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The Ka'ba's curtain, also known as Kiswa, is a black fabric that covers the walls of the Ka'ba. Covering the Ka'ba with a curtain is considered a sign of respect. The tradition of draping the Ka'ba with fabrics of various colors and materials dates back to ancient times, predating the advent of Islam. Historical sources record events related to the preparation and installation of the Ka'ba's curtain. Additionally, the Ka'ba's curtain is the subject of certain legal rulings in Islamic jurisprudence.

Today, the curtain is woven in a dedicated workshop in Mecca and consists of five pieces, each covering one of the Ka'ba's walls, with an additional piece allocated for the Ka'ba's door.

Word and Concept Semantics

The Arabic phrase "كسوة الكعبة" means the Ka'ba's curtain or garment. This black covering adorns the structure of the Ka'ba, constituting part of the Black Stone section.[1] The Ka'ba's curtain is a symbol of respect.[2] And it holds the value and prestige of the house of God, constituting a part of the history of the Ka'ba.[3] There has also been a specific position for the custodian of the curtain's affairs, known for its veil management or curtain-keeping, from the past until now.

Additionally, the Ka'ba's curtain is the subject of certain legal rulings, with the most significant being the permission to cover the Ka'ba with silk.[4]The impermissibility of tearing, cutting, buying, and selling the Ka'ba's curtain is contrary to the viewpoint of some Shia Muslims and also some followers of the Shafi'i school, diverging from the common perspective among Sunni Muslims.[5] The permissibility or impermissibility of adorning it with gold and silver,[6]The permission to enter behind the curtain for supplication.[7]

The history of the Ka'ba's covering

There is a difference of opinion regarding who first covered the Ka'ba. Some narratives attribute this action to Prophet Adam.[8] Some historical accounts suggest that one of the kings of Himyar in Yemen was the first to cover the Ka'ba, around the year 190 or 220 BCE before the Prophetic mission.[9] The weaving of new curtains for the Ka'ba continued by the Quraysh, and after the advent of Islam, it was carried on by the Prophet and his successors. This practice experienced significant development during certain periods of the Abbasid era, with the Ka'ba's garment being occasionally replaced three times a year.[10]Kings of other Islamic lands. (15)( Ibn Kathīr, Ismāʿīl b. ʿUmar. Al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya.vol13.p26) 

And some wealthy individuals would occasionally procure the Kaaba's curtain and send it to Mecca.(16)( Ibn Khaldūn, ʿAbd l-Raḥmān b. Muḥammad. Tārīkh Ibn Khaldūn.vol3.p513,,, Ibn Athīr al-Jazarī, ʿAlī b. Abī l-Karam. Al-Kāmil fī l-tārīkh.vol11.p65,,, • Nawīrī, Aḥmad al-. Nihāyat al-irb.vol23.p284)

The weaving of the Kaaba's curtain in Egypt After the extinction of the Abbasids (in 659 CE), providing the covering for the Kaaba became the exclusive responsibility of the rulers of Egypt from 661 CE onward.(17)( Amīn, Sayyid Muḥsin al-. Kashf al-irtīyāb.P360) 

During the Ottoman Empire era, the weaving of the curtain also took place in Egypt.(18)( • Sakhāwī, shamsu l- dīn. Al-Dhaw ʾ al-lāmiʿ.vol4.p26,,, • Bāslāma, Ḥusayn ʿAbdullāh. Tārīkh al-kʿba al-muʿaẓẓama.p320)    
In Egypt, since the Mamluk era, endowments and special workshops were allocated for the production of materials for fabric weaving.(19)( Sakhāwī, Muḥammad b. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān. Al-Tuḥfat al-laṭīfa fī tārīkh al-Madīna al-sharīfa'.vol2.p107,,, • Fāsī al-Makkī, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad. Shifāʾ al-gharām bi akhbār al-balad al-ḥarām.vol1.p123,,, • Bāslāma, Ḥusayn ʿAbdullāh. Tārīkh al-kʿba al-muʿaẓẓama.p317)

(20)( • Imām Aḥmad, Muḥyi al-dīn. Fī riḥāb al-bayt al-ʿatīq..p216,,, • Ḥamdī, Maḥmūd. Mawsū ʿa al-mafāhīm.vol1.p553) The curtain-weaving workshop in Mecca. With the establishment of the Al Saud government, a workshop in Mecca was dedicated to the weaving of the curtain.(21)( • Daqan, Muḥammad. Kʿba wa Jamie ān.p172 ,,,, • Bāslāma, Ḥusayn ʿAbdullāh. Tārīkh al-kʿba al-muʿaẓẓama..p347) This practice continued until 1358 when the Egyptian government requested Abdulaziz to allow the transportation of another curtain from Egypt. Abdulaziz accepted this request, and the workshop was closed. The curtain was once again brought from Egypt. This continued until 1382 when, due to the disagreement between Egypt and Saudi Arabia, the sending of the Kaaba's covering from Egypt was halted. Since then, the weaving of the Kaaba's curtain in Mecca has continued in the remaining curtain workshop.(22)( • Imām Aḥmad, Muḥyi al-dīn. Fī riḥāb al-bayt al-ʿatīq.vol1.p215,,, • Bāslāma, Ḥusayn ʿAbdullāh. Tārīkh al-kʿba al-muʿaẓẓama.p331-332,,, • Daqan, Muḥammad. Kʿba wa Jamie ān..p175-178)

The size and weight of the Kaaba's curtain: The Kaaba's curtain is composed of five main parts, each covering one side of the Kaaba. The fifth piece encompasses the Kaaba's door, known as the "Borqaa." In total, the Kaaba's garment consists of 54 pieces, with each piece measuring 14 meters in length and 95 centimeters in width. The total area of the curtain is 2650 square meters, and its weight reaches two tons.(23)( • Imām Aḥmad, Muḥyi al-dīn. Fī riḥāb al-bayt al-ʿatīq.vol1.p215,,, • Bāslāma, Ḥusayn ʿAbdullāh. Tārīkh al-kʿba al-muʿaẓẓama.p474) Many of the pieces, inscriptions, and patterns on the Kaaba's curtain are adorned with goldwork.(24) •( Sādiqī Ardistānī, Aḥmad. Hajj az mīqāt tā mīʿād. Vol55.p133) The belt around the Kaaba's curtain The "Hizam" refers to the belt or band around the Kaaba's curtain. The belt is made of black silk fabric and is adorned with patterns and Quranic verses in Thuluth script. The belt is composed of 16 pieces, with a circumference of 47 meters and a width of 95 centimeters. Quranic verses are inscribed on the belt, and at specified intervals, phrases such as "Ya Hayyu Ya Qayyum," "Ya Rahman Ya Rahim," and "Alhamdulillah Rabb al-Alamin" are embellished with golden letters.(23)( Imām Aḥmad, Muḥyi al-dīn. Fī riḥāb al-bayt al-ʿatīq.vol1.p215,,, • Bāslāma, Ḥusayn ʿAbdullāh. Tārīkh al-kʿba al-muʿaẓẓama.p474)

The curtain in the Kaaba The curtain of the Kaaba's door, known as the "Borqaa," is made of black silk fabric and is adorned with Quranic verses and Islamic decorations in gold and silver. Additionally, Surah Al-Fatiha is inscribed on it from three directions. The Borqaa is made of silk, with a height of 5.7 meters and a width of four meters.(25)( Qalashqandī, Aḥmad b. ʿAlī. Ṣubḥ al-aʿshā.vol4.p282,,, Azraqī, Muḥammad b. ʿAbd Allāh al-. Akhbār Makka wa mā jāʾa fīhā min al-āthār.vol1.p258,,, • Bāslāma, Ḥusayn ʿAbdullāh. Tārīkh al-kʿba al-muʿaẓẓama..p358)


The verses inscribed on the Kaaba's curtain are as follows

The verses inscribed on the Kaaba's curtain and belt are as follows (from top to bottom on the curtain):

1. "قَدْ نَرَىٰ تَقَلُّبَ وَجْهِكَ فِي السَّمَاءِ فَلَنُوَلِّيَنَّكَ قِبْلَةً تَرْضَاهَا" (Indeed, We see the turning of your face to the heaven, so We shall surely turn you to a Qiblah which you shall like.) - Surah Al-Baqarah, 2:144

Additionally, other verses, chapters, and phrases are written on the curtain and belt.(26)( • Bāslāma, Ḥusayn ʿAbdullāh. Tārīkh al-kʿba al-muʿaẓẓama.p311/352,,, • Muʾssisa Aʿmāl al- mawsū ʿa li-l nashr. . Mawsū ʿa al-ʿarabīyya al-ʿālimīyya.vol19.p319,,, • Qāʾidān, Aṣghar. Tārīkh wa āthār-i Islāmī-yi Makka wa Madīna.p89)

Notes

  1. ↑ Ibn Fāris. Muʿjam maqāyīs al-lugha, vol. 3, p. 132; Fāsī al-Makkī, Shifāʾ al-gharām bi akhbār al-balad al-ḥarām, vol. 1, p. 122.
  2. ↑ Baḥr al-ʿUlūm, Al-Tuḥfat al-kirām, p. 159-160.
  3. ↑ Nāblusī, Kashf al-nūr, p. 14; Subḥānī, Al- Tawḥīd wa al-shirk, p. 210.
  4. ↑ Ḥillī, Taḥrīr al-aḥkām al-sharʿiyya ʿalā madhhab al-imāmiyya, vol. 4, p. 363; Samhūdī, Wafāʾ al-wafā bi akhbār dar al-Muṣṭafā, vol. 2, p. 140; Bahūtī, Kashf al-qināʿ, vol. 3, p. 180.
  5. ↑ Ḥillī, Tadhkirat al-fuqahāʾ, vol. 7, p. 380; Rāfiʿī, Fatḥ al-ʿazīz, vol. 7, p. 513.
  6. ↑ Shirwānī, Al-Ḥawāshī, vol. 1, p. 121; Ḥalabī, Al-Sīra al-ḥalabiyya, vol. 1, p. 280.
  7. ↑ Damyāṭī, Iʿāna al-ṭālibīn, vol. 2, p. 95.
  8. ↑ Ṣadūq, Man lā yaḥḍuruh al-faqīh, vol. 2, p. 235; Ḥurr al-ʿĀmilī, Wasāʾil al-Shīʿa, vol. 13, p. 208.
  9. ↑ Ibn Ḥajar al-ʿAsqalānī, Fatḥ al-bārī bi sharḥ ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī, vol. 3, p. 365-366; Ḥalabī, Al-Sīra al-ḥalabiyya, vol. 1, p. 280; Bāslāma, Tārīkh al-kaʿba al-muʿaẓẓama, p. 291; Fākihī, Akhbār Makka fī qadīm al-dahr wa ḥadīthih, vol. 5, p. 230-231.
  10. ↑ Ḥalabī, Al-Sīra al-ḥalabiyya, vol. 1, p. 281; Imām Aḥmad, Fī riḥāb al-bayt al-ʿatīq, vol. 1, p. 211; Amīn, Kashf al-irtīyāb, p. 360.


References

.Ḥillī, al-Ḥasan b. Yūsuf al-. Tadhkirat al-fuqahāʾ. Qom: Muʾassisat Āl al-Bayt, 1414 AH.

.Ibn Ḥajar al-ʿAsqalānī, Aḥmad b. ʿAlī. Fatḥ al-bārī bi sharḥ ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī. Beirut: Dār al-Maʿrifa, [n.d]. .Ḥalabī, Nūr al-Dīn. Al-Sīra al-ḥalabiyya. Edited by ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad Khalīlī. Beirut: 1422 AH-2002. .Ḥurr al-ʿĀmilī, Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan al-. Wasāʾil al-Shīʿa. Qom: Muʾassisat Āl al-Bayt, 1416 AH.

.Ibn Khaldūn, ʿAbd l-Raḥmān b. Muḥammad. Tārīkh Ibn Khaldūn. Edited by Khalīl Shaḥāda. Second edition. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1408AH-1988. .Ibn Athīr al-Jazarī, ʿAlī b. Abī l-Karam. Al-Kāmil fī l-tārīkh. Beirut: Dār Ṣādir, 1385 AH-1965. .Sakhāwī, Muḥammad b. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān. Al-Tuḥfat al-laṭīfa fī tārīkh al-Madīna al-sharīfa. Beirut: 1414 AH-1993. .Qalashqandī, Aḥmad b. ʿAlī. Ṣubḥ al-aʿshā. Cairo: 1383 AH-1963.

• Daqan, Muḥammad. Kʿba wa Jamie ān. Translated by Anṣārī. Tehran: Mashʿar, 1384 sh. • Baḥr al-ʿUlūm, Muḥammad al-Mahdī al-. Al-Tuḥfat al-kirām. Tehran: Mashʿar, 1425 AH. • Nāblusī, ʿAbd al-Ghanī al-. Kashf al-nūr. Istanbul: Maktabat al-Ḥaqīqa, 1406 AH. • Subḥānī, Jaʿfar. Al- Tawḥīd wa al-shirk. Beirut: Dār al-Taʿāruf, [n.d]. .Ḥillī, al-Ḥasan b. Yūsuf al-. Taḥrīr al-aḥkām al-sharʿiyya ʿalā madhhab al-imāmiyya. Edited by Ibrāhīm Bahādurī. Qom: Muʾassisat Imām al-Ṣādiq, 1420 AH. • Fākihī, Muḥammad b. Isḥāq. Akhbār Makka fī qadīm al-dahr wa ḥaīthih. Beirut: Dār al- Khiḍr, 1414 AH.

• Qāʾidān, Aṣghar. Tārīkh wa āthār-i Islāmī-yi Makka wa Madīna. 4th edition. Qom: Nashr-i Mashʿar, 1381 Sh. • Damyāṭī, Al-Sayyid al-bakrī al-.Iʿāna al-ṭālibīn. Beirut: Dār al-fikr, 1418 AH. • Bahūtī, Nanṣūr al-. Kashf al-qināʿ. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 1418AH. • Nawīrī, Aḥmad al-. Nihāyat al-irb. Cairo: Wizarat al-thiqāfa wa al-irshād al-qawmī, 1412AH. • Sādiqī Ardistānī, Aḥmad. Hajj az mīqāt tā mīʿād. Tehran: Mashʿar, 1385 sh. • Rāfiʿī, , ʿAbd al-karīm b. Muḥammad. Fatḥ al-ʿazīz. Beirut: Dār al-fikr, [n.d]. • Shirwānī, ʿAbd al-ḥamīd al-. Al-Ḥawāshī. Beirut: Dār al-fikr, [n.d]. • Bāslāma, Ḥusayn ʿAbdullāh. Tārīkh al-kʿba al-muʿaẓẓama. Riyadh: : Dār al-malik ʿAbdu-l ʿAzīz, 1419AH. • Imām Aḥmad, Muḥyi al-dīn. Fī riḥāb al-bayt al-ʿatīq. Andulus: Dār al-Qurṭuba, [n.d]. • Sakhāwī, shamsu l- dīn. Al-Dhaw ʾ al-lāmiʿ. Beirut: Dār al-Jayl, 1412 AH. • Fāsī al-Makkī, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad. Shifāʾ al-gharām bi akhbār al-balad al-ḥarām. Translated by Muḥammad Muqaddas. Tehran: Mashʿar, 1386 sh. • Ḥamdī, Maḥmūd. Mawsū ʿa al-mafāhīm. Cairo: Wizārat Awqāf, [n.d]. • Muʾssisa Aʿmāl al- mawsū ʿa li-l nashr. . Mawsū ʿa al-ʿarabīyya al-ʿālimīyya. Riyadh: 1419 AH. • Daqan, Muḥammad. Kʿba wa Jamie ān. Translated by Anṣārī. Tehran: Mashʿar, 1384 sh. .Azraqī, Muḥammad b. ʿAbd Allāh al-. Akhbār Makka wa mā jāʾa fīhā min al-āthār. Edited by Rushdī Ṣāliḥ Mulḥis. Beirut: 1403 AH. • Samhūdī, ʿAlī b. ʿAbd Allāh. Wafāʾ al-wafā bi akhbār dar al-Muṣṭafā. Edited by Muḥammad Muḥyi al-Dīn ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd. Beirut: 1984.

.Ṣadūq, Muḥammad b. ʿAlī al-. Man lā yaḥḍuruh al-faqīh. Edited by ʿAlī Akbar Ghaffārī. Qom: Daftar-i Intishārāt-i Islāmī, 1404 AH. . Ibn Kathīr, Ismāʿīl b. ʿUmar. Al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1407 AH. .Dehkhodā, ʿAlī Akbar. Lughatnāma. Tehran: Dānishgāh-i Tehrān, 1377 Sh . Ibn Fāris. Muʿjam maqāyīs al-lugha. Qom: Maktab al-Aʿlām al-Islāmī, 1404 AH.

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