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Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) Prophet Muhammad, the son of Abdullah, is the Prophet of Islam. He was born in Mecca, attained prophethood at the age of forty, and began inviting people to Islam in Mecca. Fourteen years later, he went to the city of Yathrib to expand his invitation, a city that was later named Medina after the Prophet's arrival and became the center of the Islamic government. He lived in this city for ten years, and the Prophet's Mosque was his residence along with his wives. Later, mosques were built in various places where he visited or prayed.

Birthday Most Shi'ites consider the seventeenth of Rabi' al-Awwal as the date of the birth of the Messenger of God, while most Sunnis consider the twelfth of Rabi' al-Awwal as his birthday.(1)( Āyatī, Muḥammad Ibrāhīm. Tārīkh-i payāmbar-i Islām.p43) His father was Abdullah ibn Abdul-Muttalib and his mother was Aminah bint Wahb ibn Abd Manaf.(2)( Ibn Hishām, ʿAbd al-Malik. Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya'.vol1.p1/157) Muhammad was born in a house in the neighborhood of Abu Talib, which later became known as the House of the Prophet's Birth and was respected. After his birth, he was entrusted to Halimah, the daughter of Abu Dhuaib, to nurse him. He resided with Halimah among the tribe of Banu Sa'ad ibn Bakr ibn Hawazin for four years, and in the fifth year, Halimah returned him to his mother.(3)( Masʿūdī, ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn al-. Murūj al-dhahab wa maʿadin al-jawhar.vol2.p280)

From childhood to marriage From childhood to youth and the marriage of Prophet Muhammad, some events have been highlighted by biographers.

Death of Parents At the age of six, the Prophet accompanied his mother Aminah to Medina. Aminah passed away on the return journey in a place called Abwa and was buried there. Umm Ayman, after Aminah's death, took the Prophet back to Mecca. Abdul-Muttalib, the grandfather of Muhammad (PBUH), took care of him until the age of eight, and upon Abdul-Muttalib's passing, his care was entrusted to his uncle, Abu Talib.(4)( Ibn Hishām, ʿAbd al-Malik. Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya.vol1.p168/169/179 ,,, Masʿūdī, ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn al-. Murūj al-dhahab wa maʿadin al-jawhar.vol2.p281)

Journey to Syria At the age of twelve, or some say nine or thirteen, Muhammad (PBUH) accompanied Abu Talib on a trade caravan of the Quraysh to Syria. Muhammad once again traveled to Syria at the age of twenty-five for trade, financed by Khadijah (may Allah be pleased with her), a journey that laid the groundwork for the marriage of Muhammad (PBUH) and Khadijah..(5) ( Ibn Hishām, ʿAbd al-Malik. Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya.vol1.p181) (6)( Yaʿqūbī, Aḥmad b. Abī Yaʿqūb al-. Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī.vol2.p20) Reconstruction of the Kaaba Ten years after his marriage to Khadijah and fifteen years after the fourth Fijar, when the Messenger of God was thirty-five years old, the Quraysh decided to reconstruct the Kaaba. In this reconstruction, Muhammad placed the Black Stone in its place.(7)( Ibn Hishām, ʿAbd al-Malik. Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya.vol1.p192,,, Ṭabarī, Muḥammad b. Jarīr al-. Tārīkh al-Ṭabarī.p321-323) Some reports suggest that the Prophet's age at the time of this event was twenty-five.(8)( Yaʿqūbī, Aḥmad b. Abī Yaʿqūb al-. Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī.vol1.p19) تحنث حرا*** The Prophet Muhammad used to spend some time in seclusion and solitude in the cave of Hira every year. Some have said that this period lasted for one month each year,

and according to some narrations, it was during the month of Ramadan.(9)( Ibn Hishām, ʿAbd al-Malik. Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya.vol 1.p236) Ba'athat According to the widely accepted belief among Shia Muslims (Imamiyyah), the event of the Ba'athat occurred on the 27th day of the month of Rajab. However, according to the popular belief among Sunni Muslims, it took place during the month of Ramadan.(10)( Āyatī, Muḥammad Ibrāhīm. Tārīkh-i payāmbar-i Islām.p67) According to some reports, the first encounter of the Prophet Muhammad with the Angel Gabriel occurred during one of his days of seclusion (I'tikaf) in the cave of Hira.(11)( Ibn Hishām, ʿAbd al-Malik. Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya.vol1.p236) It is said that Muhammad was forty years old at this time.(12)( Yaʿqūbī, Aḥmad b. Abī Yaʿqūb al-. Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī.vol2.p22) There is a difference of opinion regarding the first verses revealed to the Prophet Muhammad. Some believe that the first five verses of Surah Al-Alaq (Surah 96) were the initial revelations, while others argue that the first verses were from Surah Al-Muddathir (Surah 74). Additionally, some scholars consider the opening chapter, Surah Al-Fatiha (Surah 1), as the first revelation.(13)( Āyatī, Muḥammad Ibrāhīm. Tārīkh-i payāmbar-i Islām.p70) The commencement of the Prophet's call in Mecca Among the family members of Prophet Muhammad, the first believers and supporters were Ali and Khadijah.(14)( Yaʿqūbī, Aḥmad b. Abī Yaʿqūb al-. Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī.vol2.p23) Hamza ibn Abdul-Muttalib also embraced Islam in the second or sixth year after the commencement of the mission. Besides them, a group of Meccans joined him. The companions of the Prophet used to go to the outskirts of Mecca to pray until a confrontation between them and the Meccan polytheists led them to thereafter pray at the house of Arqam.

Three years after the beginning of the Prophet's mission, he publicly declared his call in Mecca and expanded it. From then on, the polytheists sought to constrain the Prophet. The Messenger of Allah also explored new ways to expand his call. In the fifth year of the mission, he sent a group of Muslims to Abyssinia and traveled to Ta'if to find supporters in that city.(15)( Yaʿqūbī, Aḥmad b. Abī Yaʿqūb al-. Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī.vol2.p36) During the pilgrimage days, the Prophet would engage in discussions with the pilgrims and invite them to Islam.(16)( Yaʿqūbī, Aḥmad b. Abī Yaʿqūb al-. Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī.vol2.p36) The acquaintance of the people of Medina with the Prophet. In the eleventh year, during the days of Hajj, the Prophet met with six individuals from the tribe of Khazraj in Yathrib (later known as Medina) and invited them to Islam. After returning to Yathrib, this group brought up the Prophet's invitation.(17)( Ibn Hishām, ʿAbd al-Malik. Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya.vol1.p428-431)

During the Hajj of the twelfth year of the Prophethood, twelve individuals from the people of Yathrib pledged allegiance to the Prophet at Aqabah Mani, known as the First Aqabah pledge. In the thirteenth year's Hajj, around seventy dignitaries from Medina met with the Prophet and pledged allegiance, known as the Second Aqabah pledge, inviting him to migrate to Medina(18)( Ibn Hishām, ʿAbd al-Malik. Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya.vol1.p438,,, Yaʿqūbī, Aḥmad b. Abī Yaʿqūb al-. Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī.vol2.p38)

Migration to the city

The migration of Muslims began after the second pledge at Al-Aqabah in Dhu al-Hijjah of the thirteenth year. The Prophet himself migrated in the first of Rabi' al-Awwal of the year 14 after the Prophethood. The Prophet's journey to Medina later became known as the Hijrah route. He entered Quba on the twelfth of Rabi' al-Awwal, which was one of the neighborhoods of Medina.(19)( Ibn Hishām, ʿAbd al-Malik. Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya.vol1.p590,,, Masʿūdī, ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn al-. Murūj al-dhahab wa maʿadin al-jawhar.vol2.p286) The Prophet in Medina The Prophet lived in Medina for ten years and passed away in this city. The migration to Medina later became the beginning of Islamic history. The years following the migration were the years of the establishment of the Muslim state under the leadership of the Prophet. During these years, several small and large battles occurred between the Muslims of Medina and the polytheists of Quraysh or other tribes around or within Medina (the Jews).(20)( Ṭabarī, Muḥammad b. Jarīr al-. Tārīkh al-Ṭabarī.vol2.p491 ,,, Masʿūdī, ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn al-. Murūj al-dhahab wa maʿadin al-jawhar.vol2.p287-289) The most important of these are the battles of Badr, Uhud, the Trench, Hudaybiyyah, and Khaybar. Gradually, the power of the Muslims increased, and in the eighth year, with the conquest of Mecca, their power was consolidated in a large part of the Arabian Peninsula. The Conquest of Mecca The Conquest of Mecca took place in the eighth year after the Hijra.(21)( Masʿūdī, ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn al-. Murūj al-dhahab wa maʿadin al-jawhar.vol2.p296) He went to the Masjid al-Haram riding on a camel and circumambulated the Kaaba seven times, then touched the Black Stone with a stick he had in his hand.(22)( Āyatī, Muḥammad Ibrāhīm. Tārīkh-i payāmbar-i Islām.p464) After the conquest of Mecca, the Messenger of Allah entered the Kaaba, smashed the idols, stood at the door of the Kaaba, and addressed the people.(23)( Yaʿqūbī, Aḥmad b. Abī Yaʿqūb al-. Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī.vol2.p60,,, Āyatī, Muḥammad Ibrāhīm. Tārīkh-i payāmbar-i Islām.p466) The memorials of Muhammad (peace be upon him) in Mecca and Medina In addition to the Quran, which is the holy book of Muslims and the result of divine revelation to the Prophet, Muslims consider many places or buildings associated with him as valuable memorials. Among them, mosques have been built in various locations in Mecca and Medina where the Prophet prayed.(24)( • Numayrī, Ibn Shubbah. Tārīkh al-madīna al-munawwara'.vol1.p75) Many of these memorials are still standing today. The most important of these buildings is the Prophet's Mosque (Masjid al-Nabawi), which was connected to the house of the Prophet and his wives. The Prophet's body was buried in this mosque after his death. Today, the Prophet's Mosque is the largest pilgrimage site for Muslims after the Masjid al-Haram in Mecca. Even outside the cities of Mecca and Medina, places where the Prophet prayed during his journeys and expeditions later became mosques. Among them, one can mention the 17 mosques along the route of the Tabuk Expedition, which were built from Medina to Tabuk.(25)( Āyatī, Muḥammad Ibrāhīm. Tārīkh-i payāmbar-i Islām'.p500) Pilgrimage (Hajj)

After migrating to Medina, the Prophet performed Umrah once in the month of Dhu al-Qi'dah of the sixth year after the Hijra, which is known as Umrah al-Qada.(26)( Āyatī, Muḥammad Ibrāhīm. Tārīkh-i payāmbar-i Islām'.p427) Once again, after the Battle of Hunayn, in the month of Dhu al-Qi'dah of the eighth year after the Hijra, the Prophet performed Umrah. He also performed Hajj once in the tenth year after the Hijra. This pilgrimage is known as the Farewell Pilgrimage (Hajjat al-Wada').(27)( Masʿūdī, ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn al-. Murūj al-dhahab wa maʿadin al-jawhar.vol2.p297) Reports of the Prophet's pilgrimage serve as one of the sources for understanding the jurisprudence and rituals of Hajj among Muslims.(28)( Ibn Hishām, ʿAbd al-Malik. Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya.vol2.p605/606) It was during the return from this same pilgrimage that the event of Ghadir Khumm occurred, where the Prophet (peace be upon him) selected Ali ibn Abi Talib (may Allah be pleased with him) as his successor.

Passing Away Most historians have reported the Prophet's (peace be upon him) date of passing as the twelfth of Rabi' al-Awwal, but Shia scholars believe it to be the 28th of Safar. Ali and Abbas conducted the ritual washing of the Prophet's body, and he was buried in the same place where he passed away (the chamber of the Prophet).(29)( Ibn Hishām, ʿAbd al-Malik. Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya.vol2.p663,,, Fayyāz ʿAlī Akbar. Tārīkh-i Islām.p111/112) Wives and Children The number of wives of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) has been recorded differently by various sources.(30)( Ibn Hishām, ʿAbd al-Malik. Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya.vol1.p643,,, Masʿūdī, ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn al-. Murūj al-dhahab wa maʿadin al-jawhar.vol2.p290) The Messenger of Allah had three sons and four daughters. His sons passed away at a young age. Qasim and Abdullah were born in Mecca and passed away there, while Ibrahim was born in the eighth year after the Hijra in Medina and passed away in the tenth year. His daughters were Zaynab, Ruqayyah, Umm Kulthum, and Fatimah (peace be upon her).(31)( Āyatī, Muḥammad Ibrāhīm. Tārīkh-i payāmbar-i Islām.p60-61)

References

.Ibn Hishām, ʿAbd al-Malik. Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya. Edited by Muṣṭafā al-Saqā. Beirut: Dār al-Maʿrifa, [n.d].

.Yaʿqūbī, Aḥmad b. Abī Yaʿqūb al-. Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī. Beirut: Dār Ṣādir, n.p.

.Āyatī, Muḥammad Ibrāhīm. Tārīkh-i payāmbar-i Islām. Edited by Abu l-Qāsim Gurjī. Tehran: Intishārat-i Dānishgāh-i Tehran, 1378 Sh. . Masʿūdī, ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn al-. Murūj al-dhahab wa maʿadin al-jawhar.Beirut: Dār al-Maʿrifa, [n.d].

• Numayrī, Ibn Shubbah. Tārīkh al-madīna al-munawwara. Edited by Fahīm Muḥammad Shaltūt. Beirut: Dār al-Maʿrifa, [n.d]. . Fayyāz ʿAlī Akbar. Tārīkh-i Islām. Tehran:Intishārat-i Dānishgāh-i Tehran, 1382 Sh.

.Ṭabarī, Muḥammad b. Jarīr al-. Tārīkh al-Ṭabarī. Fourth edition. Beirut: Muʾassisat al-Aʿlamī li-l-Maṭbūʿāt, 1403 AH.

.Ṭabarī, Muḥammad b. Jarīr al-. Tārīkh al-Ṭabarī. Edited by Muḥammad Abu l-faḍl Ibrāhīm. Beirut: Dar al-Turāth, 1387 AH.