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Rukn al-Hajar al-Aswad is the southeast corner of the Ka'ba building. The structure of the Ka'ba is quadrangular, and each corner is called a rukn, and the sum of the four corners is referred to as the pillars of the Ka'ba. Hajar al-Aswad pillar, which is located in the southeast of the Ka'ba, is the starting point of the tawaf, and at a height of one and a half meters, the Black Stone (Hajar al-Aswad) is situated there. Therefore, it is known as Rukn Hajar al-Aswad or Rukn al-Aswad.

Location

Rukn al-Hajar al-Aswad is located in the southeast of the Ka'ba and is the starting point of the tawaf.^[1] At a height of one and a half meters, the Black Stone (Hajar al-Aswad) is located.^[2] Rukn al-Hajar al-Aswad is more famous than the other pillars of the Ka'ba. This pillar is the closest to the entrance door of the Ka'ba and is located opposite the Zamzam well. Facing the Hajar al-Aswad pillar is the well-known Mount Abu Qubays.^[3] "The distance from Rukn al-Hajar al-Aswad to rukn al-Iraqi is 11.68 meters, and to rukn Yamani is more than 10 meters.^[4] Hajar al-Aswad pillar is in the direction of the qibla for the southern regions of Hijaz and the countries of Australia, India, and China, which are aligned with this pillar.^[5]

Other Names

Some refer to the Rukn al-Hajar al-Aswad as the Eastern pillar (Rukn al-Sharqi).^[6] At times, both Rukn al-Hajar al-Aswad and rukn al-Yamani are referred to as rukn Yamani due to their location in the direction of Yemeni territory.^[7] The term 'Rukn' alone is frequently used to refer to Rukn al-Hajar al-Aswad, and in many contexts, 'Rukn' (pillar) essentially means the Black Stone.^[8]

Istilām

Istilām"(Ar: استلام) refers to touching and laying hands on something. The Prophet Muhammad (s) paid special attention to both Rukn al-Hajar al-Aswad and rukn al-Yamani, advising his companions to respect them and perform their specific rituals and acts. He considered touching them (Istilam) a means for the forgiveness of sins.^[9] "In some Sunni sources, the practice of touching Rukn al-Hajar al-Aswad is considered recommended (mustahabb).^[10] "Additionally, a number of Shia jurists, based on narrations, have considered touching Rukn al-Hajar al-Aswad and the other pillars to be recommended.^[11]

Prayers of the Prophet

According to sources, the Prophet (s) would whisper or recommend certain prayers between Rukn Hajar al-Aswad and Rukn Yamani, such as: " الّلهم ربّنا آتنا فی الدنیا حسنة و فی الآخرة حسنة و قنا عذاب النار و یا الّلهم إنّی أعوذ بک من الکفر و الفقر O Allah, our Lord, give us good in this world and good in the Hereafter, and save us from the punishment of the Fire" and "O Allah, I seek refuge in You from disbelief and poverty.^[12] "Also, numerous prayers and invocations from the Prophet (s) and his companions have been mentioned during the performance of the Rukn (pillar), such as:

بسم الله و الله اکبر In the name of Allah, and Allah is the greatest.^[13]
بسم اللّه و اللّه اکبر علی ما هدانا اللّه، لا اله الا اللّه وحده لا شریک له، آمنت بالله و کفرت بالطاغوت In the name of Allah, and Allah is the greatest; upon what Allah has guided us. There is no god but Allah, He alone, without partner. I believe in Allah and disbelieve in the Taghut.^[14]
باسم اللّه و اللّه أکبر إیمانا باللّه و تصدیقا لإجابة محمد صلی اللّه علیه و سلم In the name of Allah, and Allah is the greatest, in faith in Allah and affirming the response of Muhammad, peace be upon him.^[15]

Notes

↑ Azraqī, Akhbār Makka, vol. 1, p. 65; Kurdī,Al-Tārīkh al-qawīm li Makka wa bayt Allāh al-karīm, vol. 3, p. 236; Ibn Jubayr, Riḥla Ibn Jubayr, p. 53.
↑ Kurdī,Al-Tārīkh al-qawīm li Makka wa bayt Allāh al-karīm, vol. 3, p. 236; Ibrāhīm Rafʿat Pāshā. Mirʾāt al-ḥaramayn, aw, al-raḥlāt al-ḥijāziyya wa al-ḥaj wa mashāʿirihi al-dīniyya, vol. 1, p. 264.
↑ Maqdisī al-Bashārī, Aḥsan al-taqāsīm fī maʿrifat al-aqālīm, p. 72.
↑ Khārazmī, al-. Ithara al-targhīb , vol. 1, p. 227; Ibn Rusta,Al-Aʿlāq al-nafīsa, p. 30.
↑ Ibrāhīm Rafʿat Pāshā. Mirʾāt al-ḥaramayn, aw, al-raḥlāt al-ḥijāziyya wa al-ḥaj wa mashāʿirihi al-dīniyya, vol. 1, p. 264.
↑ Ibn Jubayr, Riḥla Ibn Jubayr, p. 53.
↑ Qalashqandī,Ṣubḥ al-aʿshā, vol. 4, p. 258.
↑ Fākihī,Akhbār Makka fī qadīm al-dahr wa ḥaīthih, vol. 1, p. 134; Kurdī,Al-Tārīkh al-qawīm li Makka wa bayt Allāh al-karīm, vol. 3, p. 236; Qazwīnī, Āthār al-bilād wa-akhbār al-ʿibād , p. 118.
↑ Fākihī,Akhbār Makka fī qadīm al-dahr wa ḥaīthih, vol. 1, p. 127; Azraqī, Akhbār Makka, vol. 1, p. 331. , Khārazmī, al-. Ithara al-targhīb , vol. 1, p. 258.
↑ Kurdī,Al-Tārīkh al-qawīm li Makka wa bayt Allāh al-karīm, vol. 3, p. 255.
↑ Ṭūsī, Al-Istibṣār fīmā ikhtalafa min al-akhbār ,vol. 2, p. 216; Ṭūsī,Miṣbāḥ al-mutahajjid wa-silāḥ al-mutʿabbid, p. 681; Ibn Idrīs, Al-Sarāʾir al-ḥāwī li-taḥrīr al-fatāwī, vol. 1, p. 572.
↑ Fākihī,Akhbār Makka fī qadīm al-dahr wa ḥaīthih, vol. 1, p. 145.
↑ Azraqī, Akhbār Makka, vol. 1, p. 339.
↑ Azraqī, Akhbār Makka, vol. 1, p. 339.
↑ Kurdī,Al-Tārīkh al-qawīm li Makka wa bayt Allāh al-karīm, vol. 3, p. 257.

References

Azraqī, Muḥammad b. ʿAbd Allāh al-. Akhbār Makka. Qom: Maktaba al-Sharīf al-Raḍī, [n.d].
Bashārī, Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad al-Maqdisī al-. Aḥsan al-taqāsīm fī maʿrifat al-aqālīm. Cairo: Maktabat Madbūlī, 1411 AH.
Fākihī, Muḥammad b. Isḥāq. Akhbār Makka fī qadīm al-dahr wa ḥaīthih. Beirut: Dār al- Khiḍr, 1414 AH.
Ibn Jubayr, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad. Riḥla Ibn Jubayr. Beirut: Dār al-Maktaba al-Hilāl, 1986.
Ibn Idrīs, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad. Al-Sarāʾir al-ḥāwī li-taḥrīr al-fatāwī. Qom: Intishārāt al-Islāmī, 1410 AH.
Ibn Rusta, Aḥmad b. ʿUmar. Al-Aʿlāq al-nafīsa. Beirut: Dār Ṣādir, 1892 CE.
Ibrāhīm Rafʿat Pāshā. Mirʾāt al-ḥaramayn, aw, al-raḥlāt al-ḥijāziyya wa al-ḥaj wa mashāʿirihi al-dīniyya. Beirut: Dār al-Maʿrifa, [n.d].
Khārazmī, Muḥammad b. Isḥāq al-. Ithara al-targhīb. Mecca: Maktabat Nazār Muṣṭafā al-Bāz, 1418 AH.
Kulaynī, Muḥammad b. Yaʿqūb al-. Al-Kāfī. Edited by ʿAlī Akbar Ghaffārī & Muḥammad Ākhūndī. Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmīyya, 1407 AH.
Kurdī, Muḥammad Ṭāhir. Al-Tārīkh al-qawīm li Makka wa bayt Allāh al-karīm. Beirut: : Dār al- Khiḍr, 1420 AH.
Qalashqandī, Aḥmad b. ʿAlī. Ṣubḥ al-aʿshā. Cairo: 1383 AH-1963.
Qazwīnī, Zakarīyā b. Muḥammad al-. Āthār al-bilād wa-akhbār al-ʿibād. Beirut: Dār Ṣādir, 1998 CE.
Sibāʿī, Aḥmad al-. *Tārīkh Makka*. Mecca: Maktabat Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth, 1420 AH.
Ṭūsī, Muḥammad b. Ḥasan al-. Al-Istibṣār fīmā ikhtalafa min al-akhbār. Edited by Sayyid Ḥasan Mūsawī al-Khurasān. Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmiyya, 1363 SH.
Ṭūsī, Muḥammad b. Ḥasan al-. Miṣbāḥ al-mutahajjid wa-silāḥ al-mutʿabbid. Edited by Ismāʿīl Anṣārī Zanjānī, prepared by ʿAlī Aṣghar Marwārīd. Beirut: Fiqh al-Shīʿa, 1411 AH.

[1] Azraqī, Akhbār Makka, vol. 1, p. 65; Kurdī,Al-Tārīkh al-qawīm li Makka wa bayt Allāh al-karīm, vol. 3, p. 236; Ibn Jubayr, Riḥla Ibn Jubayr, p. 53.

[2] Kurdī,Al-Tārīkh al-qawīm li Makka wa bayt Allāh al-karīm, vol. 3, p. 236; Ibrāhīm Rafʿat Pāshā. Mirʾāt al-ḥaramayn, aw, al-raḥlāt al-ḥijāziyya wa al-ḥaj wa mashāʿirihi al-dīniyya, vol. 1, p. 264.

[3] Maqdisī al-Bashārī, Aḥsan al-taqāsīm fī maʿrifat al-aqālīm, p. 72.

[4] Khārazmī, al-. Ithara al-targhīb , vol. 1, p. 227; Ibn Rusta,Al-Aʿlāq al-nafīsa, p. 30.

[5] Ibrāhīm Rafʿat Pāshā. Mirʾāt al-ḥaramayn, aw, al-raḥlāt al-ḥijāziyya wa al-ḥaj wa mashāʿirihi al-dīniyya, vol. 1, p. 264.

[6] Ibn Jubayr, Riḥla Ibn Jubayr, p. 53.

[7] Qalashqandī,Ṣubḥ al-aʿshā, vol. 4, p. 258.

[8] Fākihī,Akhbār Makka fī qadīm al-dahr wa ḥaīthih, vol. 1, p. 134; Kurdī,Al-Tārīkh al-qawīm li Makka wa bayt Allāh al-karīm, vol. 3, p. 236; Qazwīnī, Āthār al-bilād wa-akhbār al-ʿibād , p. 118.

[9] Fākihī,Akhbār Makka fī qadīm al-dahr wa ḥaīthih, vol. 1, p. 127; Azraqī, Akhbār Makka, vol. 1, p. 331. , Khārazmī, al-. Ithara al-targhīb , vol. 1, p. 258.

[10] Kurdī,Al-Tārīkh al-qawīm li Makka wa bayt Allāh al-karīm, vol. 3, p. 255.

[11] Ṭūsī, Al-Istibṣār fīmā ikhtalafa min al-akhbār ,vol. 2, p. 216; Ṭūsī,Miṣbāḥ al-mutahajjid wa-silāḥ al-mutʿabbid, p. 681; Ibn Idrīs, Al-Sarāʾir al-ḥāwī li-taḥrīr al-fatāwī, vol. 1, p. 572.

[12] Fākihī,Akhbār Makka fī qadīm al-dahr wa ḥaīthih, vol. 1, p. 145.

[13] Azraqī, Akhbār Makka, vol. 1, p. 339.

[14] Azraqī, Akhbār Makka, vol. 1, p. 339.

[15] Kurdī,Al-Tārīkh al-qawīm li Makka wa bayt Allāh al-karīm, vol. 3, p. 257.

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-'''The Hajar al-Aswad pillar''' is the southeast corner of the Ka'ba building. The structure of the Ka'ba is quadrangular, and each corner is called a rukn, and the sum of the four corners is referred to as [[the pillars of the Ka'ba]]. Hajar al-Aswad pillar, which is located in the southeast of the Ka'ba, is the starting point of the [[Tawaf|tawaf]], and at a height of one and a half meters, the Black Stone (Hajar al-Aswad) is situated there. Therefore, it is known as Rukn Hajar al-Aswad or Rukn al-Aswad.
+'''Rukn al-Hajar al-Aswad''' is the southeast corner of the Ka'ba building. The structure of the Ka'ba is quadrangular, and each corner is called a rukn, and the sum of the four corners is referred to as [[the pillars of the Ka'ba]]. Hajar al-Aswad pillar, which is located in the southeast of the Ka'ba, is the starting point of the [[Tawaf|tawaf]], and at a height of one and a half meters, the Black Stone (Hajar al-Aswad) is situated there. Therefore, it is known as Rukn Hajar al-Aswad or Rukn al-Aswad.
 ==Location==
-Rukn Hajar al-Aswad is located in the southeast of the Kaaba and is the starting point of the tawaf (circumambulation).(1)Azraqī, ''Akhbār Makka'', vol. 1, p. 65. , Kurdī,''Al-Tārīkh al-qawīm li Makka wa bayt Allāh al-karīm'', vol. 3, p. 236. , Ibn Jubayr, ''Riḥla Ibn Jubayr'', p. 53.
+Rukn al-Hajar al-Aswad is located in the southeast of the [[Ka'ba]] and is the starting point of the [[tawaf]].<ref>Azraqī, ''Akhbār Makka'', vol. 1, p. 65; Kurdī,''Al-Tārīkh al-qawīm li Makka wa bayt Allāh al-karīm'', vol. 3, p. 236; Ibn Jubayr, ''Riḥla Ibn Jubayr'', p. 53.</ref>
-At a height of one and a half meters, the Black Stone (Hajar al-Aswad) is located.(2) Kurdī,''Al-Tārīkh al-qawīm li Makka wa bayt Allāh al-karīm'', vol. 3, p. 236. , Ibrāhīm Rafʿat Pāshā. ''Mirʾāt al-ḥaramayn, aw, al-raḥlāt al-ḥijāziyya wa al-ḥaj wa mashāʿirihi al-dīniyya'', vol. 1, p. 264.
+At a height of one and a half meters, the Black Stone (Hajar al-Aswad) is located.<ref>Kurdī,''Al-Tārīkh al-qawīm li Makka wa bayt Allāh al-karīm'', vol. 3, p. 236; Ibrāhīm Rafʿat Pāshā. ''Mirʾāt al-ḥaramayn, aw, al-raḥlāt al-ḥijāziyya wa al-ḥaj wa mashāʿirihi al-dīniyya'', vol. 1, p. 264.</ref>
-Rukn Hajar al-Aswad is more famous than the other corners of the Kaaba. This corner is the closest to the entrance door of the Kaaba and is located opposite the Zamzam well. Facing Rukn Hajar al-Aswad is the well-known Mount Abu Qubais.(3) al-Maqdisī al-Bashārī, '' Aḥsan al-taqāsīm fī maʿrifat al-aqālīm'', p. 72.
+Rukn al-Hajar al-Aswad is more famous than the other [[pillars of the Ka'ba]]. This pillar is the closest to the entrance door of the Ka'ba and is located opposite the Z[[amzam well]]. Facing the Hajar al-Aswad pillar is the well-known [[Mount Abu Qubays]].<ref>Maqdisī al-Bashārī, '' Aḥsan al-taqāsīm fī maʿrifat al-aqālīm'', p. 72.</ref>
-"The distance from Rukn Hajar al-Aswad to Rukn Iraqi is 11.68 meters, and to Rukn Yamani is more than 10 meters.(4) Khārazmī, ''al-. Ithara al-targhīb'' , vol. 1, p. 227. , Ibn Rusta,''Al-Aʿlāq al-nafīsa'', p. 30.
+"The distance from Rukn al-Hajar al-Aswad to [[rukn al-Iraqi ]] is 11.68 meters, and to [[rukn Yamani]]  is more than 10 meters.<ref>Khārazmī, ''al-. Ithara al-targhīb'' , vol. 1, p. 227; Ibn Rusta,''Al-Aʿlāq al-nafīsa'', p. 30.</ref>
-Rukn Hajar al-Aswad is in the direction of the qibla for the southern regions of Hijaz and the countries of Australia, India, and China, which are aligned with this corner.(5) , Ibrāhīm Rafʿat Pāshā. ''Mirʾāt al-ḥaramayn, aw, al-raḥlāt al-ḥijāziyya wa al-ḥaj wa mashāʿirihi al-dīniyya'', vol. 1, p. 264.
+Hajar al-Aswad pillar is in the direction of the qibla for the southern regions of [[Hijaz]] and the countries of Australia, India, and China, which are aligned with this pillar.<ref>Ibrāhīm Rafʿat Pāshā. ''Mirʾāt al-ḥaramayn, aw, al-raḥlāt al-ḥijāziyya wa al-ḥaj wa mashāʿirihi al-dīniyya'', vol. 1, p. 264.</ref>
 ==Other Names==
-Some refer to Rukn Hajar al-Aswad as the Eastern Corner (Rukn al-Sharqi).(6) Ibn Jubayr, ''Riḥla Ibn Jubayr'', p. 53.
+Some refer to the Rukn al-Hajar al-Aswad as the Eastern pillar (Rukn al-Sharqi).<ref> Ibn Jubayr, ''Riḥla Ibn Jubayr'', p. 53.</ref>
-At times, both Rukn Hajar al-Aswad and Rukn Yamani are referred to as Rukn Yamani due to their location in the direction of Yemeni territory.(7) Qalashqandī,''Ṣubḥ al-aʿshā'', vol. 4, p. 258.
+At times, both  Rukn al-Hajar al-Aswad and [[rukn al-Yamani]] are referred to as  rukn Yamani due to their location in the direction of Yemeni territory.<ref>Qalashqandī,''Ṣubḥ al-aʿshā'', vol. 4, p. 258.</ref>
-The term 'Rukn' alone is frequently used to refer to Rukn Hajar al-Aswad, and in many contexts, 'Rukn' essentially means the Black Stone.(8) Fākihī,''Akhbār Makka fī qadīm al-dahr wa ḥaīthih'', vol. 1, p. 134. , Kurdī,''Al-Tārīkh al-qawīm li Makka wa bayt Allāh al-karīm'', vol. 3, p. 236. , Qazwīnī, '' Āthār al-bilād wa-akhbār al-ʿibād'' , p. 118.
+The term 'Rukn' alone is frequently used to refer to Rukn al-Hajar al-Aswad, and in many contexts, 'Rukn' (pillar) essentially means the Black Stone.<ref>Fākihī,''Akhbār Makka fī qadīm al-dahr wa ḥaīthih'', vol. 1, p. 134; Kurdī,''Al-Tārīkh al-qawīm li Makka wa bayt Allāh al-karīm'', vol. 3, p. 236; Qazwīnī, '' Āthār al-bilād wa-akhbār al-ʿibād'' , p. 118.</ref>
-==Receiving==
+==Istilām==
-Receiving" refers to touching and laying hands on something.
+Istilām"(Ar: استلام) refers to touching and laying hands on something.
-The Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) paid special attention to both Rukn Hajar al-Aswad and Rukn Yamani, advising his companions to respect them and perform their specific rituals and acts. He considered touching them (Estelam) a means for the forgiveness of sins.(9) Fākihī,''Akhbār Makka fī qadīm al-dahr wa ḥaīthih'', vol. 1, p. 127. , Azraqī, ''Akhbār Makka'', vol. 1, p. 331. , Khārazmī, ''al-. Ithara al-targhīb'' , vol. 1, p. 258.
+The [[Prophet Muhammad (s)]] paid special attention to both Rukn al-Hajar al-Aswad and  rukn al-Yamani, advising his companions to respect them and perform their specific rituals and acts. He considered touching them (Istilam) a means for the forgiveness of sins.<ref>Fākihī,''Akhbār Makka fī qadīm al-dahr wa ḥaīthih'', vol. 1, p. 127; Azraqī, ''Akhbār Makka'', vol. 1, p. 331. , Khārazmī, ''al-. Ithara al-targhīb'' , vol. 1, p. 258.</ref>
-"In some Sunni sources, the practice of touching Rukn Hajar al-Aswad (Estelam) is considered recommended (mustahabb).(10) Kurdī,''Al-Tārīkh al-qawīm li Makka wa bayt Allāh al-karīm'', vol. 3, p. 255.
+"In some Sunni sources, the practice of touching  Rukn al-Hajar al-Aswad is considered recommended (mustahabb).<ref>Kurdī,''Al-Tārīkh al-qawīm li Makka wa bayt Allāh al-karīm'', vol. 3, p. 255.</ref>
-"Additionally, a number of Shia jurists, based on narrations, have considered touching Rukn Hajar al-Aswad and the other corners to be recommended (mustahabb).(11) Ṭūsī, ''Al-Istibṣār fīmā ikhtalafa min al-akhbār'' ,vol. 2, p. 216. , Ṭūsī,''Miṣbāḥ al-mutahajjid wa-silāḥ al-mutʿabbid'', p. 681. , Ibn Idrīs, '' Al-Sarāʾir al-ḥāwī li-taḥrīr al-fatāwī'',  vol. 1, p. 572.
+"Additionally, a number of Shia jurists, based on narrations, have considered touching Rukn al-Hajar al-Aswad and the other pillars to be recommended.<ref>Ṭūsī, ''Al-Istibṣār fīmā ikhtalafa min al-akhbār'' ,vol. 2, p. 216; Ṭūsī,''Miṣbāḥ al-mutahajjid wa-silāḥ al-mutʿabbid'', p. 681; Ibn Idrīs, '' Al-Sarāʾir al-ḥāwī li-taḥrīr al-fatāwī'',  vol. 1, p. 572.</ref>
 ==Prayers of the Prophet==
-According to sources, the Prophet (PBUH) would whisper or recommend certain prayers between Rukn Hajar al-Aswad and Rukn Yamani, such as: "O Allah, our Lord, give us good in this world and good in the Hereafter, and save us from the punishment of the Fire" and "O Allah, I seek refuge in You from disbelief and poverty.(12) ) Fākihī,''Akhbār Makka fī qadīm al-dahr wa ḥaīthih'', vol. 1, p. 145.
+According to sources, the Prophet (s) would whisper or recommend certain prayers between Rukn Hajar al-Aswad and Rukn Yamani, such as: " الّلهم ربّنا آتنا فی الدنیا حسنة و فی الآخرة حسنة و قنا عذاب النار و یا الّلهم إنّی أعوذ بک من الکفر و الفقر O Allah, our Lord, give us good in this world and good in the Hereafter, and save us from the punishment of the Fire" and "O Allah, I seek refuge in You from disbelief and poverty.<ref> Fākihī,''Akhbār Makka fī qadīm al-dahr wa ḥaīthih'', vol. 1, p. 145.</ref>
-Among these prayers are.
+"Also, numerous prayers and invocations from the Prophet (s) and his companions have been mentioned during the performance of the Rukn (pillar), such as:
-"Also, numerous prayers and invocations from the Prophet (PBUH) and his companions have been mentioned during the performance of the Rukn (pillar), such as:
+*بسم الله و الله اکبر In the name of Allah, and Allah is the greatest.<ref>Azraqī, ''Akhbār Makka'', vol. 1, p. 339.</ref>
- 'In the name of Allah, and Allah is the greatest.(13) Azraqī, ''Akhbār Makka'', vol. 1, p. 339.
+* بسم اللّه و اللّه اکبر علی ما هدانا اللّه، لا اله الا اللّه وحده لا شریک له، آمنت بالله و کفرت بالطاغوت In the name of Allah, and Allah is the greatest; upon what Allah has guided us. There is no god but Allah, He alone, without partner. I believe in Allah and disbelieve in the Taghut.<ref>Azraqī, ''Akhbār Makka'', vol. 1, p. 339.</ref>
-"In the name of Allah, and Allah is the greatest; upon what Allah has guided us. There is no god but Allah, He alone, without partner. I believe in Allah and disbelieve in the Taghut.(13) Azraqī, ''Akhbār Makka'', vol. 1, p. 339.
+* باسم اللّه و اللّه أکبر إیمانا باللّه و تصدیقا لإجابة محمد صلی اللّه علیه و سلم In the name of Allah, and Allah is the greatest, in faith in Allah and affirming the response of Muhammad, peace be upon him.<ref>Kurdī,''Al-Tārīkh al-qawīm li Makka wa bayt Allāh al-karīm'', vol. 3, p. 257.</ref>
-"In the name of Allah, and Allah is the greatest, in faith in Allah and affirming the response of Muhammad, peace be upon him.(14) ) Kurdī,''Al-Tārīkh al-qawīm li Makka wa bayt Allāh al-karīm'', vol. 3, p. 257.
 ==Notes==
 {{Notes}}
 ==References==
 {{References}}
-• Azraqī, Muḥammad b. ʿAbd Allāh al-. ''Akhbār Makka. Qom: Maktaba al-Sharīf al-Raḍī, [n.d]
+* Azraqī, Muḥammad b. ʿAbd Allāh al-. ''Akhbār Makka. Qom: Maktaba al-Sharīf al-Raḍī, [n.d].
-• Kurdī, Muḥammad Ṭāhir. ''Al-Tārīkh al-qawīm li Makka wa bayt Allāh al-karīm''. Beirut: : Dār al- Khiḍr,  1420 AH.
+*Bashārī, Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad al-Maqdisī al-. ''Aḥsan al-taqāsīm fī maʿrifat al-aqālīm''. Cairo: Maktabat Madbūlī, 1411 AH.
-• Ibn Jubayr, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad. ''Riḥla Ibn Jubayr''. Beirut: Dār al-Maktaba al-Hilāl, 1986.
+* Fākihī, Muḥammad b. Isḥāq. ''Akhbār Makka fī qadīm al-dahr wa ḥaīthih''. Beirut: Dār al- Khiḍr, 1414 AH.
-• Ibrāhīm Rafʿat Pāshā. ''Mirʾāt al-ḥaramayn, aw, al-raḥlāt al-ḥijāziyya wa al-ḥaj wa mashāʿirihi al-dīniyya''. Beirut: Dār al-Maʿrifa, [n.d].
+* Ibn Jubayr, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad. ''Riḥla Ibn Jubayr''. Beirut: Dār al-Maktaba al-Hilāl, 1986.
-. Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad al-Maqdisī al-Bashārī, Aḥsan al-taqāsīm fī maʿrifat al-aqālīm, Cairo, Maktabat Madbūlī, 1411 AH.
+*Ibn Idrīs, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad. ''Al-Sarāʾir al-ḥāwī li-taḥrīr al-fatāwī''. Qom: Intishārāt al-Islāmī, 1410 AH.
-• Khārazmī, Muḥammad b. Isḥāq al-. Ithara al-targhīb. Mecca: Maktabat Nazār Muṣṭafā al-Bāz, 1418 AH.
+*Ibn Rusta, Aḥmad b. ʿUmar. ''Al-Aʿlāq al-nafīsa''. Beirut: Dār Ṣādir, 1892 CE.
-.Qalashqandī, Aḥmad b. ʿAlī. ''Ṣubḥ al-aʿshā''. Cairo: 1383 AH-1963.
+*Ibrāhīm Rafʿat Pāshā. ''Mirʾāt al-ḥaramayn, aw, al-raḥlāt al-ḥijāziyya wa al-ḥaj wa mashāʿirihi al-dīniyya''. Beirut: Dār al-Maʿrifa, [n.d].
-• Fākihī, Muḥammad b. Isḥāq. ''Akhbār Makka fī qadīm al-dahr wa ḥaīthih''. Beirut: Dār al- Khiḍr, 1414 AH.
+*Khārazmī, Muḥammad b. Isḥāq al-. Ithara al-targhīb. Mecca: Maktabat Nazār Muṣṭafā al-Bāz, 1418 AH.
-.Qazwīnī, Zakarīyā b. Muḥammad al-. *Āthār al-bilād wa-akhbār al-ʿibād*. Beirut: Dār Ṣādir, 1998 CE.
+*Kulaynī, Muḥammad b. Yaʿqūb al-. ''Al-Kāfī''. Edited by ʿAlī Akbar Ghaffārī & Muḥammad Ākhūndī. Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmīyya, 1407 AH.
-.Ṭūsī, Muḥammad b. Ḥasan al- (Shaykh Ṭūsī). *Al-Istibṣār fīmā ikhtalafa min al-akhbār*. Edited by Sayyid Ḥasan Mūsawī al-Khurasān. Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmiyya, 1363 SH.
+*Kurdī, Muḥammad Ṭāhir. ''Al-Tārīkh al-qawīm li Makka wa bayt Allāh al-karīm''. Beirut: : Dār al- Khiḍr,  1420 AH.
-.Ibn Rusta, Aḥmad b. ʿUmar. *Al-Aʿlāq al-nafīsa*. Beirut: Dār Ṣādir, 1892 CE.
+*Qalashqandī, Aḥmad b. ʿAlī. ''Ṣubḥ al-aʿshā''. Cairo: 1383 AH-1963.
-.Sibāʿī, Aḥmad al-. *Tārīkh Makka*. Mecca: Maktabat Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth, 1420 AH.
+*Qazwīnī, Zakarīyā b. Muḥammad al-. ''Āthār al-bilād wa-akhbār al-ʿibād''. Beirut: Dār Ṣādir, 1998 CE.
-.Ibn Idrīs, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad. *Al-Sarāʾir al-ḥāwī li-taḥrīr al-fatāwī*. Qom: Intishārāt al-Islāmī, 1410 AH.
+*Sibāʿī, Aḥmad al-. *Tārīkh Makka*. Mecca: Maktabat Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth, 1420 AH.
-.Ṭūsī, Muḥammad b. Ḥasan al- (Shaykh Ṭūsī). *Miṣbāḥ al-mutahajjid wa-silāḥ al-mutʿabbid*. Edited by Ismāʿīl Anṣārī Zanjānī, prepared by ʿAlī Aṣghar Marwārīd. Beirut: Fiqh al-Shīʿa, 1411 AH.
+*Ṭūsī, Muḥammad b. Ḥasan al-. ''Al-Istibṣār fīmā ikhtalafa min al-akhbār''. Edited by Sayyid Ḥasan Mūsawī al-Khurasān. Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmiyya, 1363 SH.
-.Kulaynī, Muḥammad b. Yaʿqūb al-. ''Al-Kāfī''. Edited by ʿAlī Akbar Ghaffārī & Muḥammad Ākhūndī. Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmīyya, 1407 AH.
+*Ṭūsī, Muḥammad b. Ḥasan al-. ''Miṣbāḥ al-mutahajjid wa-silāḥ al-mutʿabbid''. Edited by Ismāʿīl Anṣārī Zanjānī, prepared by ʿAlī Aṣghar Marwārīd. Beirut: Fiqh al-Shīʿa, 1411 AH.
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