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==Biography==   
==Biography==   
Al-Hasan b. 'Ali b. Muhammad (a), commonly known as Imam al-Hasan al-'Askari (a), was the eleventh Imam of the Twelve Imams in Shia Islam. His father was [[Imam al-Hadi (a)]], and his mother was a Nubian concubine.<ref>Masʿūdī, ''Ithbāt al-waṣiyya'', p. 244.</ref> According to widely accepted accounts, he was born on the 8th of Rabi al-Thani in 232/2th December 846 in [[Medina]].<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Dalāʾil al-Imāma'', p. 423; Ibn Shahrāshūb. ''Manāqib Āl Abī Ṭālib'', vol. 3, p. 523.</ref>   
Al-Hasan b. 'Ali b. Muhammad (a), commonly known as Imam al-Hasan al-'Askari (a), was the eleventh Imam of the Twelve Imams in Shia Islam. His father was [[Imam al-Hadi (a)]], and his mother was a Nubian concubine.<ref>Masʿūdī, ''Ithbāt al-waṣīyya'', p. 244.</ref> According to widely accepted accounts, he was born on the 8th of Rabi al-Thani in 232/2th December 846 in [[Medina]].<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Dalāʾil al-imāma'', p. 423; Ibn Shahrāshūb. ''Manāqib Āl Abī Ṭālib'', vol. 3, p. 523.</ref>   


At the age of four, in 236/850, or possibly in 233/847<ref>Ashʿarī al-Qummī, ''al-Maqālāt wa-l-Firaq'', p. 100.</ref>, he accompanied his father to Samarra after the Abbasid caliph al-Mutawakkil detained his father. Imam al-Hasan al-'Askari (a) remained in [[Samarra]] until the end of his life.<ref>Masʿūdī, ''Ithbāt al-waṣiyya'', p. 243-4.</ref>   
At the age of four, in 236/850, or possibly in 233/847<ref>Ashʿarī al-Qummī, ''al-Maqālāt wa-l-Firaq'', p. 100.</ref>, he accompanied his father to Samarra after the Abbasid caliph al-Mutawakkil detained his father. Imam al-Hasan al-'Askari (a) remained in [[Samarra]] until the end of his life.<ref>Masʿūdī, ''Ithbāt al-waṣīyya'', p. 243-4.</ref>   


He was given the title "al-'Askari" because [[al-Mutawakkil]] housed him in the military district of Samarra.<ref>Ibn Khallikān. ''Wafayāt al-Aʿyān'', vol. 2, p. 94; ''Mawsūʿat al-Imām al-ʿAskarī'', vol. 1, p. 38.</ref> Additionally, he was known as "Ibn al-Rida," a title also attributed to his father, Imam al-Hadi (a), and his grandfather, [[Imam al-Jawad (a)]], due to their lineage from Imam al-Rida (a).<ref>Ṣadūq, ''Kamāl al-dīn wa tamām al-niʿma''. p. 41, Ibn Shahrāshūb,  ''Manāqib Āl Abī Ṭālib'', Vol. 3, p. 523.</ref> Other titles recorded for him in historical sources include al-Khalis, al-Khass, al-Siraj, al-Samit, al-Zaki, and al-Taqi.<ref>Ṭabarī,  ''Dalāʾil al-imāma'', pp. 423–424; Ibn Shahrāshūb, ''Manāqib Āl Abī Ṭālib''. Vol. 3, p. 523.</ref>   
He was given the title "al-'Askari" because [[al-Mutawakkil]] housed him in the military district of Samarra.<ref>Ibn Khallikān. ''Wafayāt al-Aʿyān'', vol. 2, p. 94; ''Mawsūʿat al-Imām al-ʿAskarī'', vol. 1, p. 38.</ref> Additionally, he was known as "Ibn al-Rida," a title also attributed to his father, Imam al-Hadi (a), and his grandfather, [[Imam al-Jawad (a)]], due to their lineage from Imam al-Rida (a).<ref>Ṣadūq, ''Kamāl al-dīn wa tamām al-niʿma''. p. 41, Ibn Shahrāshūb,  ''Manāqib Āl Abī Ṭālib'', vol. 3, p. 523.</ref> Other titles recorded for him in historical sources include al-Khalis, al-Khass, al-Siraj, al-Samit, al-Zaki, and al-Taqi.<ref>Ṭabarī,  ''Dalāʾil al-imāma'', pp. 423–424; Ibn Shahrāshūb, ''Manāqib Āl Abī Ṭālib''. vol. 3, p. 523.</ref>   


Imam al-Hasan al-'Askari’s wife was [[Narjis]], and their only son was [[Imam al-Mahdi (a)]].<ref>Ṣadr al-Dīn al-Ḥusaynī, ''Al-Tatimma fī tawārīkh al-aʾimma'', p. 143;Shūshtarī, ''Rāḥat al-arwāḥ'', p. 267.</ref> However, some historians have mentioned other children for him.<ref>Maṣʿūdī, ''Tārīkh al-aʾimma'', p. 22.</ref>
Imam al-Hasan al-'Askari’s wife was [[Narjis]], and their only son was [[Imam al-Mahdi (a)]].<ref>ʿĀmilī, ''al-Tatimma fī tawārīkh al-aʾimma'', p. 143; Sabziwārī, ''Rāḥat al-arwāḥ'', p. 267.</ref> However, some historians have mentioned other children for him.<ref>Maṣʿūdī, ''Tārīkh al-aʾimma'', p. 22.</ref>


===Martyrdom===
===Martyrdom===
{{Main| Shrine of al-'Askariyyayn}}   
{{Main| Shrine of al-'Askariyyayn}}   


Imam al-Hasan al-'Askari (a) was martyred at the age of 28 on the 8th of Rabi al-Awwal in 260/1th January 874, poisoned under the orders of the Abbasid caliph [[al-Mu'tamid]]. He was buried next to his father, Imam al-Hadi (a), in Samarra. This sacred site is known as the Shrine of the Two al-'Askari Imams (al-'Askariyain).<ref>Ṭūsī, Al-Ghayba, p. 219; Mufīd,  Al-Irshād, p. 323; ''Ṭabrisī, Iʿlām al-warā'', p. 131.</ref>   
Imam al-Hasan al-'Askari (a) was martyred at the age of 28 on the 8th of Rabi al-Awwal in 260/1th January 874, poisoned under the orders of the Abbasid caliph [[al-Mu'tamid]]. He was buried next to his father, Imam al-Hadi (a), in Samarra. This sacred site is known as the Shrine of the Two al-'Askari Imams (al-'Askariyain).<ref>Nuʿmānī, ''al-Ghayba'', p. 219; Mufīd,  ''al-Irshād'', p. 323; Ṭabrisī, ''Iʿlām al-warā'', p. 131.</ref>   


The burial place of Imam al-Hasan al-'Askari (a), alongside his father, remains a revered shrine and pilgrimage destination, famously referred to as the [[Shrine of al-'Askariyyayn]].<ref>Qazwīnī, ''Maʾāthir al-kubrā'', Vol. 1, p. 315.</ref>
The burial place of Imam al-Hasan al-'Askari (a), alongside his father, remains a revered shrine and pilgrimage destination, famously referred to as the [[Shrine of al-'Askariyyayn]].<ref>Maḥallātī, ''Maʾāthir al-kubrāʾ, vol. 1, p. 315.</ref>


==Imamate==   
==Imamate==   


Imam al-Hasan al-'Askari (a) spent 23 years alongside his father, Imam al-Hadi (a), and, following his father’s martyrdom, became his successor at the age of 22, as per Imam al-Hadi’s will.<ref>Mufīd, ''Al-Irshād'', pp. 313–315; Ṭabrisī, ''Iʿlām al-warā bi-aʿlām al-hudā'', pp. 131–133; Ibn Shahrāshūb, ''Manāqib Āl Abī Ṭālib'', Vol. 3, pp. 523–524.</ref> His period of Imamate lasted six years (254–260/846-874).<ref>Ṭūsī, ''Al-Ghayba'', pp. 120–122.</ref>   
Imam al-Hasan al-'Askari (a) spent 23 years alongside his father, Imam al-Hadi (a), and, following his father’s martyrdom, became his successor at the age of 22, as per Imam al-Hadi’s will.<ref>Mufīd, ''al-Irshād'', pp. 313–315; Ṭabrisī, ''Iʿlām al-warā'', pp. 131–133; Ibn Shahrāshūb, ''Manāqib Āl Abī Ṭālib'', vol. 3, pp. 523–524.</ref> His period of Imamate lasted six years (254–260/846-874).<ref>Ṭūsī, ''al-Ghayba'', pp. 120–122.</ref>   


Imam al-Hasan al-'Askari’s Imamate coincided with the reigns of three Abbasid caliphs: al-Mu'tazz (r. 252–255/866-868), al-Muhtadi (r. 255–256/868-869), and al-Mu'tamid (r. 256–279/869-892).<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Dalāʾil al-imāma'' p. 423; Ṭabrisī, ''Iʿlām al-warā'', p. 349; Ibn Shahrāshūb, ''Manāqib Āl Abī Ṭālib'', Vol. 3, p. 523.</ref> During al-Mu'tazz’s rule, the Imam was imprisoned, and an attempt was made on his life, but al-Mu'tazz was killed by Turkish forces before he could carry it out.<ref>Ṭūsī, ''Al-Ghayba'', p. 208.</ref> The harassment and imprisonment of the Imam continued during the reigns of al-Muhtadi<ref>Ṭūsī, ''Al-Ghayba'', p. 205.</ref> and al-Mu'tamid.<ref>Ṭūsī, ''Al-Ghayba'', p. 219; Mufīd, ''Al-Irshād'', p. 323; Ṭabrisī, ''Iʿlām al-warā'', p. 131.</ref>   
Imam al-Hasan al-'Askari’s Imamate coincided with the reigns of three Abbasid caliphs: al-Mu'tazz (r. 252–255/866-868), al-Muhtadi (r. 255–256/868-869), and al-Mu'tamid (r. 256–279/869-892).<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Dalāʾil al-imāma'' p. 423; Ṭabrisī, ''Iʿlām al-warā'', p. 349; Ibn Shahrāshūb, ''Manāqib Āl Abī Ṭālib'', vol. 3, p. 523.</ref> During al-Mu'tazz’s rule, the Imam was imprisoned, and an attempt was made on his life, but al-Mu'tazz was killed by Turkish forces before he could carry it out.<ref>Ṭūsī, ''al-Ghayba'', p. 208.</ref> The harassment and imprisonment of the Imam continued during the reigns of al-Muhtadi<ref>Ṭūsī, ''al-Ghayba'', p. 205.</ref> and al-Mu'tamid.<ref>Ṭūsī, ''al-Ghayba'', p. 219; Mufīd, ''al-Irshād'', p. 323; Ṭabrisī, ''Iʿlām al-warā'', p. 131.</ref>   


Despite the Abbasid authorities’ strict surveillance over the Imam's residence, many of his followers, including narrators, representatives, and companions, maintained contact with him. Notable among them were [[Ibrahim b. Mahziyar]], [[Abd al-'Azim al-Hasani]], [['Uthman b. Sa’id al-'Amri]], and [[Fadl b. Shadhan al-Nishaburi]].<ref>Ṭūsī, ''Rijāl al-Ṭūsī'', pp. 397–400.</ref>   
Despite the Abbasid authorities’ strict surveillance over the Imam's residence, many of his followers, including narrators, representatives, and companions, maintained contact with him. Notable among them were [[Ibrahim b. Mahziyar]], [[Abd al-'Azim al-Hasani]], [['Uthman b. Sa’id al-'Amri]], and [[Fadl b. Shadhan al-Nishaburi]].<ref>Ṭūsī, ''Rijāl al-Ṭūsī'', pp. 397–400.</ref>   
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*''Masa'il Abi Muhammad al-Hasan al-'Askari''
*''Masa'il Abi Muhammad al-Hasan al-'Askari''
*''Tawqi'at al-Imam al-'Askari''
*''Tawqi'at al-Imam al-'Askari''
*''Tafsir'' attributed to Imam al-Hasan al-'Askari<ref>Arbalī, ''Kashf al-ghumma'', pp. 208–210.
*''Tafsir'' attributed to Imam al-Hasan al-'Askari<ref>Arbalī, ''Kashf al-ghumma'', pp. 208–210.</ref>   
</ref>   


Additionally, many supplications (du'as) from the Imam are preserved in various sources.<ref>Arbalī, Kashf al-ghumma. p. 211.</ref>
Additionally, many supplications (du'as) from the Imam are preserved in various sources.<ref>Arbalī, ''Kashf al-ghumma''. p. 211.</ref>


==Imam al-Hasan al-'Askari and Hajj==   
==Imam al-Hasan al-'Askari and Hajj==   
There are no conclusive reports of Imam al-Hasan al-'Askari performing [[hajj]]. He is widely considered the only Imam who could not perform the pilgrimage due to his house arrest in [[Samarra]]. However, some sources mention narrations from the Imam in [[Mecca]],<ref>Ṣadr, ''Al-Anbiyāʾ wa al-aʾimma'', p. 466.</ref> and a report by al-Baladhuri indicates his presence there.<ref>Arbalī, ''Kashf al-ghumma'', Vol. 3, p. 198.</ref>   
There are no conclusive reports of Imam al-Hasan al-'Askari performing [[hajj]]. He is widely considered the only Imam who could not perform the pilgrimage due to his house arrest in [[Samarra]]. However, some sources mention narrations from the Imam in [[Mecca]],<ref>''Hajj al-Anbiyāʾ wa l-Aʾimma'', p. 466.</ref> and a report by al-Baladhuri indicates his presence there.<ref>Arbalī, ''Kashf al-ghumma'', vol. 3, p. 198.</ref>   


===Sending His Family to Mecca===   
===Sending His Family to Mecca===   
It is said that shortly before his passing, Imam al-'Askari sent his mother and his son, [[Imam al-Mahdi (a)]], to perform [[hajj]].<ref>Masʿūdī, Ithbāt al-waṣiyya, p. 255.</ref> They traveled under the protection of Ahmad b. Muhammad b. al-Mutahhar, a close companion of the eleventh Imam. Following the pilgrimage, it is believed they moved to [[Medina]], possibly as a place of concealment for Imam al-Mahdi (a).<ref>Ṣadr, ''Tārīkh al-siyāsī li-ghaybat al-Imām al-thānī ʿashar (ʿaj)'', p. 124.</ref>
It is said that shortly before his passing, Imam al-'Askari sent his mother and his son, [[Imam al-Mahdi (a)]], to perform [[hajj]].<ref>Masʿūdī, ''Ithbāt al-waṣīyya'', p. 255.</ref> They traveled under the protection of Ahmad b. Muhammad b. al-Mutahhar, a close companion of the eleventh Imam. Following the pilgrimage, it is believed they moved to [[Medina]], possibly as a place of concealment for Imam al-Mahdi (a).<ref>Ḥusayn, ''Tārīkh-i sīyāsī-yi ghaybat-i Imām-i Dawāzdahum'', p. 124.</ref>


===Narrations About Hajj===   
===Narrations About Hajj===   
The Imam provided various narrations related to hajj, including rulings and spiritual insights. For instance, Muhammad b. al-Mutahhar narrated a tradition regarding [[al-hajj al-badhli]] (performing hajj on behalf of another).<ref>Ṣadūq, ''Musnad al-Imām al-ʿAskarī'', p. 252.</ref> The Imam also conveyed a narration about the philosophy and meanings behind the phrases of [[talbiya]].<ref>Ṣadūq, ''Man lā yaḥḍuruhu al-faqīh'', Vol. 2, pp. 327–328; Ṣadūq, ''ʿIlal al-sharāʾiʿ'', p. 417.</ref>
The Imam provided various narrations related to hajj, including rulings and spiritual insights. For instance, Muhammad b. al-Mutahhar narrated a tradition regarding [[al-hajj al-badhli]] (performing hajj on behalf of another).<ref>ʿAṭārūdī Quchānī, ''Musnad al-Imām al-ʿAskarī'' , p. 252.</ref> The Imam also conveyed a narration about the philosophy and meanings behind the phrases of [[talbiya]].<ref>Ṣadūq, ''Man lā yaḥḍuruhu al-faqīh'', vol. 2, pp. 327–328; Ṣadūq, ''ʿIlal al-sharāyiʿ'', p. 417.</ref>


==Notes==
==Notes==
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==References==
==References==
{{References}}
{{References}}
*Abū Saʿīd Shīʿī Sabzawārī al-. ''Rāḥat al-Arwāḥ''. Edited by Muḥammad Sipaḥrī. Tehran: Mīrāth-i Maktūb, 1378 Sh.
* ʿĀmilī, Tāj al-Dīn b. ʿAlī b. Aḥmad al-Ḥusaynī al-. ''al-Tatimma fī tawārīkh al-aʾimma''. Qom: Muʾassisat al-Biʿtha, 1412 AH.  
*ʿĀmilī, Tāj al-Dīn b. ʿAlī b. Aḥmad al-Ḥusaynī al-. ''al-Tatamma fī Tawārīkh al-Aʾimma''. Qom: Muʾassasat al-Baʿtha, 1412 AH. 
* Arbalī, ʿAlī b. Abī l-Fatḥ al-. ''Kashf al-ghumma fī maʿrifat al-Aʾimma''. Beirut: Dār al-Aḍwāʾ, n.d.  
*Amīn, Sayyid Muḥsin. ''Aʿyān al-Shīʿa''. Edited by Ḥasan al-Amīn. Beirut: Dār al-Taʿārif.
* Ashʿarī al-Qummī, Saʿd b. ʿAbd Allāh al- (d. 301 AH). ‘’Al-Maqālāt wa l-firaq’’. Qom: Markaz Intishārāt ʿIlmī wa Farhangī, 1360 Sh.  
*Arbilī, ʿAlī b. Abī al-Fatḥ al-. ''Kashf al-Ghumma fī Maʿrifat al-Aʾimma''. Beirut: Dār al-Aḍwāʾ, [n.d].
* ʿAṭārūdī Quchānī, ʿAzīz Allāh. ''Musnad al-Imām al-ʿAskarī Abī Muḥammad al-Ḥasan b. ʿAlī ʿalayhimā l-salām''. Beirut: Dār al-Ṣafwa, 1413 AH/1993 CE.  
*Ashʿarī al-Qummī, Saʿd b. ʿAbd Allāh, al- (d. 301 AH). *al-Maqālāt wa-l-Firaq*. Qom: Markaz Intishārāt ʿIlmī wa-Thaqāfī, 1360 Sh.
* ''Hajj al-Anbīyāʾ wa l-Aʾimma'', Markaz-i Tahqīqāt-i Ḥajj, Tehran: Mashʿar, 1416 AH
*ʿAṭṭārūdī Qujānī, ʿAzīz Allāh. ''Musnad al-Imām al-ʿAskarī Abī Muḥammad al-Ḥasan b. ʿAlī ʿalayhimā al-salām''. Beirut: Dār al-Ṣafwa, 1413 AH/1993 CE.
* Ḥusayn, Jāsim. ''Tārīkh-i sīyāsī-yi ghaybat-i Imām-i Dawāzdahum''. Translated by Sayyid Muḥammad Taqī Āyatullāhī. Tehran: Amīr Kabīr, 1385 Sh.  
*Ḥajj al-Anbiyāʾ wa-l-Aʾimma (ʿalayhim al-salām)*. Center for Ḥajj Research. Tehran: Mashʿar, 1416 AH. 
* Ibn Khallikān. ''Wafayāt al-aʿyān wa anbāʾ al-zamān''. Lebanon: Dār al-Thiqāfa, n.d.  
*Ḥusayn, Jāsim. ''Tārīkh-i Sīyāsī-i Ghaybat-i Imām-i Dawāzdahum (ʿAjj)''. Translated by Sayyid Muḥammad Taqī Āyatullāhī. Tehran: Amīr Kabīr, 1385 Sh.
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*Kashshī al-. *Rijāl al-Kashshī (Ikhtiyār Maʿrifat al-Rijāl)*. Corrected by Mīr Dāmād and Rajāʾī. Qom: Āl al-Bayt, 1404 AH. 
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*Ibn Khallikān. ''Wafayāt al-Aʿyān wa-Anbāʾ al-Zamān''. Edited by Iḥsān ʿAbbās. Lebanon: Dār al-Thaqāfa, no date.
* Nuʿmānī al- . ''Al-Ghayba''. Qom: Anwār al-Hudā, 1422 AH.
*Kātib al-Baghdādī. ''Tārīkh al-Aʾimma (al-Majmūʿa)''. Qom: Maktabat al-Marʿashī al-Najafī, 1406 AH.
* Sabziwārī, Abū Saʿīd al-Shīʿī al-. ''Rāḥat al-arwāḥ''. Tehran: Mīrāth-i Maktūb, 1378 Sh.  
*Kulaynī al- . ''al-Kāfī''. Corrected by ʿAlī Akbar Ghifārī. Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmiyya, 1363 Sh. 
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* Ṣadūq al-. ''Man lā yaḥḍuruh al-faqīh''. Qom: al-Nashr al-Islāmī, n.d.  
*Majlisī. ''Biḥār al-Anwār''. Edited by Sayyid Ḥasan al-Mūsawī al-Khurāsān. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 1403 AH. 
* Ṣadūq, al- . ''Kamal al-dīn wa tamām al-niʿma''. Qom: al-Nashr al-Islāmī, 1405 AH.  
*Masʿūdī, Abū al-Ḥasan. ''Ithbāt al-waṣiyya li-l-Imām ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib''. Qom: Anṣārīyān, 1423 AH.
* Sayyid Muḥammad al-Ḥusaynī al-Qazwīnī et. al. ''Mawsūʿat al-Imām al-ʿAskarī''. Qom: Muʾassisat Walī al-ʿAṣr, 1426 AH.  
*''Mawsūʿat al-Imām al-ʿAskarī''. Edited by Sayyid Muḥammad al-Ḥusaynī al-Qazwīnī and others. Qom: Muʾassasat Walī al-ʿAṣr, 1426 AH.
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*Mufīd. ''al-Irshād''. Beirut: Dār al-Mufīd, 1414 AH.
* Ṭabrisī, al-. ‘’Iʿlām al-warā bi-aʿlām al-hudā’’. Qom: Āl al-Bayt li-Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth, 1417 AH.  
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[[fa: امام حسن عسکری(ع)]]
[[fa: امام حسن عسکری(ع)]]
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