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==Balad al-Amin in the Quran== | ==Balad al-Amin in the Quran== | ||
The first reference to the term "Balad al- | The first reference to the term "Balad al-Amin" comes from verse 3 of [[Surah al-Tin]], which was revealed in the early years of the Prophet’s mission:<ref>See: Majmaʿ al-Bayān, vol. 10, pp. 612–613; An Introduction to the Dating of the Quran, pp. 303–307.</ref> | ||
{{Verse|وَ هَـٰذَا ٱلْبَلَدِ ٱلْأَمِينِ|And [by] this secure city [Mecca].}} | {{Verse|وَ هَـٰذَا ٱلْبَلَدِ ٱلْأَمِينِ|And [by] this secure city [Mecca].}} | ||
In this verse, God swears by "Balad al- | In this verse, God swears by "Balad al-Amin," which some interpret as a reference to the special sanctity of Mecca and the emergence of Islam there.<ref>Al-Baḥr al-Muḥīṭ, vol. 10, p. 503; Al-Taḥrīr wa al-Tanwīr, vol. 30, p. 373.</ref> | ||
===The Supplication of Ibrahim=== | ===The Supplication of Ibrahim=== | ||
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* {{verse|وَإِذْ قَالَ إِبْرَاهِيمُ رَبِّ اجْعَلْ هَذَا بَلَدًا آمِنًا وَارْزُقْ أَهْلَهُ مِنَ الثَّمَرَاتِ مَنْ آمَنَ مِنْهُمْ بِاللَّهِ وَالْيَوْمِ الْآخِرِ قَالَ وَمَنْ كَفَرَ فَأُمَتِّعُهُ قَلِيلًا ثُمَّ أَضْطَرُّهُ إِلَى عَذَابِ النَّارِ وَبِئْسَ الْمَصِيرُ|And [remember] when Ibrāhīm said, “My Lord, make this city secure and provide its people with fruits—those among them who believe in God and the Last Day.” He [God] said, “And whoever disbelieves, I will grant him enjoyment for a little while, then I will force him to the punishment of the Fire, and wretched is the destination.”}} (Surah al-Baqarah, 2:126) | * {{verse|وَإِذْ قَالَ إِبْرَاهِيمُ رَبِّ اجْعَلْ هَذَا بَلَدًا آمِنًا وَارْزُقْ أَهْلَهُ مِنَ الثَّمَرَاتِ مَنْ آمَنَ مِنْهُمْ بِاللَّهِ وَالْيَوْمِ الْآخِرِ قَالَ وَمَنْ كَفَرَ فَأُمَتِّعُهُ قَلِيلًا ثُمَّ أَضْطَرُّهُ إِلَى عَذَابِ النَّارِ وَبِئْسَ الْمَصِيرُ|And [remember] when Ibrāhīm said, “My Lord, make this city secure and provide its people with fruits—those among them who believe in God and the Last Day.” He [God] said, “And whoever disbelieves, I will grant him enjoyment for a little while, then I will force him to the punishment of the Fire, and wretched is the destination.”}} (Surah al-Baqarah, 2:126) | ||
==Related Concepts in the Quran== | ===Related Concepts in the Quran=== | ||
Other verses in the Quran also refer to concepts similar to "Balad al-Amin." For example, verses that mention the "Secure Haram," which, according to commentators, refers to Mecca and its surroundings:<ref>Al-Mīzān, vol. 16, p. 150.</ref> | Other verses in the Quran also refer to concepts similar to "Balad al-Amin." For example, verses that mention the "Secure Haram," which, according to commentators, refers to Mecca and its surroundings:<ref>Al-Mīzān, vol. 16, p. 150.</ref> | ||
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* {{verse|أَوَلَمْ يَرَوْا أَنَّا جَعَلْنَا حَرَمًا آمِنًا وَيُتَخَطَّفُ النَّاسُ مِنْ حَوْلِهِمْ|Have they not seen that We made [Mecca] a secure Haram, while people are snatched away from around them?}} (Surah al-ʿAnkabūt, 29:67) | * {{verse|أَوَلَمْ يَرَوْا أَنَّا جَعَلْنَا حَرَمًا آمِنًا وَيُتَخَطَّفُ النَّاسُ مِنْ حَوْلِهِمْ|Have they not seen that We made [Mecca] a secure Haram, while people are snatched away from around them?}} (Surah al-ʿAnkabūt, 29:67) | ||
==Safety for Those Entering Mecca== | ===Safety for Those Entering Mecca=== | ||
Another verse in the Quran, after mentioning the concept of the [[House of God]], states that whoever enters Mecca will be secure:<ref>Al-Mīzān, vol. 3, p. 351.</ref> | Another verse in the Quran, after mentioning the concept of the [[House of God]], states that whoever enters Mecca will be secure:<ref>Al-Mīzān, vol. 3, p. 351.</ref> | ||
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Scholars differ regarding the meaning and implications of the security mentioned in the Quranic concept of the "Secure City." Some consider it to be **creational**, while others view it as **legislative**: | Scholars differ regarding the meaning and implications of the security mentioned in the Quranic concept of the "Secure City." Some consider it to be **creational**, while others view it as **legislative**: | ||
==Creational Security== | ===Creational Security=== | ||
Regarding creational security, three aspects are mentioned: | Regarding creational security, three aspects are mentioned: | ||
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Some proponents of the theory of creational security attribute the occurrence of diseases and natural disasters in Mecca throughout history to the sins of its people.<ref>Akḥbār Makka, al-Fākihī, vol. 2, p. 268; Ithāf al-Warā, vol. 2, pp. 569–570; See: Ṣahbāʾ al-Ḥajj, p. 155.</ref> Some researchers also argue that the creational security of Mecca is not absolute but relative.<ref>See: Tasnīm, vol. 6, pp. 597–598.</ref> | Some proponents of the theory of creational security attribute the occurrence of diseases and natural disasters in Mecca throughout history to the sins of its people.<ref>Akḥbār Makka, al-Fākihī, vol. 2, p. 268; Ithāf al-Warā, vol. 2, pp. 569–570; See: Ṣahbāʾ al-Ḥajj, p. 155.</ref> Some researchers also argue that the creational security of Mecca is not absolute but relative.<ref>See: Tasnīm, vol. 6, pp. 597–598.</ref> | ||
==Legislative Security== | ===Legislative Security=== | ||
Other commentators consider the **security of the Haram** to be **legislative**, meaning that the sanctity and inviolability of Mecca are maintained through specific rulings and regulations that make it a secure area. According to Islamic rulings, certain actions, such as cutting trees, harming animals (except harmful ones),<ref>Al-Kāfī, vol. 4, p. 226; Al-Majmūʿ, vol. 7, p. 441; Jawāhir al-Kalām, vol. 18, pp. 414–415.</ref> harming pilgrims,<ref>Surah al-Māʾidah, 5:2.</ref> and carrying out punishments or retribution against criminals who seek refuge there until they leave the [[Masjid al-Ḥarām]], are prohibited.<ref>Akḥbār Makka, al-Fākihī, vol. 3, p. 360; Al-Muḥallā, vol. 7, p. 262; Al-Tafsīr al-Kabīr, vol. 32, p. 212.</ref> | Other commentators consider the **security of the Haram** to be **legislative**, meaning that the sanctity and inviolability of Mecca are maintained through specific rulings and regulations that make it a secure area. According to Islamic rulings, certain actions, such as cutting trees, harming animals (except harmful ones),<ref>Al-Kāfī, vol. 4, p. 226; Al-Majmūʿ, vol. 7, p. 441; Jawāhir al-Kalām, vol. 18, pp. 414–415.</ref> harming pilgrims,<ref>Surah al-Māʾidah, 5:2.</ref> and carrying out punishments or retribution against criminals who seek refuge there until they leave the [[Masjid al-Ḥarām]], are prohibited.<ref>Akḥbār Makka, al-Fākihī, vol. 3, p. 360; Al-Muḥallā, vol. 7, p. 262; Al-Tafsīr al-Kabīr, vol. 32, p. 212.</ref> | ||
==Interpretation of Mecca’s Security as Safety from Punishment== | ===Interpretation of Mecca’s Security as Safety from Punishment=== | ||
Some interpret the security of Mecca for those who enter it: {{verse|وَمَنْ دَخَلَهُ كَانَ آمِنًا|And whoever enters it will be secure}}<ref>Surah Āl ʿImrān, 3:97</ref> as safety from the punishment of Hell and entry into Paradise.<ref>Faḍāʾil Makka, pp. 23–24; See: Al-Durr al-Manthūr, vol. 2, p. 55.</ref> Some narrations state that those who die in [[Mecca]] are safe from the punishment of the Hereafter.<ref>Akḥbār Makka, al-Fākihī, vol. 3, pp. 68–69; Al-Durr al-Manthūr, vol. 1, p. 133.</ref> | Some interpret the security of Mecca for those who enter it: {{verse|وَمَنْ دَخَلَهُ كَانَ آمِنًا|And whoever enters it will be secure}}<ref>Surah Āl ʿImrān, 3:97</ref> as safety from the punishment of Hell and entry into Paradise.<ref>Faḍāʾil Makka, pp. 23–24; See: Al-Durr al-Manthūr, vol. 2, p. 55.</ref> Some narrations state that those who die in [[Mecca]] are safe from the punishment of the Hereafter.<ref>Akḥbār Makka, al-Fākihī, vol. 3, pp. 68–69; Al-Durr al-Manthūr, vol. 1, p. 133.</ref> | ||
==Interpretation of Balad al- | ===Interpretation of Balad al-Amin as the Prophet and Ahl al-Bayt=== | ||
In some Shia narrations, "Balad al- | In some Shia narrations, "Balad al-Amin" is interpreted as referring to the [[Prophet (s)]]<ref>Al-Burhān, vol. 5, p. 693; Kanz al-Daqāʾiq, vol. 14, p. 341; Bayān al-Saʿāda, vol. 4, p. 264.</ref> and the [[Ahl al-Bayt (a)]],<ref>Tafsīr al-Qummī, vol. 2, p. 430; Biḥār al-Anwār, vol. 24, pp. 105–108.</ref> as faith in them ensures safety from misguidance in this world and punishment in the Hereafter.<ref>Biḥār al-Anwār, vol. 24, p. 107.</ref> Some narrations also state that entering Mecca with recognition of the Ahl al-Bayt (a) ensures safety in this world and the Hereafter.<ref>Al-Kāfī, vol. 4, p. 545.</ref> | ||
==Notes== | ==Notes== | ||
{{Notes}} | {{Notes}} | ||
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{{References}} | {{References}} | ||
*Fākihī, Muḥammad b. Isḥāq al-. | *Fākihī, Muḥammad b. Isḥāq al-.''Akhbār Makka''. Edited by ʿAbd al-Malik b. ʿAbd Allāh b. Duhaysh. Beirut: Dār Khidr, 1414 AH. | ||
*Fāsī, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad al-.''Al-ʿIqd al-Thamīn fī Tārīkh al-Balad al-Amīn''. Edited by Muḥammad ʿAbd al-Qādir. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 1419 AH. | |||
*Fāsī, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad al-. | *Ibn ʿĀshūr, Muḥammad al-Ṭāhir.''Al-Taḥrīr wa al-Tanwīr''. Tunis: Dār al-Tūnisiyya lil-Nashr, 1984. | ||
* | *Ibn Fāris, Aḥmad.''Muʿjam Maqāyīs al-Lugha''. Edited by ʿAbd al-Salām Muḥammad Hārūn. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1399 AH. | ||
*Ibn Fāris, Aḥmad. | *Muṣṭafawī, Ḥasan.''Al-Taḥqīq fī Kalimāt al-Qurʾān al-Karīm''. Tehran: Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance, 1374 SH. | ||
*Rāghib al-Iṣfahānī, al-Ḥusayn b. Muḥammad. | *Rāghib al-Iṣfahānī, al-Ḥusayn b. Muḥammad.''Mufradāt Alfāẓ al-Qurʾān''. Edited by Ṣafwān ʿAdnān Dāwūdī. Damascus: Dār al-Qalam, 1412 AH. | ||
* | *Ṣabbāgh, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad al-.''Taḥṣīl al-Marām fī Akḥbār al-Bayt al-Ḥarām''. Edited by ʿAbd Allāh b. Duhaysh. Mecca: Maktabat al-Asadī, 1424 AH. | ||
* | *Ṭabarsī, Faḍl b. al-Ḥasan al-.''Majmaʿ al-Bayān fī Tafsīr al-Qurʾān''. Beirut: Dār al-Maʿrifa, 1406 AH. | ||
* | *Ṭūsī, Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan al-.''Al-Tibyān fī Tafsīr al-Qurʾān''. Edited by Aḥmad Ḥabīb Qaṣīr. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī. | ||