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| '''Adam(AS)''' is the first human and the first prophet. According to some Islamic narrations, after being expelled from [[paradise]], Adam settled in [[Mecca]]. His repentance was accepted in Mecca, and he was the one who built the Kaaba. He was also the first to learn the [[Rites of Hajj|rituals of Hajj]] from the [[Gabriel]] and performed the pilgrimage many times.
| | The mountain of Thor (Mecca). |
| ==Lexicology==
| | Mount Thor is a mountain located in the south of Mecca, where the Cave of Thor (the place where the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) sought refuge during the migration to Medina) is situated. This mountain is three kilometers away from the Masjid al-Haram and is opposite Mount Noor and the Cave of Hira. |
| The name "Adam" is used in the Quran and the two Testaments to refer to the first human, and with slight variations, it is used in other Semitic languages such as Phoenician, Hebrew, Syriac, and Mandean. In addition to being a proper noun, it is also used as a generic term equivalent to the word "human."<ref>Jeffrey, ''Wāzhihāy-i dakhī dar Qurā-i Majīd'', p. 106-107.</ref>
| | Location of Mount Thor: |
| ==Creation==
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| Abrahamic religions, as well as other religions and beliefs of Semitic people, narrate a relatively similar story of the creation and establishment of the first human. In the Quran (for example, Surah Al-Baqarah, verses 30-38; Surah Al-A'raf, verses 19-25) and the Old Testament,(Genesis: 1:26-30; 2:7.) the story of Prophet Adam, including the creation from clay, the formation of the body, and the infusion of the soul, is detailed. Different perspectives on each of these stages and various aspects, especially the concept of instantaneous or gradual creation, are discussed in various interpretations.<ref>Ṭabāṭabāʾī, ''Al-Mīzān'', vol. 4, p. 143; vol. 16, p. 255.</ref>Some, based on scientific findings and certain narratives, argue that humans existed before Adam.<ref>Sharīʿatī and others, [https://ensani.ir/fa/article/497657/%D8%A7%D9%85%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C-%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84-%D8%A7%D8%AB%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%87-%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B4%D8%B1-%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AF%D9 Feasibility study of the proofs of the theory that Adam, peace be upon him, is the father of mankind, emphasizing verse 1 of Nisa], p. 164.</ref>
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| ==Descent to Mecca==
| | Mount Thor has an elevation of 759 meters above sea level and is situated in the south of Mecca, along the route to Yemen. It is located three kilometers from Masjid al-Haram and is opposite Mount Noor and the Cave of Hira(1). •( Kurdī, Muḥammad Ṭāhir. ''Al-Tārīkh al-qawīm.vol2.p384). This mountain is composed of rocks with golden, silvery, and coal-like colors.(2)( Ibrāhīm Rafʿat Pāshā. ''Mirʾāt al-ḥaramayn.vol1.p63) |
| After Adam (AS) and his wife Hawwa (Eve) ate the forbidden fruit, they descended from paradise to Earth, accompanied by Satan. Various interpretations have been proposed regarding the type of paradise, the manner of descent, and the philosophy behind eating the forbidden fruit.<ref>Fakhr al-Rāzī, ''Al-Tafsīr al-Kabīr'', vol. 3, p. 2-28; Ṭabāṭabāʾī, ''Al-Mīzān'', vol. 1, p. 126-154.</ref>
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| In the Quran and the Torah, the exact location of the descent is not specified. In Islamic traditions, several perspectives on this matter have been presented. According to a narration attributed to Imam Ali (AS), Adam descended in the Sarandib region of India, and Hawwa descended in [[Jeddah]].<ref>Ṣadūq, ''ʿIlal al-sharāʾiʿ'', vol. 2, p. 595; Maybudī, ''Kashf al-asrār, vol. 1, p. 151; Fakhr al-Rāzī, ''Al-Tafsīr al-Kabīr'', vol. 3, p. 27; Majlisī, ''Biḥār al-anwār'', vol. 11, p. 111; vol. 61, p. 274.</ref> Another report suggests that Adam descended on Mount Safa and Hawwa on Mount Marwah, with the naming of Safa commemorating Adam's title "Safi Allah" and the naming of Marwah related to the descent of this woman.<ref>Kulaynī, ''Al-Kāfī'', vol. 4, p. 190; Ṭabāṭabāʾī, ''Al-Mīzān'', vol. 1, p. 139. </ref> The more well-known account in traditions is that Adam and Hawwa descended in the land of [[Mecca]].<ref>ʿAyyāshī, ''Tafsīr al-ʿAyyāshī'', vol. 1, p. 36-39; Ibn Abī l-Ḥātam, ''Tafsīr al-Qurʾān al-ʿaẓīm'', vol. 1, p. 88; Kulaynī, ''Al-Kāfī'', vol. 4, p. 190.</ref> Some also reconcile between these narratives, considering the descent to have occurred in two stages: first in Sarandib and then in Mecca.<ref>Ṭabāṭabāʾī, ''Al-Mīzān'', vol. 1, p. 150.</ref>
| | The current mountain location |
| ===Descent of the Black Stone(حجر الأسود)===
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| In some narratives, the descent of the [[Black Stone]] from paradise is mentioned along with the descent of Adam (AS).<ref>Ṣadūq, ''Kamāl al-dīn'', p. 294, 298; ʿIzz al-Dīn ʿAbd al-salām, ''Tafsīr al-ʿIzz al-Dīn'', vol. 3, p. 289.</ref> Other accounts specifically attribute the descent of the Black Stone(حجر الأسود) to Adam(AS).<ref>Kulaynī, ''Al-Kāfī'', vol. 4, p. 185; Ṣadūq, ''ʿIlal al-sharāʾiʿ'', vol. 2, p. 318.</ref>
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| ===Repentance of Adam in Mecca===
| | Today, with the city's expansion, Mount Thor is situated amidst several streets named Thor Street, Taif Road, and Kudi Road.(3)** And there are multiple ways for ascending and descending the mountain.(4) •( Fākihī, Muḥammad b. Isḥāq. ''Akhbār Makka fī qadīm al-dahr wa ḥaīthih''.vol4.p203 |
| Regarding the acceptance of Adam's repentance, it is mentioned that after the descent of [[Gabriel]] to the [[ka'ba]], his light covered the entire sacred precinct. Then, Adam was instructed to perform the ritual bath on the Day of [[Tarwiyah]], wear the [[ihram]], and perform the [[Tawaf|circumambulation]] (tawaf) in [[Mina]]. Finally, in [['Arafat|Arafat]], he received words from Gabriel, uttering which his repentance was accepted, and from then on, he proceeded to perform the rest of the [[Rituals of tamattuʿ|Hajj rituals]].<ref>Qummī, ''Tafsīr al-Qummī'', vol. 1, p. 44-45.</ref>
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| ==The Role of Adam in the Construction of the Ka'ba==
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| The role of Prophet Adam (AS) in the construction of the Ka'ba depends on different views about the time of the Kaaba's origin, leading to variations in opinions. In some Shia and Sunni narrations, the existence of the Kaaba before Adam (AS) is mentioned,<ref>Shāfiʿī, ''Musnad al-Shāfiʿī'', p. 116; Ṣadūq, ''Man lā yaḥḍuruh al-faqīh'', vol. 2, p. 250.</ref> and reports of angels performing the pilgrimage before Adam support this idea.<ref>Kulaynī, ''Al-Kāfī'', vol. 4, p. 194; Ṣadūq, ''Man lā yaḥḍuruh al-faqīh'', vol. 2, p. 230; Suyūṭī, ''Al-Durr al-manthūr'', vol. 1, p. 130.</ref> In some reports, the history of the [[Ka'ba]] dates back more than 2000 years before the (دَحْو الارض)Earth's creation.<ref>Kulaynī, ''Al-Kāfī'', vol. 4, p. 198; Bayhaqī, ''Sunan al-kubrā'', vol. 5, p. 177.</ref>
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| Commentators often discuss these narratives in light of the verse {إِنَّ أَوَّلَ بَیتٍ وُضِعَ لِلنَّاسِ لَلَّذِی بِبَکةَ مُبَارَکا...} (Quran:3:96) and consider this verse as supporting those narratives.<ref>Ṭabarī, ''Jāmiʾ al-bayān'', vol. 1, p. 762.</ref> In another category of narratives, Adam is considered the first founder of the [[Ka'ba]], and also [[Jerusalem]].<ref>Kulaynī, ''Al-Kāfī'', vol. 4, p. 188; Aynī, ''ʿUmdat al-qarī'', vol. 15, p. 262; Suyūṭī, ''Sharḥ al-sunan al-nisāʾī'', vol. 2, p. 33.</ref> In a narration by ''Wahb b. Munabbih'', Seth, the son of Adam, is introduced as the builder of the Ka'ba.<ref>Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, ''Al-Istidhkār'', vol. 4, p. 185; Qurṭubī, ''Tafsīr al-Qurtubī'', vol. 2, p. 122; Ibn Ḥajar al-ʿAsqalānī, ''Fatḥ al-bārī'', vol. 6, p. 285.</ref>
| | It is said that Thor ibn Abd Manat was born in the foothills of this mountain, and from that time, this place became famous as Thawr Aṭḥal. Later, the name Thor prevailed over it.(5) (Ḥamawī, Yāqūt b. ʿAbd Allāh al-. ''Muʿjam al-buldān''.vol2.p86/87,, • Dīyārbakrī, Ḥusayn b. Muḥammad. ''Tārīkh al-khamīs fī aḥwāl ʾanfas al-nafīs''.vol1.p324 |
| | This mountain is also mentioned by the name Abu Thawr.(6) •( Ibn Jubayr, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad. ''Riḥla Ibn Jubayr''.p83) It is possible that the southern view of it resembles a bull (Thawr).(7)( • Bilādī, ʿĀtiq b. Ghayth al-.Muʿjam al-Maʿārif al- Jughrāfīyya.p72) Or the collective residence of a group called Bani Thawr in this mountain and its surrounding areas.(8)( • Āl-i Basām, ʿAbdullāh b. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān. Khazāna al-tawārīkh al-najdīyya.vol9.p218) May be the reason for this naming. |
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| Many scholars and interpreters, based on certain narrations, consider Prophet Abraham (AS) as the first founder of the Ka'ba,<ref>Bukhārī, ''Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī'', vol. 4, p. 116; Ṭabarī, ''Jāmiʾ al-bayān'', vol. 1, p. 763; Ibn Kathīr al-Dimashqī, ''Tafsīr al-Qurʾān al-ʿaẓīm'', vol. 3, p. 226.</ref> not attributing any role to Adam in this regard. Some, considering the explicit mention in the Quran regarding Abraham's role in building the Ka'ba, do not find the narrations about Adam's role and his pilgrimage credible.<ref>Rashīd Riḍā, ''al-manār'', vol. 1, p. 383.</ref> Some gather narratives about the construction of the Ka'ba, suggesting that angels built it before Adam's descent, and later, Adam, then Seth, and finally, Abraham revived and reconstructed it.<ref>Ālūsī, ''Rūḥ al-maʿānī'', vol. 4, p. 5.</ref>
| | Cave of Thawr |
| | This mountain is renowned among Muslims and is considered sacred, as the Prophet sought refuge in a cave on this mountain for several days during his migration to Medina, escaping from the pursuit of polytheists.(9)** On top of the mountain, there are two caves close to each other, both considered hiding places of the Prophet (peace be upon him) during his migration to Yathrib (later known as Medina). Considering the guidance of Abu Bakr and Amer ibn Fuhayrah, the guide of the journey, it can be said that the larger cave served as the location of concealment. Verse 40 of Surah At-Tawbah, in which Allah reports the support of the Prophet and his companion, refers to this event and the cave.(10)( Ibn Kathīr, Ismāʿīl b. ʿUmar. ''Al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya''.vol6.p184,,, Maqrizī, Aḥmad b. ʿAlī. ''Imtāʿ al-asmāʾ''. Edited by Muḥammad ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd al-Namīsī.) |
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| ==Hajj of Adam==
| | Narratives About Mount Thor: |
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| In the book al-Kafi, which is one of the primary sources of Shia hadith, there is a dedicated section on the Hajj of Adam, and detailed explanations of his pilgrimage are mentioned in several narrations.<ref>Kulaynī, ''Al-Kāfī'', vol. 4, p. 190-197.</ref> According to these narrations, the angel Gabriel taught Adam the rituals of Hajj step by step as follows: | | In a narration, Mount Thor is mentioned as the place where Abel (Habil) was killed.(11 • Ibn Zahīra, Muḥammad Jārullāh. ''Al-Jāmiʿ al-laṭīf fī faḍl-i Makka wa ahluhā wa bināʾ al-Bayt al-Sharīf'.p301,,, Kurdī, Muḥammad Ṭāhir. ''Al-Tārīkh al-qawīm li Makka wa bayt Allāh al-karīm''vol1.p392) According to some narrations, Mount Thor is considered one of the remnants of a mountain that disintegrated after the manifestation of the power of God upon Prophet Moses (peace be upon him).(12)( • Fākihī, Muḥammad b. Isḥāq. ''Akhbār Makka fī qadīm al-dahr wa ḥaīthih''.vol4.p82,,,, • Khārazmī, Muḥammad b. Isḥāq al-. Ithara al-targhīb.vol2.p311) |
| | And it is also counted as one of the mountains attached to the seventh layer of the Earth.(13 • Marjānī, ʿAbdullāh al-. Bahjat al-nufūs wa al-asrārvol1.p336). In another narration, this mountain is said to have called the Prophet (peace be upon him) towards itself and reported sheltering seventy prophets.(14)( • Ibn Zahīra, Muḥammad Jārullāh. ''Al-Jāmiʿ al-laṭīf fī faḍl-i Makka wa ahluhā wa bināʾ al-Bayt al-Sharīf''.p300). |
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| 1. Gabriel first took Adam to [['Arafat]] and instructed him to seek forgiveness during the evening.
| | The Recommendation of Praying on Mount Thor: |
| 2. Then, they went to Baitul Muqaddas (Jerusalem), where Gabriel recommended seeking forgiveness during sunrise.
| | Mount Thor is known as a place where prayers are answered, especially during the noon, according to some beliefs(15)( • Khārazmī, Muḥammad b. Isḥāq al-. Ithara al-targhīb.vol1.p236). |
| 3. Afterward, they went to Mina and performed the sacrifice, stoning the pillars, and performing the acts of Halq (shaving) and Taqsir (trimming).
| | It is recommended to perform prayers in the Cave of Thawr.(16)( Fākihī, Muḥammad b. Isḥāq. ''Akhbār Makka fī qadīm al-dahr wa ḥaīthih''vol4.p35). |
| 4. Finally, the rituals of Tawaf, including the seven rounds of Tawaf and Tawaf of the Women, were taught to Adam.
| | Sheikh Morteza Ansari, the esteemed Shiite scholar, has mentioned a special prayer in his rituals to be recited on Mount Thor.(17)( • Hajj Research Center. Adʿīyya wa ādāb-i Makke-yi mukarrama..p204/205) |
| Gabriel (AS) assisted Adam in performing the acts of Halq, sacrifice, and other [[Rites of Hajj al-Tamattu'|Hajj rituals]].<ref>Kulaynī, ''Al-Kāfī'', vol. 4, p. 196-197.</ref>
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| ===The number of Hajj rituals of Adam===
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| There are differences regarding the number of Hajj rituals performed by Adam, including 30,<ref>Ṣadūq, ''ʿIlal al-sharāʾiʿ'', vol. 2, p. 594.</ref> 40,<ref>Thaʿālibī, ''Tafsīr al-thaʿālibī'', vol. 1, p. 274; Baghawī, ''Tafsir al-Baghawī'', vol. 1, p. 115; Ibn Athīr al-Jazarī, ''Al-Kāmil fī l-tārīkh'', vol. 1, p. 38.</ref> 70,<ref>Ṣadūq, ''ʿUyūn akhbār al-Riḍā'', vol. 2, p. 220; Ḥurr al-ʿĀmilī, ''Wasāʾil al-Shīʿa'', vol. 24, p. 148; Majlisī, ''Biḥār al-anwār'', vol. 10, p. 78.</ref> 700,<ref>Ṣadūq, ''Man lā yaḥḍuruh al-faqīh'', vol. 2, p. 229; Ḥurr al-ʿĀmilī, ''Wasāʾil al-Shīʿa'', vol. 11, p. 128.</ref> or 1000.<ref>Ibn Khuzayma, ''Ṣaḥīḥ Ibn Khuzayma'', vol. 4, p. 245;Ibn Abi al-Jumhūr, ''ʿAwālī al-liʾālī'', vol. 2, p. 97; Muʿizzī Malāyirī, ''Jāmiʿ aḥādīth al-Shīʿa'', vol. 10, p. 460.</ref> These numbers are typically mentioned in narrations from non-infallible sources or transmitted traditions.
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| ==Notes==
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| {{Notes}}
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| ==References==
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| {{References}}
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| *Ālūsī, Maḥmūd b. ʿAbd Allāh al-. ''Rūḥ al-maʿānī fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān al-ʿaẓīm''. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, [n.d].
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| *ʿAynī, Maḥmūd b. Aḥmad. ''ʿUmdat al-qarī; Sharḥ ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī''. Edited by ʿAbd Allāh Maḥmūd Muḥammad ʿUmar. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 1421 AH.
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| *ʿAyyāshī, Muḥammad b. Masʿūd al-. ''Tafsīr al-ʿAyyāshī''. Edited by Rasūlī Maḥallātī. Tehran: al-Maktaba al-ʿIlmiyya al-Islāmiyya, 1380 Sh.
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| *Baghawī, Ḥusayn b. Masʿūd al-. ''Tafsir al-Baghawī''. Edited by Khālid ʿAbd al-Raḥmān. Beirut: Dār al-Maʿrifa, [n.d].
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| *Bayhaqī, Ḥusayn. ''Sunan al-kubrā''. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, [n.d].
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| *Bukhārī, Muḥammad b. Ismāʿīl al-. ''Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī''. Beirut: Dār al-fikr, 1401 AH.
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| *Fakhr al-Rāzī, Muḥammad b. al-ʿUmar al-. ''Al-Tafsīr al-Kabīr''. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 1411 AH.
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| *Jeffrey, Artur. ''Wāzhihāy-i dakhī dar Qurā-i Majīd''. translated by Badrihʾī, Tehran: Tūs, 1372 sh.
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| *Ḥurr al-ʿĀmilī, Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan al-. ''Wasāʾil al-Shīʿa''. Qom: Muʾassisat Āl al-Bayt, 1412 AH.
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| *Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, Yūsuf b. ʿAbd Allāh. ''Al-Istidhkār''. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 1421 AH.
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| *Ibn Abī l-Ḥātam, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. Muḥammad. ''Tafsīr al-Qurʾān al-ʿaẓīm''. Edited by Asʿad Muḥammad al-Ṭayyib. Third edition. Riyadh: Maktabat Nazār Muṣṭafā al-Bāz, 1419 AH.
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| *Ibn Abī al-Jumhūr, Muḥammad b. ʿAlī. ''ʿAwālī al-liʾālī al-ʿazīzīyya fī al-aḥādīth al-dīnīyya''. Edited by Mujtabā Irāqī. Qom: Dār Sayyid al-Shuhadāʾ, 1403 AH.
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| *Ibn Athīr al-Jazarī, ʿAlī b. Abī l-Karam. ''Al-Kāmil fī l-tārīkh''. Beirut: Dār Ṣādir, 1385 AH-1965.
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| *Ibn Ḥajar al-ʿAsqalānī, Aḥmad b. ʿAlī. ''Fatḥ al-bārī bi sharḥ ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī''. Beirut: Dār al-Maʿrifa, [n.d].
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| *Ibn Kathīr al-Dimashqī, Ismāʿīl b. ʿUmar. ''Tafsīr al-Qurʾān al-ʿaẓīm''. 1st edition. Beirut: Dār al-Maʿrifa, 1409 AH.
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| *Ibn Khuzayma. ''Ṣaḥīḥ Ibn Khuzayma''. Edited by Maḥmūd Muṣtafā. [n.p]: Al-Maktab al-Islāmī, 1412 AH.
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| *ʿIzz al-Dīn ʿAbd al-salām al-. ''Tafsīr al-ʿIzz al-Dīn ʿAbd al-salām''. Beirut: Dār Ibn Ḥazm, 1416 AH.
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| *Kulaynī, Muḥammad b. Yaʿqūb al-. ''Al-Kāfī''. Edited by ʿAlī Akbar Ghaffārī & Muḥammad Ākhūndī. Tehran: Dār al-Kutub al-Islāmīyya, 1407 AH.
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| *Majlisī, Muḥammad Bāqir al-. ''Biḥār al-anwār''. Second edition. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 1403 AH.
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| *Maybudī, Aḥmad b. Muḥammad. ''Kashf al-asrār wa 'uddat al-abrār''. Tehran: Amīr Kabīr, 1361 Sh.
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| *Muʿizzī Malāyirī, Ismāʿīl. ''Jāmiʿ aḥādīth al-Shīʿa''. Qom: Maṭbaʿat al-ʿIlmiyya, 1399 AH.
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| *Qummī, ʿAlī b. Ibrāhīm al-. ''Tafsīr al-Qummī''. Qom: Dār al-Kitāb, 1404 AH.
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| *Qurṭubī, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad al-. ''Tafsīr al-Qurtubī(Al-Jamiʿ li-aḥkām al-Qurʾān)''. Fifth edition. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 1431 AH.
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| *Rashīd Riḍā, Muḥammad. ''Tafsīr al-Qurʾān al-ḥakīm al-mushtahir bi ʾism tafsīr al-manār''. Cairo: Dār al-Manār, 1373 AH.
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| *Ṣadūq, Muḥammad b. ʿAlī al-. ''ʿIlal al-sharāʾiʿ''. Edited by Sayyid Muḥammad Ṣādiq Baḥr al-ʿUlūm. Najaf: Manshurāt al-Maktaba al-Ḥaydariyya, 1385 AH/1966.
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| *Ṣadūq, Muḥammad b. ʿAlī al-. ''Kamāl al-dīn wa itmām al-niʿma''. Edited by ʿAlī Akbar Ghaffārī. Tehran: Islāmiyya, 1405 AH.
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| *Ṣadūq, Muḥammad b. ʿAlī al-. ''Man lā yaḥḍuruh al-faqīh''. Edited by ʿAlī Akbar Ghaffārī. Qom: Daftar-i Intishārāt-i Islāmī, 1413 AH.
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| *Ṣadūq, Muḥammad b. ʿAlī al-. ''ʿUyūn akhbār al-Riḍā''. Edited by Ḥusayn Aʿlamī. Beirut: Muʾassisat al-Aʿlamī li-l-Maṭbūʿāt, 1404 AH.
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| *Shāfiʿī. ''Musnad al-Shāfiʿī''. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, [n.d].
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| *Sharīʿatī Kamāl Ābādī, Muḥammad and others. [https://ensani.ir/fa/article/497657/%D8%A7%D9%85%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C-%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84-%D8%A7%D8%AB%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%87-%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B4%D8%B1-%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AF%D9 Feasibility study of the proofs of the theory that Adam, peace be upon him, is the father of mankind, emphasizing verse 1 of Nisa], persian: امکان سنجی دلائل اثبات نظریه ابوالبشر بودن حضرت آدم علیه السلام با تأکید بر آیه 1 نساء. Interpretive studies, winter 1400 sh, number 48.
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| *Suyūṭī, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. Abī Bakr al-. ''Al-Durr al-manthūr fī tafsīr al-maʾthūr''. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 1421 AH.
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| *Suyūṭī, Jalāl al-Dīn. ''Sharḥ al-sunan al-nisāʾī''. Beirut: al-Maktabat al-ʿIlmīyya, [n.d].
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| *Ṭabarī, Muḥammad b. Jarīr al-. ''Jāmiʾ al-bayān fi tafsīr al-Qurʾān''. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1415 AH.
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| *Ṭabāṭabāʾī, Sayyid Muḥammad Ḥusayn al-. ''Al-Mīzān fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān''. Beirut: Muʾassisat al-Aʿlamī li-l-Maṭbūʿāt, 1417 AH.
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| *Thaʿālibī, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. Muḥammad al-. ''Tafsīr al-thaʿālibī al-musammā bi l-jawāhir al-ḥisan fī tafsīr al-Qurʾān''. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 1422 AH.
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The mountain of Thor (Mecca).
Mount Thor is a mountain located in the south of Mecca, where the Cave of Thor (the place where the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) sought refuge during the migration to Medina) is situated. This mountain is three kilometers away from the Masjid al-Haram and is opposite Mount Noor and the Cave of Hira.
Location of Mount Thor:
Mount Thor has an elevation of 759 meters above sea level and is situated in the south of Mecca, along the route to Yemen. It is located three kilometers from Masjid al-Haram and is opposite Mount Noor and the Cave of Hira(1). •( Kurdī, Muḥammad Ṭāhir. Al-Tārīkh al-qawīm.vol2.p384). This mountain is composed of rocks with golden, silvery, and coal-like colors.(2)( Ibrāhīm Rafʿat Pāshā. Mirʾāt al-ḥaramayn.vol1.p63)
The current mountain location
Today, with the city's expansion, Mount Thor is situated amidst several streets named Thor Street, Taif Road, and Kudi Road.(3)** And there are multiple ways for ascending and descending the mountain.(4) •( Fākihī, Muḥammad b. Isḥāq. Akhbār Makka fī qadīm al-dahr wa ḥaīthih.vol4.p203
Reason for Naming:
It is said that Thor ibn Abd Manat was born in the foothills of this mountain, and from that time, this place became famous as Thawr Aṭḥal. Later, the name Thor prevailed over it.(5) (Ḥamawī, Yāqūt b. ʿAbd Allāh al-. Muʿjam al-buldān.vol2.p86/87,, • Dīyārbakrī, Ḥusayn b. Muḥammad. Tārīkh al-khamīs fī aḥwāl ʾanfas al-nafīs.vol1.p324
This mountain is also mentioned by the name Abu Thawr.(6) •( Ibn Jubayr, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad. Riḥla Ibn Jubayr.p83) It is possible that the southern view of it resembles a bull (Thawr).(7)( • Bilādī, ʿĀtiq b. Ghayth al-.Muʿjam al-Maʿārif al- Jughrāfīyya.p72) Or the collective residence of a group called Bani Thawr in this mountain and its surrounding areas.(8)( • Āl-i Basām, ʿAbdullāh b. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān. Khazāna al-tawārīkh al-najdīyya.vol9.p218) May be the reason for this naming.
Cave of Thawr
This mountain is renowned among Muslims and is considered sacred, as the Prophet sought refuge in a cave on this mountain for several days during his migration to Medina, escaping from the pursuit of polytheists.(9)** On top of the mountain, there are two caves close to each other, both considered hiding places of the Prophet (peace be upon him) during his migration to Yathrib (later known as Medina). Considering the guidance of Abu Bakr and Amer ibn Fuhayrah, the guide of the journey, it can be said that the larger cave served as the location of concealment. Verse 40 of Surah At-Tawbah, in which Allah reports the support of the Prophet and his companion, refers to this event and the cave.(10)( Ibn Kathīr, Ismāʿīl b. ʿUmar. Al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya.vol6.p184,,, Maqrizī, Aḥmad b. ʿAlī. Imtāʿ al-asmāʾ. Edited by Muḥammad ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd al-Namīsī.)
Narratives About Mount Thor:
In a narration, Mount Thor is mentioned as the place where Abel (Habil) was killed.(11 • Ibn Zahīra, Muḥammad Jārullāh. Al-Jāmiʿ al-laṭīf fī faḍl-i Makka wa ahluhā wa bināʾ al-Bayt al-Sharīf'.p301,,, Kurdī, Muḥammad Ṭāhir. Al-Tārīkh al-qawīm li Makka wa bayt Allāh al-karīmvol1.p392) According to some narrations, Mount Thor is considered one of the remnants of a mountain that disintegrated after the manifestation of the power of God upon Prophet Moses (peace be upon him).(12)( • Fākihī, Muḥammad b. Isḥāq. Akhbār Makka fī qadīm al-dahr wa ḥaīthih.vol4.p82,,,, • Khārazmī, Muḥammad b. Isḥāq al-. Ithara al-targhīb.vol2.p311)
And it is also counted as one of the mountains attached to the seventh layer of the Earth.(13 • Marjānī, ʿAbdullāh al-. Bahjat al-nufūs wa al-asrārvol1.p336). In another narration, this mountain is said to have called the Prophet (peace be upon him) towards itself and reported sheltering seventy prophets.(14)( • Ibn Zahīra, Muḥammad Jārullāh. Al-Jāmiʿ al-laṭīf fī faḍl-i Makka wa ahluhā wa bināʾ al-Bayt al-Sharīf.p300).
The Recommendation of Praying on Mount Thor:
Mount Thor is known as a place where prayers are answered, especially during the noon, according to some beliefs(15)( • Khārazmī, Muḥammad b. Isḥāq al-. Ithara al-targhīb.vol1.p236).
It is recommended to perform prayers in the Cave of Thawr.(16)( Fākihī, Muḥammad b. Isḥāq. Akhbār Makka fī qadīm al-dahr wa ḥaīthihvol4.p35).
Sheikh Morteza Ansari, the esteemed Shiite scholar, has mentioned a special prayer in his rituals to be recited on Mount Thor.(17)( • Hajj Research Center. Adʿīyya wa ādāb-i Makke-yi mukarrama..p204/205)
