurists, wearing Ihram is not obligatory for entering the Sacred Area of Medina.(36) Ḥillī , "Tadhkirat al-Fuqahāʾ", vol. 7, p. 381. . ,,, Najafī , " Jawāhir al-Kalām fī Sharḥ Sharāʾiʿ al-Islām. ", vol. 20, p. 79.

• According to Shia narrations, what is forbidden in the Sacred Area of Mecca is not forbidden in the Sacred Area of Medina.(37) Ḥumayrī , "Qurb al-Isnād" , p. 301.

Superiority of the Two Sacred Mosques (Which Sacred Mosque is Superior?)

Considering the characteristics of each of these two sacred areas, there has been disagreement about which one is superior to the other.(38) al-Zarandī, ". Al-Murūr bayn al-ʿIlmayn fī Mafākhirat al-Ḥaramayn", p. 91-124. ,,, al-Samhūdī, " Wafāʾ al-Wafāʾ bi Akhbār Dār al-Muṣṭafā" ,vol. 1, p. 85-95. ,,, al-Rifāʿī , "Al-Aḥādīth al-Wārida fī Faḍāʾil al-Madīna" , p. 1-3.

According to a narration in Shia sources, residing in Medina is considered superior to Mecca.(39) al-Zarandī, ". Al-Murūr bayn al-ʿIlmayn fī Mafākhirat al-Ḥaramayn", p. 91-124. ,,, al-Samhūdī, " Wafāʾ al-Wafāʾ bi Akhbār Dār al-Muṣṭafā" ,vol. 1, p. 85-95. ,,, al-Rifāʿī , "Al-Aḥādīth al-Wārida fī Faḍāʾil al-Madīna" , p. 1-3.

And according to a narration from Sunni sources as well, the virtues of Medina are not limited to the lifetime of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH).[40] al-Bukhārī  , "Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī" ,vol. 2, p. 222-224.,,,***

Nevertheless, regarding the sanctity of Mecca, verses have been revealed;(41) Baqara125–126,,, Ibrāhīm 14/35,,, Naml 27/91,,, Tīn 95/3

Although no such thing exists regarding the Sacred Area of Medina.

Related Topics

• Anṣāb al-Ḥaram

References

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