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{{کعبه عمودی}}
The Kaaba's curtain
'''Dahw al-Ardh''' (Arabic: دحو الأرض), The spreading of the earth has the meaning of the expansion of the land, with some interpreting it as the emergence of dry land from under the water, and others understanding it as the positional and translational movement of the earth. In verses 27 to 33 of Surah Al-Nazi'at, the expansion of the earth after the creation of the heavens is mentioned (وَ الْأَرْضَ بَعْدَ ذَٰلِكَ دَحَاهَا). According to some Islamic narrations, the earth has expanded from [[Mecca]] or beneath the [[Ka'ba]].
The Kaaba's curtain, also known as Kiswa, is a black fabric that covers the walls of the Kaaba. Covering the Kaaba with a curtain is considered a sign of respect. The tradition of draping the Kaaba with fabrics of various colors and materials dates back to ancient times, predating the advent of Islam. Historical sources record events related to the preparation and installation of the Kaaba's curtain. Additionally, the Kaaba's curtain is the subject of certain legal rulings in Islamic jurisprudence.


According to some narrations, "Dahw al-Ardh" coincides with the [[25th of Dhu al-Qa'da]], and performing ablution and fasting on this day is recommended, carrying numerous rewards.
Today, the curtain is woven in a dedicated workshop in Mecca and consists of five pieces, each covering one of the Kaaba's walls, with an additional piece allocated for the Kaaba's door.
==Ontology==
"Dahw al-Ardh" is a compound word consisting of two terms: "(دحو)Dahw," meaning to spread or expand.<ref>Rāghib al-Iṣfahānī, ''Mufradāt alfāẓ al-Qurʾān'', p. 308; Ibn Manẓūr, ''Lisān al-ʿArab'', vol. 14, p. 251; Dehkhodā, ''Lughatnāma'', vol. 6, p. 9210, word, (دحو). </ref>
And "(أرض)'Ardh" means the land or earth, in contrast to the sky or heavens.<ref>Rāghib al-Iṣfahānī, ''Mufradāt alfāẓ al-Qurʾān'', p. 73; Dehkhodā, ''Lughatnāma'', vol. 6, p. 1571, word, (أرض); Ṭabībīyān, ''Farhang-I farzān'', p. 507, word, (زمین)</ref>
Some have also mentioned that in this combination, "Ardh" signifies dry land in contrast to the sea and mountains, not referring to the entire globe of the Earth.<ref>Shaʾrānī, ''Nathr-i ṭūba'', vol. 1, p. 17, 253; Ḥasanzāda Āmulī, ''Durūs hayʾat'', vol. 1, p. 232.</ref>
"Dahw al-Ard" is a term that means the spreading or expansion of the land from beneath the [[Ka'ba]].<ref>Shahīd al-Thānī,  ''Masālik al-ifhām ilā tanqīh sharāyiʿ al-Islām'', vol. 2, P. 77, Sabziwārī, ''Dhakhīrat al-maʿād fī sharḥ al-Irshād'', vol. 1, P. 519; Mūsawī ʿĀmilī,  ''Madārik al-aḥkām fī sharḥ Sharāʾiʿ al-Islām'', vol. 6, P. 265.</ref>


Others have considered it to mean the spread of dry land, in a way that the surface of the earth was initially filled with water during the early creation, gradually flowing into valleys and lowlands until dry lands became apparent.<ref>Shaʾrānī, ''Nathr-i ṭūba'', vol. 1, p. 17; Makārim Shīrāzī,  ''Tafsīr-i nimūna'', vol. 26, P. 110; vol. 27, P. 43; Ḥasanī, ''Zamīn wa āsimān dar qurʾān wa nahj al-balāgha'', p. 51-53.</ref>
Word and Concept Semantics
A contemporary Shia scholar from a city has interpreted the meaning of "Dahw al-Ardh" as the positional and translational movement of the earth. He considers the expansion and spreading derived from the term "Dahw" as an erroneous interpretation.<ref>Shahristānī, ''Islām wa hayʾat'', p. 141-161;  Ḥasanī, ''Zamīn wa āsimān dar qurʾān wa nahj al-balāgha'', p. 55.</ref>
The Arabic phrase "كسوة الكعبة" in Persian is referred to as "Pardah-ye Ka'bah," "Pirahan-e Ka'bah," or "Jameh-ye Ka'bah," all of which translate to the Kaaba's curtain or garment.(1) Dehkhodā, ʿAlī Akbar. ''Lughatnāma.'vol2.p7642'.) (2)( Dehkhodā, ʿAlī Akbar. ''Lughatnāma''.vol12.p18341 (3)( • Daqan, Muḥammad. Kʿba wa Jamie ān..p91,,, • Sādiqī Ardistānī, Aḥmad. Hajj az mīqāt tā mīʿād.p127)
Another possible interpretation of "Dahw al-Ardh," suggested by some scholars, is the preparation of the earth for life. This involves bringing out the inner waters, allowing the growth of plants, and removing obstacles through the stability of mountains.<ref>Fakhr al-Rāzī, ''Al-Tafsīr al-Kabīr'', vol. 31, P. 48;  Ibn Kathīr, ''Tafsīr al-Qurʾān al-ʿaẓīm'', vol. 1, p. 123.</ref>
In this possibility, considering the spherical nature of the Earth, the material expansion is rejected.<ref>Nasfī, ''Tafsīr al-Qurʾān al-jalīl'', vol. 4, p. 315; Marāghī, ''Tafsīr al-Marāghī'', vol. 30, p. 31-32.</ref>
Some have also understand the expansion of the earth to mean the widening of land areas under the feet of people, rather than referring to the entire globe of the Earth.<ref>Shaʾrānī, ''Nathr-i ṭūba'', vol. 1, p. 253.</ref>
==The day of "Dahw al-Ardh" and its practices==
According to some narrations, "Dahw al-Ardh" coincides with the [[25th of Dhu al-Qa'dah]].<ref>Ibn Ṭāwūs,  ''Iqbāl al-aʿmāl'',vol. 2, p. 24-38; Nawawī, ''Rawdhat al-ṭālibīn'', p. 351.</ref>
doing ghusl and fasting are among the customs and practices recommended on this day,<ref>Khāwnsārī,  ''Mashāriq al-shumūs'', vol. 2, p. 451; Mūsawī Iṣfahānī, ''Mikyāl al-makārim'', vol. 2, p. 35.</ref>
and they are considered recommended (mustahabb), carrying numerous rewards.<ref>Kulaynī, ''Al-Kāfī'', vol. 4, p. 149;  Kafʿamī, ''Al-Miṣbāḥ'', p. 514;  Baḥrānī, ''Al-Ḥadāʾiq al-nāḍira fī aḥkām al-ʿitrat al-ṭāhira'', vol. 4; p. 235.</ref>
==In the heavenly books==
"Dahw al-Ardh" has been mentioned in In the heavenly books such as the Quran and the Torah.


===In the Torah===
This black covering adorns the structure of the Kaaba, constituting part of the Black Stone section.(4)( Ibn Fāris. ''Muʿjam maqāyīs al-lugha.VOL3.P132) (5)( Fāsī al-Makkī, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad. ''Shifāʾ al-gharām bi akhbār al-balad al-ḥarām''.vol 1.p122)
In the Torah, there is a reference to "Dahw al-Ardh": "And God said, 'Let the waters under the heaven be gathered together into one place, and let the dry land appear.' And it was so. God called the dry land Earth, and the waters that were gathered together He called Seas. And God saw that it was good. And God said, 'Let the earth sprout vegetation.'"<ref>Genesis: 1: 9-11; Hawkes, ''Persian Bible Dictionary'', p. 84.</ref>
The Kaaba's curtain is a symbol of respect.(6) (• Baḥr al-ʿUlūm, Muḥammad al-Mahdī al-.  ''Al-Tuḥfat al-kirām''..p159-160)
===In the Quran===
And it holds the value and prestige of the house of God, constituting a part of the history of the Kaaba.(7)( • Nāblusī, ʿAbd al-Ghanī al-. Kashf al-nūr.p14,,, • Subḥānī, Jaʿfar. Al- Tawḥīd wa al-shirk.p210)
In the Quran, there is a reference to the expansion of the earth (Dahw al-Ardh دحو الأرض). <ref>Ṭabarī, ''Jāmiʾ al-bayān fi tafsīr al-Qurʾān'', vol. 30, p. 29; Ṭūsī, ''Al-Tibyān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān'', vol. 10, p. 260; Thaʿlabī, ''Al-Kashf wa l-bayān ʿan tafsīr al-Qurʾān'', vol. 10, p. 127.</ref>
There has also been a specific position for the custodian of the curtain's affairs, known for its veil management or curtain-keeping, from the past until now.


Verses 27-33 of Surah Al-Nazi'at in the Quran mention the expansion of the earth after the creation of the heavens. In verse 30, the expression "«والارض بعد ذلک دحاها»" (and the earth after that He spread) is used for explanation.<ref>Ṭabrisī, ''Majmaʿ al-bayān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān'', vol. 10, p. 660; Samarqandī, ''Tafsīr al-samarqandī'', vol. 3, p. 522;  Baghawī, ''Tafsir al-Baghawī'', vol. 4, p. 444.</ref>
Additionally, the Kaaba's curtain is the subject of certain legal rulings, with the most significant being the permission to cover the Kaaba with silk.(8)( Ḥillī, al-Ḥasan b. Yūsuf al-. ''Taḥrīr al-aḥkām al-sharʿiyya ʿalā madhhab al-imāmiyya''.vol4.p363 ,,,• Samhūdī, ʿAlī b. ʿAbd Allāh. Wafāʾ al-wafā bi akhbār dar al-Muṣṭafā.vol2.p140,,, • Bahūtī, Nanṣūr al-. Kashf al-qināʿ.vol3.p180) The impermissibility of tearing, cutting, buying, and selling the Kaaba's curtain is contrary to the viewpoint of some Shia Muslims and also some followers of the Shafi'i school, diverging from the common perspective among Sunni Muslims.(9)( Ḥillī, al-Ḥasan b. Yūsuf al-. ''Tadhkirat al-fuqahāʾ''.vol7.p380,,, • Rāfiʿī, , ʿAbd al-karīm b. Muḥammad. Fatḥ al-ʿazīz..vol7.p513)
In verse 6 of Surah Ash-Shams, there is an oath by the earth and its expander, with the expression "wal-arda wama tahaha" (by the earth and its expanse). According to some scholars, the word "طحا" (taha) in its origin is "دحو" (daha), where "دال" (dal) has transformed into "طا" (ta) and carries the meaning of expanding, spreading, or in here; extending.<ref>Ṭūsī, ''Al-Tibyān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān'', vol. 10, p. 358; Fakhr al-Rāzī,''Al-Tafsīr al-Kabīr'', vol. 31, p. 192; Ibn Manẓūr, ''Lisān al-ʿArab'', vol. 15, p. 4; word «طحا».</ref>
The permissibility or impermissibility of adorning it with gold and silver,(10) (• Shirwānī, ʿAbd al-ḥamīd al-. Al-Ḥawāshī.vol1.p121 ,,,Ḥalabī, Nūr al-Dīn. ''Al-Sīra al-ḥalabiyya''.vol1.p280) The permission to enter behind the curtain for supplication.(11)( • Damyāṭī, Al-Sayyid al-bakrī al-.Iʿāna al-ṭālibīn.vol2.p95)
==The expansion of the earth from beneath the Ka'ba==
. Some interpreters, relying on verse 96 of Sura Al Imran, where the [[Ka'ba]] is described as the first house established on earth, argue that the expansion of the earth has originated from beneath the Ka'ba. They interpret the verse as a reference to "dahw al-ardh" (the spreading of the earth).<ref>Ṭabrisī, ''Majmaʿ al-bayān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān'', vol. 2, p. 797; Abū Ḥayyān Andulusī,''Al-Baḥr al-muḥīṭ fī al-tafsīr'', vol. 4, p. 583.</ref>
In some narrations, it is also mentioned that God created the Ka'ba 2000 years before the spreading of the earth.<ref> Kulaynī, ''Al-Kāfī'', vol. 4, p. 190; Ṣadūq, ''Man lā yaḥḍuruh al-faqīh'', vol. 2, p. 241; Ṣadūq, ''Al-Amālī'', p. 715.</ref>
According to numerous narrations, the spreading of the earth (dahw al-ardh) has originated from [[Mecca]] and beneath the house of the Ka'ba.<ref>Suyūṭī, ''Al-Durr al-manthūr fī tafsīr al-maʾthūr'', vol. 8, p. 412; Ḥurr al-ʿĀmilī, ''Wasāʾil al-Shīʿa'', vol. 10, p. 449-451; Majlisī, ''Biḥār al-anwār'', vol. 54, p. 64; Kulaynī, ''Al-Kāfī'', vol. 4, p. 189; Ṣadūq, ''Man lā yaḥḍuruh al-faqīh'', vol. 2, p. 241.</ref>
===Umm al-Qura===
In verses 92 of Surah Al-An'am and 7 of Surah Al-Shura, there is an interpretation of "Umm al-Qura" (Mother of Cities) referring to [[Mecca]]. Some commentators have suggested that in the beginning, water covered all the land, and only the place of the Kaaba on a dry hill remained. This dryness gradually emerged from around the Ka'ba until it expanded to its current size.<ref>Ṭūsī, ''Al-Tibyān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān'', vol. 4, p. 201; Baghawī, ''Tafsir al-Baghawī'', vol. 1, p. 115; Samarqandī, ''Tafsīr al-samarqandī al-musammā baḥr al-ʿulūm'',  vol. 1, p. 486.</ref>
In a narration from Imam Ali, the same concept is mentioned.<ref>''Al-Tafsīr al-mansūb ilā al-Imām al-Ḥasan b. ʿAlī al-ʿAskarī'' vol. 7, p. 145;  Majlisī, ''Biḥār al-anwār'', vol. 54, p. 88.</ref>
In a narration from the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him), the reason for naming Mecca as Umm al-Qura has been understood to be the spreading of the earth (dahw al-ardh) from Mecca.<ref>Ṭūsī, ''Al-Tibyān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān'', vol. 1, p. 131; Suyūṭī, ''Al-Durr al-manthūr fī tafsīr al-maʾthūr'', vol. 3, p. 29.</ref>
If the Ka'ba is the first part of the earth that emerged from water, it should be the highest point on Earth, but it is not. In response, it is explained that the spreading of the earth occurred millions of years ago, and during this time, the Earth has undergone transformations. Mountains have turned into ocean floors, and ocean floors have become mountains.<ref>Makārim Shīrāzī, ''Tafsīr-i nimūna'', vol. 5, p. 345.</ref>


==Notes==
The history of the Kaaba's covering
{{Notes}}
There is a difference of opinion regarding who first covered the Kaaba. Some narratives attribute this action to Prophet Adam.(12)( Ṣadūq, Muḥammad b. ʿAlī al-. ''Man lā yaḥḍuruh al-faqīh.vol2.p235,,, Ḥurr al-ʿĀmilī, Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan al-. ''Wasāʾil al-Shīʿa''..vol13.p208)
Some historical accounts suggest that one of the kings of Himyar in Yemen was the first to cover the Kaaba, around the year 190 or 220 BCE before the Prophetic mission.(13)( Ibn Ḥajar al-ʿAsqalānī, Aḥmad b. ʿAlī. ''Fatḥ al-bārī bi sharḥ ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī'' .vol3.p365-366 ,,, Ḥalabī, Nūr al-Dīn. ''Al-Sīra al-ḥalabiyya''.vol 1.p280,,, • Bāslāma, Ḥusayn ʿAbdullāh. Tārīkh al-kʿba al-muʿaẓẓama.p291, ,, • Fākihī, Muḥammad b. Isḥāq. ''Akhbār Makka fī qadīm al-dahr wa ḥaīthih',  .vol5.p230-231)
The weaving of new curtains for the Kaaba continued by the Quraysh, and after the advent of Islam, it was carried on by the Prophet and his successors. This practice experienced significant development during certain periods of the Abbasid era, with the Kaaba's garment being occasionally replaced three times a year.(14)( Ḥalabī, Nūr al-Dīn. ''Al-Sīra al-ḥalabiyya'.vol1.p281,,, • Imām Aḥmad, Muḥyi al-dīn. Fī riḥāb al-bayt al-ʿatīq.vol1.p211 ,,, Amīn, Sayyid Muḥsin al-. ''Kashf al-irtīyāb''. P360) Kings of other Islamic lands.
(15)( Ibn Kathīr, Ismāʿīl b. ʿUmar. ''Al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya.vol13.p26)
And some wealthy individuals would occasionally procure the Kaaba's curtain and send it to Mecca.(16)( Ibn Khaldūn, ʿAbd l-Raḥmān b. Muḥammad. ''Tārīkh Ibn Khaldūn''.vol3.p513,,, Ibn Athīr al-Jazarī, ʿAlī b. Abī l-Karam. ''Al-Kāmil fī l-tārīkh''.vol11.p65,,, • Nawīrī, Aḥmad al-. Nihāyat al-irb.vol23.p284)


==References==
The weaving of the Kaaba's curtain in Egypt
{{References}}
After the extinction of the Abbasids (in 659 CE), providing the covering for the Kaaba became the exclusive responsibility of the rulers of Egypt from 661 CE onward.(17)( Amīn, Sayyid Muḥsin al-. ''Kashf al-irtīyāb''.P360)
*Abū Ḥayyān Andulusī, Muḥammad b. Yusuf. ''Al-Baḥr al-muḥīṭ fī al-tafsīr''. Edited by Ṣidqī Muḥammad Jamīl. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1420 AH.
During the Ottoman Empire era, the weaving of the curtain also took place in Egypt.(18)( • Sakhāwī, shamsu l- dīn. Al-Dhaw ʾ al-lāmiʿ.vol4.p26,,, • Bāslāma, Ḥusayn ʿAbdullāh. Tārīkh al-kʿba al-muʿaẓẓama.p320)   
*''Al-Tafsīr al-mansūb ilā al-Imām al-Ḥasan b. ʿAlī al-ʿAskarī''. Edited by Muḥammad Bāqir Abṭaḥī. Qom: 1409 AH.
In Egypt, since the Mamluk era, endowments and special workshops were allocated for the production of materials for fabric weaving.(19)( Sakhāwī, Muḥammad b. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān. ''Al-Tuḥfat al-laṭīfa fī tārīkh al-Madīna al-sharīfa'.vol2.p107,,, • Fāsī al-Makkī, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad. ''Shifāʾ al-gharām bi akhbār al-balad al-ḥarām.vol1.p123,,, • Bāslāma, Ḥusayn ʿAbdullāh. Tārīkh al-kʿba al-muʿaẓẓama.p317)
*Baghawī, Ḥusayn b. Masʿūd al-. ''Tafsir al-Baghawī''. Edited by Khālid ʿAbd al-Raḥmān. Beirut: Dār al-Maʿrifa, [n.d].
(20)( • Imām Aḥmad, Muḥyi al-dīn. Fī riḥāb al-bayt al-ʿatīq..p216,,, • Ḥamdī, Maḥmūd. Mawsū ʿa  al-mafāhīm.vol1.p553)
*Baḥrānī, Yūsuf al-. ''Al-Ḥadāʾiq al-nāḍira fī aḥkām al-ʿitrat al-ṭāhira''. Edited by Muḥammad Taqī Irawānī and Sayyid ʿAbd al-Razzāq al-Muqarram. Qom: Intishārāt-i Islāmī, 1405 AH.
The curtain-weaving workshop in Mecca.
*Dehkhodā, ʿAlī Akbar. ''Lughatnāma''. Tehran: Dānishgāh-i Tehrān, 1377 Sh.
With the establishment of the Al Saud government, a workshop in Mecca was dedicated to the weaving of the curtain.(21)( • Daqan, Muḥammad. Kʿba wa Jamie ān.p172 ,,,, • Bāslāma, Ḥusayn ʿAbdullāh. Tārīkh al-kʿba al-muʿaẓẓama..p347)  This practice continued until 1358 when the Egyptian government requested Abdulaziz to allow the transportation of another curtain from Egypt. Abdulaziz accepted this request, and the workshop was closed. The curtain was once again brought from Egypt. This continued until 1382 when, due to the disagreement between Egypt and Saudi Arabia, the sending of the Kaaba's covering from Egypt was halted. Since then, the weaving of the Kaaba's curtain in Mecca has continued in the remaining curtain workshop.(22)( • Imām Aḥmad, Muḥyi al-dīn. Fī riḥāb al-bayt al-ʿatīq.vol1.p215,,, • Bāslāma, Ḥusayn ʿAbdullāh. Tārīkh al-kʿba al-muʿaẓẓama.p331-332,,, • Daqan, Muḥammad. Kʿba wa Jamie ān..p175-178)
*Fakhr al-Rāzī, Muḥammad b. al-ʿUmar al-. ''Al-Tafsīr al-Kabīr''.  Qom: Intishārāt-i Daftar-i Tablīghāt-i Islāmī, 1413AH.
 
*Ḥasanī, ʿĀlī Ashraf. ''Zamīn wa āsimān dar qurʾān wa nahj al-balāgha''. Tehran: Amīrī, 1380 sh.
The size and weight of the Kaaba's curtain:
*Ḥasanzāda Āmulī, Ḥasan. ''Durūs hayʾat wa dīgar rishtihā-yi rīyādhī''. Qom: Daftar-i Tablīghāt-i Islāmī, 1375 sh.
The Kaaba's curtain is composed of five main parts, each covering one side of the Kaaba. The fifth piece encompasses the Kaaba's door, known as the "Borqaa." In total, the Kaaba's garment consists of 54 pieces, with each piece measuring 14 meters in length and 95 centimeters in width. The total area of the curtain is 2650 square meters, and its weight reaches two tons.(23)( • Imām Aḥmad, Muḥyi al-dīn. Fī riḥāb al-bayt al-ʿatīq.vol1.p215,,, • Bāslāma, Ḥusayn ʿAbdullāh. Tārīkh al-kʿba al-muʿaẓẓama.p474)
*Hawkes, James W. ''Persian Bible Dictionary''. Tehran: Asāṭīr, 1377 sh.
Many of the pieces, inscriptions, and patterns on the Kaaba's curtain are adorned with goldwork.(24) •( Sādiqī Ardistānī,  Aḥmad. Hajj az mīqāt tā mīʿād. Vol55.p133)
*Ḥurr al-ʿĀmilī, Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan al-. ''Wasāʾil al-Shīʿa''. Qom: Muʾassisat Āl al-Bayt, 1414 AH.
The belt around the Kaaba's curtain
*Ibn Kathīr al-Dimashqī, Ismāʿīl b. ʿUmar. ''Tafsīr al-Qurʾān al-ʿaẓīm''. 1st edition. Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-'Ilmiyya, 1419 AH.
The "Hizam" refers to the belt or band around the Kaaba's curtain. The belt is made of black silk fabric and is adorned with patterns and Quranic verses in Thuluth script. The belt is composed of 16 pieces, with a circumference of 47 meters and a width of 95 centimeters. Quranic verses are inscribed on the belt, and at specified intervals, phrases such as "Ya Hayyu Ya Qayyum," "Ya Rahman Ya Rahim," and "Alhamdulillah Rabb al-Alamin" are embellished with golden letters.(23)( Imām Aḥmad, Muḥyi al-dīn. Fī riḥāb al-bayt al-ʿatīq.vol1.p215,,, • Bāslāma, Ḥusayn ʿAbdullāh. Tārīkh al-kʿba al-muʿaẓẓama.p474)
*Ibn Manẓūr, Muḥammad b. Mukarram. ''Lisān al-ʿArab''. Beirut: Dār Ṣādir, 1414 AH
 
*Ibn Ṭāwūs, ʿAlī b. Mūsā. ''Iqbāl al-aʿmāl''. Edited by Jawād Qayyūmī. Qom: Markaz al-Nashr al-Islāmī, 1415 AH.
The curtain in the Kaaba
*Kafʿamī, Ibrāhīm b. ʿAlī al-. ''Al-Miṣbāḥ''. Beirut: Aʿlamī, 1403 AH.
The curtain of the Kaaba's door, known as the "Borqaa," is made of black silk fabric and is adorned with Quranic verses and Islamic decorations in gold and silver. Additionally, Surah Al-Fatiha is inscribed on it from three directions. The Borqaa is made of silk, with a height of 5.7 meters and a width of four meters.(25)( Qalashqandī, Aḥmad b. ʿAlī. ''Ṣubḥ al-aʿshā''.vol4.p282,,, Azraqī, Muḥammad b. ʿAbd Allāh al-. ''Akhbār Makka wa mā jāʾa fīhā min al-āthār''.vol1.p258,,, • Bāslāma, Ḥusayn ʿAbdullāh. Tārīkh al-kʿba al-muʿaẓẓama..p358)
*Khāwnsārī, Ḥusayn b.Jamāl al-Dīn al-. Mashāriq al-shumūs. Qom: Muʾassisat Āl al-Bayt, [n.d].
 
*Kulaynī, Muḥammad b. Yaʿqūb al-. ''Al-Kāfī''. Edited by ʿAlī Akbar Ghaffārī & Muḥammad Ākhūndī. Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmīyya, 1407 AH.
 
*Majlisī, Muḥammad Bāqir al-. ''Biḥār al-anwār''. Second edition. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 1403 AH.
The verses inscribed on the Kaaba's curtain are as follows
*Makārim Shīrāzī, Nāṣir. ''Tafsīr-i nimūna''. Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmiyya, 1374 Sh.
 
*Muʾmin Sabziwārī, Muḥammad Bāqir b. Muḥammad. ''Dhakhīrat al-maʿād fī sharḥ al-Irshād''. Tehran: Lithography, 1273-1274.
The verses inscribed on the Kaaba's curtain and belt are as follows (from top to bottom on the curtain):
*Marāghī, Aḥmad Muṣtafā. ''Tafsīr al-Marāghī''. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, [n.d].
 
*Mūsawī ʿĀmilī, Muḥammad b. ʿĀlī. ''Madārik al-aḥkām fī sharḥ Sharāʾiʿ al-Islām''. Qom: Muʾassisat Āl al-Bayt 1410 AH.
1. "قَدْ نَرَىٰ تَقَلُّبَ وَجْهِكَ فِي السَّمَاءِ فَلَنُوَلِّيَنَّكَ قِبْلَةً تَرْضَاهَا"
*Mūsawī Iṣfahānī, Muḥammad Taqī al-. ''Mikyāl al-makārim''. Edited by Sayyid ʿAlī ʿĀshūr. Beirut: Aʿlamī, 1421 AH.
(Indeed, We see the turning of your face to the heaven, so We shall surely turn you to a Qiblah which you shall like.) - Surah Al-Baqarah, 2:144
*Nasfī, ʿAbd Allāh b. Muḥammad. ''Tafsīr al-Qurʾān al-jalīl, al-musammā bi madārik al-tanzīl wa ḥaqāʾiq al-taʾwīl''. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿArabī, [n.d].
 
*Nawawī, Yaḥya b. Sharaf al-. ''Rawdhat al-ṭālibīn''. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, [n.d].
Additionally, other verses, chapters, and phrases are written on the curtain and belt.(26)( • Bāslāma, Ḥusayn ʿAbdullāh. Tārīkh al-kʿba al-muʿaẓẓama.p311/352,,, • Muʾssisa Aʿmāl al- mawsū ʿa  li-l nashr.  . Mawsū ʿa al-ʿarabīyya al-ʿālimīyya.vol19.p319,,, • Qāʾidān, Aṣghar. Tārīkh wa āthār-i Islāmī-yi Makka wa Madīna.p89)
*Rāghib al-Iṣfahānī, Ḥusayn b. Muḥammad al-. ''Mufradāt alfāẓ al-Qurʾān''. Damascus: Dār al-Qalam, 1412 AH.
 
*Ṣadūq, Muḥammad b. ʿAlī al-. ''Man lā yaḥḍuruh al-faqīh''. Edited by ʿAlī Akbar Ghaffārī. Qom: Daftar-i Intishārāt-i Islāmī, 1404 AH.
 
*Ṣadūq, Muḥammad b. ʿAlī al-. ''Al-Amālī''. Qom: Muʾassisat al-Biʿtha, 1417 AH.
 
*Samarqandī, Naṣr b. Muḥammad al-. ''Tafsīr al-samarqandī al-musammā baḥr al-ʿulūm''. Beirut: Dar al-Fikr, 1416 AH.
 
*Shaʾrānī, Abu l-Ḥasan, Qarīb, Muḥammad. ''Nathr-i ṭūba''. Tehran: Islāmīyya, 1386 Sh.
References
*Shahristānī, Muḥammad b. ʿAbd al-Karīm. ''Tafsīr al-Shahristānī, al-musammā mafātīḥ al-asrār wa maṣābīḥ al-abrār''.Edited by Muḥammad ʿAlī Āzarshab, Tehran: 1376 Sh.
.Ḥillī, al-Ḥasan b. Yūsuf al-. ''Tadhkirat al-fuqahāʾ''. Qom: Muʾassisat Āl al-Bayt, 1414 AH.
*Shahīd al-Thānī, Zayn al-Dīn b. ʿAlī. ''Masālik al-ifhām ilā tanqīh sharāyiʿ al-Islām''. 1st edition. Qom: Muʾassisat al-Maʿārif al-Islāmīyya, 1413 AH.
 
*Suyūṭī, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. Abī Bakr al-. ''Al-Durr al-manthūr fī tafsīr al-maʾthūr''.Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 1421AH.
.Ibn Ḥajar al-ʿAsqalānī, Aḥmad b. ʿAlī. ''Fatḥ al-bārī bi sharḥ ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī''. Beirut: Dār al-Maʿrifa, [n.d].
*Ṭabarī, Muḥammad b. Jarīr al-. ''Jāmiʾ al-bayān fi tafsīr al-Qurʾān''. Beirut: Dār al-Maʾrifa, 1412 AH.
.Ḥalabī, Nūr al-Dīn. ''Al-Sīra al-ḥalabiyya''. Edited by ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad Khalīlī. Beirut: 1422 AH-2002.
*Ṭabībīyān, sayyid Ḥamīd. ''Farhang-i farzān''. Tehran: farzān, 1378 sh.
.Ḥurr al-ʿĀmilī, Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan al-. ''Wasāʾil al-Shīʿa''. Qom: Muʾassisat Āl al-Bayt, 1416 AH.
*Ṭabrisī, Faḍl b. al-Ḥasan al-. ''Majmaʿ al-bayān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān''. Edited by Muḥammad Jawād Balāghī. 3rd edition. Tehran: Intishārāt-i Nāṣir Khusraw, 1372 Sh.
 
*Thaʿlabī, Aḥmad b. Muḥammad al-. ''Al-Kashf wa l-bayān ʿan tafsīr al-Qurʾān''. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 1422 AH.
.Ibn Khaldūn, ʿAbd l-Raḥmān b. Muḥammad. ''Tārīkh Ibn Khaldūn''. Edited by Khalīl Shaḥāda. Second edition. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1408AH-1988.
*Ṭūsī, Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan al-. ''Al-Tibyān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān''. Edited by Aḥmad Qaṣīr al-ʿĀmilī. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, [n.d].
.Ibn Athīr al-Jazarī, ʿAlī b. Abī l-Karam. ''Al-Kāmil fī l-tārīkh''. Beirut: Dār Ṣādir, 1385 AH-1965.
{{end}}
.Sakhāwī, Muḥammad b. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān. ''Al-Tuḥfat al-laṭīfa fī tārīkh al-Madīna al-sharīfa''. Beirut: 1414 AH-1993.
.Qalashqandī, Aḥmad b. ʿAlī. ''Ṣubḥ al-aʿshā''. Cairo: 1383 AH-1963.
 
• Daqan, Muḥammad. Kʿba wa Jamie ān. Translated  by Anṣārī. Tehran: Mashʿar, 1384 sh.
• Baḥr al-ʿUlūm, Muḥammad al-Mahdī al-. ''Al-Tuḥfat al-kirām''. Tehran: Mashʿar, 1425 AH.
• Nāblusī, ʿAbd al-Ghanī al-. Kashf al-nūr. Istanbul: Maktabat al-Ḥaqīqa, 1406 AH.
• Subḥānī, Jaʿfar. Al- Tawḥīd wa al-shirk. Beirut: Dār al-Taʿāruf, [n.d].
.Ḥillī, al-Ḥasan b. Yūsuf al-. ''Taḥrīr al-aḥkām al-sharʿiyya ʿalā madhhab al-imāmiyya''. Edited by Ibrāhīm Bahādurī. Qom: Muʾassisat Imām al-Ṣādiq, 1420 AH.
• Fākihī, Muḥammad b. Isḥāq. ''Akhbār Makka fī qadīm al-dahr wa ḥaīthih''. Beirut: Dār al- Khiḍr, 1414 AH.
 
• Qāʾidān, Aṣghar. Tārīkh wa āthār-i Islāmī-yi Makka wa Madīna. 4th edition. Qom: Nashr-i Mashʿar, 1381 Sh.
• Damyāṭī, Al-Sayyid al-bakrī al-.Iʿāna al-ṭālibīn. Beirut: Dār al-fikr, 1418 AH.
• Bahūtī, Nanṣūr al-. Kashf al-qināʿ. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 1418AH.
• Nawīrī, Aḥmad al-. Nihāyat al-irb. Cairo: Wizarat al-thiqāfa wa al-irshād al-qawmī, 1412AH.
• Sādiqī Ardistānī,  Aḥmad. Hajj az mīqāt tā mīʿād. Tehran: Mashʿar, 1385 sh.
• Rāfiʿī, , ʿAbd al-karīm b. Muḥammad. Fatḥ al-ʿazīz. Beirut: Dār al-fikr, [n.d].
• Shirwānī, ʿAbd al-ḥamīd al-. Al-Ḥawāshī. Beirut: Dār al-fikr, [n.d].
• Bāslāma, Ḥusayn ʿAbdullāh. Tārīkh al-kʿba al-muʿaẓẓama. Riyadh: : Dār al-malik  ʿAbdu-l ʿAzīz, 1419AH.
• Imām Aḥmad, Muḥyi al-dīn. Fī riḥāb al-bayt al-ʿatīq. Andulus: Dār al-Qurṭuba, [n.d].
• Sakhāwī, shamsu l- dīn. Al-Dhaw ʾ al-lāmiʿ. Beirut: Dār al-Jayl, 1412 AH.
• Fāsī al-Makkī, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad. ''Shifāʾ al-gharām bi akhbār al-balad al-ḥarām''. Translated by Muḥammad Muqaddas. Tehran: Mashʿar, 1386 sh.
• Ḥamdī, Maḥmūd. Mawsū ʿa  al-mafāhīm. Cairo: Wizārat Awqāf, [n.d].
• Muʾssisa Aʿmāl al- mawsū ʿa  li-l nashr.  . Mawsū ʿa  al-ʿarabīyya al-ʿālimīyya. Riyadh: 1419 AH.
• Daqan, Muḥammad. Kʿba wa Jamie ān. Translated  by Anṣārī. Tehran: Mashʿar, 1384 sh.
.Azraqī, Muḥammad b. ʿAbd Allāh al-. ''Akhbār Makka wa mā jāʾa fīhā min al-āthār''. Edited by Rushdī Ṣāliḥ Mulḥis. Beirut: 1403 AH.
• Samhūdī, ʿAlī b. ʿAbd Allāh. Wafāʾ al-wafā bi akhbār dar al-Muṣṭafā. Edited by Muḥammad Muḥyi al-Dīn ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd. Beirut: 1984.
 
.Ṣadūq, Muḥammad b. ʿAlī al-. ''Man lā yaḥḍuruh al-faqīh''. Edited by ʿAlī Akbar Ghaffārī. Qom: Daftar-i Intishārāt-i Islāmī, 1404 AH.
. Ibn Kathīr, Ismāʿīl b. ʿUmar. ''Al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya''. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1407 AH.
.Dehkhodā, ʿAlī Akbar. ''Lughatnāma''. Tehran: Dānishgāh-i Tehrān, 1377 Sh
. Ibn Fāris. ''Muʿjam maqāyīs al-lugha''. Qom: Maktab al-Aʿlām al-Islāmī, 1404 AH.

Revision as of 13:27, 26 March 2024

The Kaaba's curtain The Kaaba's curtain, also known as Kiswa, is a black fabric that covers the walls of the Kaaba. Covering the Kaaba with a curtain is considered a sign of respect. The tradition of draping the Kaaba with fabrics of various colors and materials dates back to ancient times, predating the advent of Islam. Historical sources record events related to the preparation and installation of the Kaaba's curtain. Additionally, the Kaaba's curtain is the subject of certain legal rulings in Islamic jurisprudence.

Today, the curtain is woven in a dedicated workshop in Mecca and consists of five pieces, each covering one of the Kaaba's walls, with an additional piece allocated for the Kaaba's door.

Word and Concept Semantics The Arabic phrase "كسوة الكعبة" in Persian is referred to as "Pardah-ye Ka'bah," "Pirahan-e Ka'bah," or "Jameh-ye Ka'bah," all of which translate to the Kaaba's curtain or garment.(1) Dehkhodā, ʿAlī Akbar. Lughatnāma.'vol2.p7642'.) (2)( Dehkhodā, ʿAlī Akbar. Lughatnāma.vol12.p18341 (3)( • Daqan, Muḥammad. Kʿba wa Jamie ān..p91,,, • Sādiqī Ardistānī, Aḥmad. Hajj az mīqāt tā mīʿād.p127)

This black covering adorns the structure of the Kaaba, constituting part of the Black Stone section.(4)( Ibn Fāris. Muʿjam maqāyīs al-lugha.VOL3.P132) (5)( Fāsī al-Makkī, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad. Shifāʾ al-gharām bi akhbār al-balad al-ḥarām.vol 1.p122) The Kaaba's curtain is a symbol of respect.(6) (• Baḥr al-ʿUlūm, Muḥammad al-Mahdī al-. Al-Tuḥfat al-kirām..p159-160) 

And it holds the value and prestige of the house of God, constituting a part of the history of the Kaaba.(7)( • Nāblusī, ʿAbd al-Ghanī al-. Kashf al-nūr.p14,,, • Subḥānī, Jaʿfar. Al- Tawḥīd wa al-shirk.p210)
There has also been a specific position for the custodian of the curtain's affairs, known for its veil management or curtain-keeping, from the past until now.

Additionally, the Kaaba's curtain is the subject of certain legal rulings, with the most significant being the permission to cover the Kaaba with silk.(8)( Ḥillī, al-Ḥasan b. Yūsuf al-. Taḥrīr al-aḥkām al-sharʿiyya ʿalā madhhab al-imāmiyya.vol4.p363 ,,,• Samhūdī, ʿAlī b. ʿAbd Allāh. Wafāʾ al-wafā bi akhbār dar al-Muṣṭafā.vol2.p140,,, • Bahūtī, Nanṣūr al-. Kashf al-qināʿ.vol3.p180) The impermissibility of tearing, cutting, buying, and selling the Kaaba's curtain is contrary to the viewpoint of some Shia Muslims and also some followers of the Shafi'i school, diverging from the common perspective among Sunni Muslims.(9)( Ḥillī, al-Ḥasan b. Yūsuf al-. Tadhkirat al-fuqahāʾ.vol7.p380,,, • Rāfiʿī, , ʿAbd al-karīm b. Muḥammad. Fatḥ al-ʿazīz..vol7.p513) The permissibility or impermissibility of adorning it with gold and silver,(10) (• Shirwānī, ʿAbd al-ḥamīd al-. Al-Ḥawāshī.vol1.p121 ,,,Ḥalabī, Nūr al-Dīn. Al-Sīra al-ḥalabiyya.vol1.p280) The permission to enter behind the curtain for supplication.(11)( • Damyāṭī, Al-Sayyid al-bakrī al-.Iʿāna al-ṭālibīn.vol2.p95)

The history of the Kaaba's covering There is a difference of opinion regarding who first covered the Kaaba. Some narratives attribute this action to Prophet Adam.(12)( Ṣadūq, Muḥammad b. ʿAlī al-. Man lā yaḥḍuruh al-faqīh.vol2.p235,,, Ḥurr al-ʿĀmilī, Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan al-. Wasāʾil al-Shīʿa..vol13.p208) 

Some historical accounts suggest that one of the kings of Himyar in Yemen was the first to cover the Kaaba, around the year 190 or 220 BCE before the Prophetic mission.(13)( Ibn Ḥajar al-ʿAsqalānī, Aḥmad b. ʿAlī. Fatḥ al-bārī bi sharḥ ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī .vol3.p365-366 ,,, Ḥalabī, Nūr al-Dīn. Al-Sīra al-ḥalabiyya.vol 1.p280,,, • Bāslāma, Ḥusayn ʿAbdullāh. Tārīkh al-kʿba al-muʿaẓẓama.p291, ,, • Fākihī, Muḥammad b. Isḥāq. Akhbār Makka fī qadīm al-dahr wa ḥaīthih',  .vol5.p230-231)

The weaving of new curtains for the Kaaba continued by the Quraysh, and after the advent of Islam, it was carried on by the Prophet and his successors. This practice experienced significant development during certain periods of the Abbasid era, with the Kaaba's garment being occasionally replaced three times a year.(14)( Ḥalabī, Nūr al-Dīn. Al-Sīra al-ḥalabiyya'.vol1.p281,,, • Imām Aḥmad, Muḥyi al-dīn. Fī riḥāb al-bayt al-ʿatīq.vol1.p211 ,,, Amīn, Sayyid Muḥsin al-. Kashf al-irtīyāb. P360) Kings of other Islamic lands. (15)( Ibn Kathīr, Ismāʿīl b. ʿUmar. Al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya.vol13.p26) 

And some wealthy individuals would occasionally procure the Kaaba's curtain and send it to Mecca.(16)( Ibn Khaldūn, ʿAbd l-Raḥmān b. Muḥammad. Tārīkh Ibn Khaldūn.vol3.p513,,, Ibn Athīr al-Jazarī, ʿAlī b. Abī l-Karam. Al-Kāmil fī l-tārīkh.vol11.p65,,, • Nawīrī, Aḥmad al-. Nihāyat al-irb.vol23.p284)

The weaving of the Kaaba's curtain in Egypt After the extinction of the Abbasids (in 659 CE), providing the covering for the Kaaba became the exclusive responsibility of the rulers of Egypt from 661 CE onward.(17)( Amīn, Sayyid Muḥsin al-. Kashf al-irtīyāb.P360) 

During the Ottoman Empire era, the weaving of the curtain also took place in Egypt.(18)( • Sakhāwī, shamsu l- dīn. Al-Dhaw ʾ al-lāmiʿ.vol4.p26,,, • Bāslāma, Ḥusayn ʿAbdullāh. Tārīkh al-kʿba al-muʿaẓẓama.p320)    
In Egypt, since the Mamluk era, endowments and special workshops were allocated for the production of materials for fabric weaving.(19)( Sakhāwī, Muḥammad b. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān. Al-Tuḥfat al-laṭīfa fī tārīkh al-Madīna al-sharīfa'.vol2.p107,,, • Fāsī al-Makkī, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad. Shifāʾ al-gharām bi akhbār al-balad al-ḥarām.vol1.p123,,, • Bāslāma, Ḥusayn ʿAbdullāh. Tārīkh al-kʿba al-muʿaẓẓama.p317)

(20)( • Imām Aḥmad, Muḥyi al-dīn. Fī riḥāb al-bayt al-ʿatīq..p216,,, • Ḥamdī, Maḥmūd. Mawsū ʿa al-mafāhīm.vol1.p553) The curtain-weaving workshop in Mecca. With the establishment of the Al Saud government, a workshop in Mecca was dedicated to the weaving of the curtain.(21)( • Daqan, Muḥammad. Kʿba wa Jamie ān.p172 ,,,, • Bāslāma, Ḥusayn ʿAbdullāh. Tārīkh al-kʿba al-muʿaẓẓama..p347) This practice continued until 1358 when the Egyptian government requested Abdulaziz to allow the transportation of another curtain from Egypt. Abdulaziz accepted this request, and the workshop was closed. The curtain was once again brought from Egypt. This continued until 1382 when, due to the disagreement between Egypt and Saudi Arabia, the sending of the Kaaba's covering from Egypt was halted. Since then, the weaving of the Kaaba's curtain in Mecca has continued in the remaining curtain workshop.(22)( • Imām Aḥmad, Muḥyi al-dīn. Fī riḥāb al-bayt al-ʿatīq.vol1.p215,,, • Bāslāma, Ḥusayn ʿAbdullāh. Tārīkh al-kʿba al-muʿaẓẓama.p331-332,,, • Daqan, Muḥammad. Kʿba wa Jamie ān..p175-178)

The size and weight of the Kaaba's curtain: The Kaaba's curtain is composed of five main parts, each covering one side of the Kaaba. The fifth piece encompasses the Kaaba's door, known as the "Borqaa." In total, the Kaaba's garment consists of 54 pieces, with each piece measuring 14 meters in length and 95 centimeters in width. The total area of the curtain is 2650 square meters, and its weight reaches two tons.(23)( • Imām Aḥmad, Muḥyi al-dīn. Fī riḥāb al-bayt al-ʿatīq.vol1.p215,,, • Bāslāma, Ḥusayn ʿAbdullāh. Tārīkh al-kʿba al-muʿaẓẓama.p474) Many of the pieces, inscriptions, and patterns on the Kaaba's curtain are adorned with goldwork.(24) •( Sādiqī Ardistānī, Aḥmad. Hajj az mīqāt tā mīʿād. Vol55.p133) The belt around the Kaaba's curtain The "Hizam" refers to the belt or band around the Kaaba's curtain. The belt is made of black silk fabric and is adorned with patterns and Quranic verses in Thuluth script. The belt is composed of 16 pieces, with a circumference of 47 meters and a width of 95 centimeters. Quranic verses are inscribed on the belt, and at specified intervals, phrases such as "Ya Hayyu Ya Qayyum," "Ya Rahman Ya Rahim," and "Alhamdulillah Rabb al-Alamin" are embellished with golden letters.(23)( Imām Aḥmad, Muḥyi al-dīn. Fī riḥāb al-bayt al-ʿatīq.vol1.p215,,, • Bāslāma, Ḥusayn ʿAbdullāh. Tārīkh al-kʿba al-muʿaẓẓama.p474)

The curtain in the Kaaba The curtain of the Kaaba's door, known as the "Borqaa," is made of black silk fabric and is adorned with Quranic verses and Islamic decorations in gold and silver. Additionally, Surah Al-Fatiha is inscribed on it from three directions. The Borqaa is made of silk, with a height of 5.7 meters and a width of four meters.(25)( Qalashqandī, Aḥmad b. ʿAlī. Ṣubḥ al-aʿshā.vol4.p282,,, Azraqī, Muḥammad b. ʿAbd Allāh al-. Akhbār Makka wa mā jāʾa fīhā min al-āthār.vol1.p258,,, • Bāslāma, Ḥusayn ʿAbdullāh. Tārīkh al-kʿba al-muʿaẓẓama..p358)


The verses inscribed on the Kaaba's curtain are as follows

The verses inscribed on the Kaaba's curtain and belt are as follows (from top to bottom on the curtain):

1. "قَدْ نَرَىٰ تَقَلُّبَ وَجْهِكَ فِي السَّمَاءِ فَلَنُوَلِّيَنَّكَ قِبْلَةً تَرْضَاهَا" (Indeed, We see the turning of your face to the heaven, so We shall surely turn you to a Qiblah which you shall like.) - Surah Al-Baqarah, 2:144

Additionally, other verses, chapters, and phrases are written on the curtain and belt.(26)( • Bāslāma, Ḥusayn ʿAbdullāh. Tārīkh al-kʿba al-muʿaẓẓama.p311/352,,, • Muʾssisa Aʿmāl al- mawsū ʿa li-l nashr. . Mawsū ʿa al-ʿarabīyya al-ʿālimīyya.vol19.p319,,, • Qāʾidān, Aṣghar. Tārīkh wa āthār-i Islāmī-yi Makka wa Madīna.p89)



References .Ḥillī, al-Ḥasan b. Yūsuf al-. Tadhkirat al-fuqahāʾ. Qom: Muʾassisat Āl al-Bayt, 1414 AH.

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