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'''The Mosque of Banī Ḥarām''' (Ar:Masjid Banī Ḥarām) is one of the ancient mosques in [[Medina]], with its origins dating back to the Prophetic era. The mosque is located to the west of [[Mount Silaʿ]], on the right side of the road leading to the [[Mosques of Fatḥ]]. It has one dome and one minaret in the northwestern corner. Its length is 16 meters, and its width is 13 meters. 


This mosque, which had fallen into ruins before 1388 AH due to the uncertainty of its exact location, was identified and restored through the efforts of a researcher from Medina. It has since been renovated twice.


==Name==
**Imam Ali Mosque (One of the Prayer Ground Mosques)** 
Masjid Banī Ḥarām is named after its location among the houses of the Banī Ḥarām tribe. This tribe is a subgroup of the [[Khazraj]].<ref name=":0">[https://wikihaj.com/index.php?title=%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87%3A%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AB%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%87.pdf&page=44 Masājid al-Athariyya, ʿAbd al-Ghanī, p. 44.]</ref> Today, the mosque is also known as Masjid al-ʿUmārī.<ref name=":2">Maʿālim al-Madīna al-Munawwara bayn al-Miʿmāra wa al-Tārīkh, part 4, vol. 4, p. 224.</ref>
**{{Do not confuse|Imam Ali Mosque in Tan'im|Imam Ali Mosque in the Trench}}** 
{{Infobox building 
| name = Imam Ali Mosque (One of the Prayer Ground Mosques) 
| image = Imam Ali Mosque.jpg 
| image_size =  
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| other_names = 
| location = Manakha district, west of the Prophet's Mosque in Medina 
| type = Mosque 
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| historical_features = Site of Eid prayers by the Prophet and Imam Ali 
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| latitude = 24.467055583164395 
| longitude = 39.606326617068355 
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}}


==Location==
**Imam Ali Mosque (AS)** is one of the historical mosques in [[Medina]], built on the site of the [[Prophet's Prayer Ground (PBUH)]]. The prayer ground was an open area where the Prophet and the people of Medina performed Eid al-Adha and Eid al-Fitr prayers. This mosque is located in the [[Manakha]] district, west of the [[Prophet's Mosque]]. According to reports, Imam Ali (AS) led Eid prayers at this site when [[Uthman ibn Affan|Uthman]] was under siege by his opponents.
Masjid Banī Ḥarām, which some consider part of the [[Seven Mosques of the Trench]],<ref name=":2" /> is located to the west of [[Mount Silaʿ]], on the right side of the road leading from Sīḥ Street to the [[Mosques of Fatḥ]].<ref name=":0" /> It is 1.68 kilometers away from [[Masjid al-Nabī]].<ref name=":4">[https://iqna.ir/fa/news/4183824/%D8%A2%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85-%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C-%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF-%D8%A8%D9%86%DB%8C-%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D9%85%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%87 IQNA News Agency], News Code: 4183824.</ref>


==Construction==  
### Geographical Location  
According to narrations, during the early days of Islam, some members of the Banī Ḥarām and [[Banī Salama]] tribes complained to [[Prophet Muhammad (s)]] about their living conditions. The Prophet (s) guided them to settle in the western part of [[Mount Silaʿ]], and they did so.<ref>[https://wikihaj.com/index.php?title=%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87%3A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE_%D9%85%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%87_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B4%D8%A8%D9%87.pdf&page=78 Tārīkh al-Madīna al-Munawwara, Ibn Shabba, p. 78.]</ref> After relocating, the Banī Ḥarām tribe built this mosque, which was later restored by [[ʿUmar ibn ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz]].<ref name=":3">Maʿālim al-Madīna al-Munawwara bayn al-Miʿmāra wa al-Tārīkh, part 4, vol. 4, pp. 232–234.</ref><ref name=":0" /> It is reported that the Prophet (s) prayed in this mosque.<ref name=":1">[https://wikihaj.com/index.php?title=%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87%3A%D9%88%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%AC%DB%B3.pdf&page=214][https://wikihaj.com/index.php?title=%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87%3A%D9%88%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%AC%DB%B3.pdf&page=191 Wafāʾ al-Wafā, vol. 3, p. 191.]</ref><ref>[https://wikihaj.com/index.php?title=%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87%3A%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%87_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87.pdf&page=146 Akhbār al-Madīna, Ibn Zabāla, p. 146.]</ref> However, some believe the relocation of this tribe and the construction of the mosque occurred during the caliphate of [[ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb]].<ref>[https://wikihaj.com/index.php?title=%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87%3A%D9%88%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%AC%DB%B3.pdf&page=191 Wafāʾ al-Wafā, vol. 3, p. 191.]</ref>
The Mosque of Ali ibn Abi Talib (AS), the [[Musalla Mosque]], and the [[Abu Bakr Mosque (Medina)|Abu Bakr Mosque]] are three mosques known as the Prophet's Prayer Ground Mosques in the Manakha district. These mosques are located close to each other, west of the Prophet's Mosque.<ref>[https://wikihaj.com/index.php?title=File:Masajid_al-Athariya.pdf&page=223 Masājid al-Athariya, p. 223]</ref> The Imam Ali Mosque is located north of the Musalla Mosque and the Abu Bakr Mosque, with a distance of 122 meters from the Musalla Mosque, 80 meters from the Abu Bakr Mosque, and 290 meters from the Prophet's Mosque.<ref>[https://wikihaj.com/index.php?title=File:Masajid_al-Athariya.pdf&page=242 Masājid al-Athariya, p. 242]; Maʿālim al-Madīna al-Munawwara bayn al-ʿImāra wa al-Tārīkh, vol. 1, p. 486.</ref>


==History of the Structure==
According to Samhudi (d. 911 AH), a historian of Medina, these mosques were built on the sites where the Prophet performed Eid prayers. These locations were initially not mosques but open spaces or deserts that were later converted into mosques.<ref>[https://wikihaj.com/index.php?title=File:Wafa_al-Wafa_Samhudi_Vol3.pdf&page=122 Wafāʾ al-Wafāʾ, vol. 3, p. 122]</ref>
The mosque was in ruins by the 9th century AH, and according to [[ʿAlī ibn ʿAbd Allāh al-Samhūdī]], a historian of Medina, only its foundations and some columns remained.<ref>[https://wikihaj.com/index.php?title=%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87%3A%D9%88%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%AC%DB%B3.pdf&page=191 Wafāʾ al-Wafā, vol. 3, p. 191.]</ref> However, Shams al-Dīn al-Sakhāwī (d. 906 AH), another historian of Medina, reported its restoration during the same century.<ref>[https://noorlib.ir/book/view/10094/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%81%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%A9?pageNumber=39&viewType=pdf Al-Tuḥfa al-Laṭīfa fī Tārīkh al-Madīna al-Sharīfa, vol. 1, p. 39.]</ref> Abū Sālim al-ʿAyyāshī, in his travelogue from 1073 AH, mentioned the mosque but described it as ruined.<ref>Travelogue of al-ʿAyyāshī.</ref>


According to Ibrāhīm al-ʿAyyāshī (d. 1388 AH), a philanthropist from Medina restored the mosque, which had been in ruins until then, under his guidance.<ref>[https://wikihaj.com/index.php?title=%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87%3A%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AB%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%87.pdf&page=48 Al-Masājid al-Athariyya, p. 48.]</ref> In 1400 AH (1979 CE), it was restored again by the Saudi government.<ref>Maʿālim al-Madīna al-Munawwara bayn al-Miʿmāra wa al-Tārīkh, part 4, vol. 4, pp. 235–239.</ref> In 1410 AH (1990 CE), the Saudi Ministry of Hajj and Endowments completely rebuilt the mosque after demolishing the old structure. During this restoration, the mosque was given a minaret and a dome,<ref name=":3" /> which, based on available images, was sometimes painted green.<ref>[https://www.google.com/maps/place/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF+%D8%A8%D9%86%DB%8C+%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%E2%80%AD/@24.4732044,39.5972429,3a,75y,90t/data=!3m8!1e2!3m6!1sAF1QipMDMYF4oEhu3qJXrVQHSeZItsteVOfFO1SzGLGy!2e10!3e12!6shttps:%2F%2Flh5.googleusercontent.com%2Fp%2FAF1QipMDMYF4oEhu3qJXrVQHSeZItsteVOfFO1SzGLGy%3Dw203-h152-k-no!7i4032!8i3024!4m12!1m2!2m1!1z2YXYs9is2K8g2YLYqNmE2KrbjNmG!3m8!1s0x15bdbf1c5a0ffe81:0x924f98d4755089c8!8m2!3d24.4732044!4d39.5972429!10e5!14m1!1BCgIgAQ!16s%2Fg%2F12mb3c8px?hl=fa&entry=ttu&g_ep=EgoyMDI0MDkxMS4wIKXMDSoASAFQAw%3D%3D Google Maps, Exclusive Images of Masjid Banī Ḥarām].</ref>
### Naming 
==Current Structure of the Mosque==
According to narrations, when Uthman was under siege in his house by his opponents, [[Imam Ali (AS)]] performed Eid prayers at this site. Some historians of Medina believe this event is the reason for the mosque's name.<ref>[https://wikihaj.com/index.php?title=File:Wafa_al-Wafa_Samhudi_Vol3.pdf&page=121 Wafāʾ al-Wafāʾ, vol. 3, p. 121]</ref> They emphasize that Imam Ali (AS) and the caliphs only performed Eid prayers at the Prophet's prayer grounds; thus, the Mosque of Ali ibn Abi Talib is one of the Prophet's prayer grounds.<ref>[https://wikihaj.com/index.php?title=File:Al-Taʿrīf bi-mā Anasat al-Hijra.pdf&page=147 Al-Taʿrīf bi-mā Anasat al-Hijra, p. 147]</ref>
In 2024 CE, Masjid Banī Ḥarām was renovated again, this time with stone-clad walls.<ref>Website "[https://experiencemedina.com/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF-%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%8A-%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85/ Explore Medina]," News titled: [https://experiencemedina.com/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF-%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%8A-%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85/ Masjid Banī Ḥarām - Bani Haram Mosque].</ref><ref name=":4" /> The mosque has one dome and one minaret in the northwestern corner. Its length is 16 meters, and its width is 13 meters. It also has facilities for ablution in the northeastern corner.<ref name=":0" /> The total area is 236.42 square meters, and it can accommodate 172 worshippers.<ref name=":4" />


==Images After the 1400 AH (1979 CE) Restoration== 
### History of the Mosque's Construction 
<gallery>
According to Samhudi, the mosque was first built during the time of Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz (r. 87–93 AH). However, it was later abandoned, and the site became a burial ground for pilgrims who passed away during the [[Hajj season]]. In 881 AH, Zayn al-Din Digham al-Mansuri, the governor of Medina, reconstructed it.<ref>[https://wikihaj.com/index.php?title=File:Wafa_al-Wafa_Samhudi_Vol3.pdf&page=123 Wafāʾ al-Wafāʾ, vol. 3, p. 123]</ref>
File:مسجد قدیمی بنی حرام صغیر 1.png|Exterior view of the mosque
File:مسجد قدیمی بنی حرام صغیر 2.png|Prayer area of the mosque
File:مسجد قدیمی بنی حرام صغیر 3.png|Mihrab
File:مسجد قدیمی بنی حرام صغیر 4.png|Courtyard and minaret of the mosque
File:مسجد قدیمی بنی حرام صغیر 5.png|Short, dome-shaped minaret of the mosque
</gallery>


==Images After the 1410 AH (1990 CE) Restoration and Later== 
Ali ibn Musa, in 1303 AH (1885 CE), described the mosque as having a single minaret.<ref>[https://wikihaj.com/index.php?title=File:Wasf_al-Madina_al-Munawwara.pdf&page=1 Wasf al-Madīna al-Munawwara, p. 17]</ref> Ibrahim Rif'at Pasha also mentioned the mosque during his travels in 1318 AH.<ref>[https://wikihaj.com/images/9/9e/Mirʾāt_al-Haramayn_Ibrahim_Rifʿat_Pasha_Vol1.pdf Mirʾāt al-Haramayn, vol. 1, p. 422]</ref>
<gallery>
File:مسجد بنوحرام بعد ار بازسازی.jpg|alt=
File:مسجد بنی حرام صغیر1.png|alt=
File:مسجد بنی حرام صغیر2.png|Entrance of the mosque
File:مسجد بنی حرام صغیر3.png|Prayer hall of the mosque
File:مسجد بنی حرام صغیر4.png|Southern interior of the mosque
File:مسجد بنی حرام صغیر5.png|Mihrab of the mosque
</gallery>


==Images Before the 2024 CE Restoration Project (Two Decades Between Restorations)== 
#### Reconstruction in the 13th Century AH 
<gallery>
An inscription, reportedly present on the mosque's wall until the early 20th century, contained verses indicating that the mosque was reconstructed in 1269 AH (1852 CE) during the reign of Sultan Abdulmejid I of the Ottoman Empire.<ref>[https://wikihaj.com/index.php?title=File:Al-Madina_al-Munawwara_Tatawwuruhā_al-ʿUmrānī.pdf&page=158 Al-Madīna al-Munawwara, p. 158]; [https://wikihaj.com/index.php?title=File:Maʿālim_al-Madīna_al-Munawwara_bayn_al-ʿImāra_wa_al-Tārīkh_Juzʾ4_Mujallad1.pdf&page=489 Maʿālim al-Madīna al-Munawwara, Juzʾ 4, Mujallad 1, p. 489]</ref> The building, before its reconstruction in 1411 AH (1991 CE), looked like this: 
File:مسجد بنی حرام8.jpg|alt=
File:مسجد بنی حرام1.webp|alt=
File:2024-09-18 21 50 58-مسجد بنی حرام - Google Maps.png|alt=
File:مسجد بنی حرام5.jpg|alt=
File:مسجد بنی حرام2.png|alt=
File:مسجد بنی حرام3.png|alt=
File:مسجد بنی حرام صغیر02 (2).jpg|alt=
File:مسجد بنی حرام صغیر02 (1).jpg|alt=
File:مسجد بنی حرام جدید 5.png|alt=
File:مسجد بنی حرام جدید 6.png|alt=
File:مسجد بنی حرام4.jpg|alt=
File:مسجد بنی حرام7.png|alt=
</gallery>


==Images from 2024 CE ==  
[[File:Imam Ali Mosque before 1991 reconstruction.png|center|thumb|593x593px|The building as it stood in 1269 AH]] 
<gallery>
 
File:مسجد بنی حرام جدید 1.jpg|alt=
#### Reconstruction in 1991 CE 
File:مسجد بنی حرام جدید 2.jpg|alt=
The Imam Ali Mosque in Manakha was completely demolished and reconstructed in 1411 AH (1991 CE) due to its deterioration. It was rebuilt in its original architectural style,<ref>[https://wikihaj.com/index.php?title=File:Masajid_al-Athariya.pdf&page=243 Masājid al-Athariya, p. 243]; [https://wikihaj.com/index.php?title=File:Maʿālim_al-Madīna_al-Munawwara_bayn_al-ʿImāra_wa_al-Tārīkh_Juzʾ4_Mujallad1.pdf&page=490 Maʿālim al-Madīna al-Munawwara, Juzʾ 4, Mujallad 1, p. 490]</ref> with the addition of a women's prayer area and restrooms.<ref name=":0">[https://wikihaj.com/index.php?title=File:Maʿālim_al-Madīna_al-Munawwara_bayn_al-ʿImāra_wa_al-Tārīkh_Juzʾ4_Mujallad1.pdf&page=490 Maʿālim al-Madīna al-Munawwara, Juzʾ 4, Mujallad 1, p. 490]</ref> Further renovations were carried out in 1429 AH (2009 CE).<ref name=":0" /> 
File:مسجد بنی حرام جدید 3.png|alt=
[[File:Imam Ali Mosque after 1991 reconstruction.tif|center|thumb|500px|Imam Ali Mosque after the 1991 reconstruction.]] 
File:مسجد بنی حرام جدید 7.jpg|alt=
 
File:مسجد بنی حرام جدید 8.png|alt=
### Architectural Features 
</gallery>
The Imam Ali Mosque (AS) has a rectangular structure. To the north is an open courtyard, and to the south is a covered arcade with seven domes, the largest of which is above the mihrab. The arcade is 30 meters long and 6 meters wide, with doors opening to the mosque's courtyard. The mosque also has a minaret located in the southeastern corner.<ref>[https://wikihaj.com/index.php?title=File:Maʿālim_al-Madīna_al-Munawwara_bayn_al-ʿImāra_wa_al-Tārīkh_Juzʾ4_Mujallad1.pdf&page=490 Maʿālim al-Madīna al-Munawwara bayn al-ʿImāra wa al-Tārīkh, vol. 1, p. 490]</ref> 
==Notes==
 
{{Notes}}
### Gallery 
==References==
<gallery mode="packed" heights="200px">
{{References}}
File:Imam Ali Mosque (AS).jpg
*ʿAbd al-Ghanī, Muḥammad Ilyās. ''Al-Masājid al-Athariyya fī al-Madīna al-Munawwara''. Medina, 1998.
File:Imam Ali Mosque (AS) 2.jpg
*Ibn Shubba, Abū Zayd ʿUmar. ''Tārīkh al-Madīna al-Munawwara''. Qom: Dār al-Fikr, 1368 SH.  
File:Inscription of Imam Ali Mosque.webp 
*Ibn Zabāla, Muḥammad ibn Ḥasan (d. 199 AH). ''Akhbār al-Madīna''.  Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Center for Research and Studies of Medina, 1st edition, 1424 AH.
File:Entrance of Imam Ali Mosque.webp 
*Kaʿkī, ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz ibn ʿAbd al-Raḥmān. ''Maʿālim al-Madīna al-Munawwara bayn al-Miʿmāra wa al-Tārīkh''. part 4, Beirut, 2011.  
</gallery> 
*Sakhāwī, Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al- ''Al-Tuḥfa al-Laṭīfa fī Tārīkh al-Madīna al-Sharīfa''.  Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 1993.
The image below shows the distance between the Prayer Ground Mosques and one of the corners of the current Prophet's Mosque building.
*Samhūdī, ʿAlī ibn ʿAbd Allāh al-. ''Wafāʾ al-Wafā bi-Akhbār Dār al-Muṣṭafā''. edited by Qāsim al-Sāmarrāʾī, London: Muʾassasat al-Furqān lil-Turāth al-Islāmī, 2001 CE.   
[[File:Map_of_Prayer_Ground_Mosques.png|alt=The Prayer Ground Mosques in Manakha|center|thumb|593x593px]] 
*IQNA News Agency, Persian version.   
 
*Google Maps, World Map.   
### Related Topics 
*Explore Medina Website.   
* [[Prophet's Prayer Ground (PBUH)]] 
{{end}}
 
### Notes
{{reflist}}
 
### References
{{reflist}}
* **Maʿālim al-Madīna al-Munawwara bayn al-ʿImāra wa al-Tārīkh**, ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz Kaʿkī, Beirut: Dār Maktabat al-Hilāl, 2007.
* **Wafāʾ al-Wafāʾ bi-Akhbār Dār al-Muṣṭafā**, ʿAlī ibn ʿAbd Allāh al-Samhūdī, edited by Qāsim al-Sāmarrāʾī, London: Al-Furqān, 2001 CE.
* **Al-Taʿrīf bi-mā Anasat al-Hijra**, Jamāl al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad al-Muṭarrī, edited by Sulaymān al-Rāḥilī, Riyadh: Idārat al-Malik ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz, 1426 AH.
* **Masājid al-Athariya fī al-Madīna al-Nabawiyya**, Muḥammad Ilyās ʿAbd al-Ghanī, Medina: Self-published. 
* **Wasf al-Madīna al-Munawwara** 
* **Al-Madīna al-Munawwara Tatawwuruhā al-ʿUmrānī wa Turāthuhā al-Miʿmārī**, Ṣāliḥ Lamʿī Muṣṭafā, Beirut: Dār al-Nahḍa al-ʿArabiyya, 1981.
* **Mirʾāt al-Haramayn**, Ibrāhīm Rifʿat Pāshā. 
 
{{end}}{{Places in Medina}} 
{{Mosques}} 
 
[[Category:Mosques in Medina]] 
[[Category:Historical sites in Medina]] 
[[Category:Religious sites in Medina]] 
[[Category:Places attributed to Imam Ali in Medina]] 
 
 
1. **Maʿālim al-Madīna al-Munawwara bayn al-ʿImāra wa al-Tārīkh**, ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz Kaʿkī. Beirut: Dār Maktabat al-Hilāl, 2007.   
2. **Wafāʾ al-Wafāʾ bi-Akhbār Dār al-Muṣṭafā**, ʿAlī ibn ʿAbd Allāh al-Samhūdī. Edited by Qāsim al-Sāmarrāʾī. London: Al-Furqān, 2001 CE. 
3. **Al-Taʿrīf bi-mā Anasat al-Hijra**, Jamāl al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad al-Muṭarrī. Edited by Sulaymān al-Rāḥilī. Riyadh: Idārat al-Malik ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz, 1426 AH.   
4. **Masājid al-Athariya fī al-Madīna al-Nabawiyya**, Muḥammad Ilyās ʿAbd al-Ghanī. Medina: Self-published.   
5. **Wasf al-Madīna al-Munawwara**.   
6. **Al-Madīna al-Munawwara Tatawwuruhā al-ʿUmrānī wa Turāthuhā al-Miʿmārī**, Ṣāliḥ Lamʿī Muṣṭafā. Beirut: Dār al-Nahḍa al-ʿArabiyya, 1981.   
7. **Mirʾāt al-Haramayn**, Ibrāhīm Rifʿat Pāshā.
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