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==Introduction==
==Introduction==


Hijr Isma'il is the semicircular area on the northwest side of [[Ka'ba]], in front of the gold gutter.<ref>Kurdi, ''Al-Tarikh al-qawim'', vol. 2, p. 569.</ref>
Hijr Isma'il is the semicircular area on the northwest side of [[Ka'ba]], in front of the gold gutter.<ref>Kurdī, ''al-Tārīkh al-qawīm'', vol. 2, p. 569.</ref>
[[File: حجر اسماعیل.jpg|270px|thumbnail|right|A top-view of Hijr Isma'il ]]
[[File: حجر اسماعیل.jpg|270px|thumbnail|right|A top-view of Hijr Isma'il ]]


Hijr Isma'il is marked by a wall with a height of 1.32 meters and a width of 1.52 meters. The distance of this wall from the [[gold gutter]] is nearly 6.80 meters and it covers an area of 8.44 square meters between the [[al-Rukn al-'Iraqi]] and the al-Rukn al-Shami.<ref>Raf'at Pasha. ''Mir'at al-ḥaramayn'', vol. 1, p. 266; Kurdi, ''Al-Tarikh al-qawim'', vol. 2, p. 576.</ref>
Hijr Isma'il is marked by a wall with a height of 1.32 meters and a width of 1.52 meters. The distance of this wall from the [[gold gutter]] is nearly 6.80 meters and it covers an area of 8.44 square meters between the [[al-Rukn al-'Iraqi]] and the al-Rukn al-Shami.<ref>Rafʿat Pāshā, ''Mirʾāt al-ḥaramayn'', vol. 1, p. 266; Kurdī, ''al-Tārīkh al-qawīm'', vol. 2, p. 576.</ref>


==History==
==History==
Based on religious traditions, Hijr Isma'il dates back to the time of the construction of the [[Ka'ba]] by [[Ibrahim(a)]]. There are different and sometimes conflicting reports about the reason for the Hijr's construction. Some reports show that [[Isma'il(s)]] took shelter from the scorching sun in this part.<ref>Qa'idan, ''Tarikh wa athar-i Islami Makka wa Madina'', p. 117.</ref> and probably Hijr is introduced as his house.<ref>Kulayni, ''Al-Kafi'', vol. 4, p. 210.</ref> Other narrations have attributed the construction of the first Hijr to Prophet Abraham(s), to protect the Isma'il's sheep.<ref>Azraqī, ''Akhbār Makka'', Vol. 1, pp. 64-65; Ḥurr al-ʿĀmilī, ''Wasāʾil al-Shīʿa'', vol. 13, p. 355.</ref>
Based on religious traditions, Hijr Isma'il dates back to the time of the construction of the [[Ka'ba]] by [[Ibrahim(a)]]. There are different and sometimes conflicting reports about the reason for the Hijr's construction. Some reports show that [[Isma'il(s)]] took shelter from the scorching sun in this part.<ref>Qāʾidān, ''Tārīkh wa āthār-i Islāmī-yi Makka wa Madīna'', p. 117.</ref> and probably Hijr is introduced as his house.<ref>Kulaynī, ''al-Kāfī'', vol. 4, p. 210.</ref> Other narrations have attributed the construction of the first Hijr to Prophet Abraham(s), to protect the Isma'il's sheep.<ref>Azraqī, ''Akhbār Makka'', vol. 1, p. 64-65; Ḥurr al-ʿĀmilī, ''Wasāʾil al-Shīʿa'', vol. 13, p. 355.</ref>


===Burial Place of Prophets ===
===Burial Place of Prophets ===
Islamic narrations have reported that some prophets are buried in Hijr Isma'il without mentioning their names. According to these reports, Isma'il, his mother [[Hajar]], and some of his daughters were buried there.<ref>Kulayni, ''Al-Kafi'', vol. 4, p. 210; Ibn Hishām, ''al-Sīra al-Nabawīyya'', vol. 1, p. 5.</ref>
Islamic narrations have reported that some prophets are buried in Hijr Isma'il without mentioning their names. According to these reports, Isma'il, his mother [[Hajar]], and some of his daughters were buried there.<ref>Kulaynī, ''al-Kāfī'', vol. 4, p. 210; Ibn Hishām, ''al-Sīra al-Nabawīyya'', vol. 1, p. 5.</ref>


===Importance Among Meccans and Muslims===
===Importance Among Meccans and Muslims===
Hijr Isma'il has always attracted the attention of the people of Mecca. There are reports of [['Abd al-Muttalib]] sittings in Hijr Isma'il,<ref>Ibn Saʿd, ''al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā'', vol. 1, p. 82.</ref> disputes between the Prophet Muhammad(s) and polytheists of [[Quraysh]] in this place,<ref>Ibn Hishām, ''al-Sīra al-Nabawīyya'', vol. 1, pp. 289-290.</ref> and also the gathering of polytheists to decide on his assassination.<ref>Waqidi, ''Al-Maghazi'', vol. 1, p. 125.</ref> Numerous dreams are attributed to figures such as 'Abd al-Muttalib<ref>Ibn Hishām, ''al-Sīra al-Nabawīyya'', vol. 1, p. 142; Ibn Kathīr, ''al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya'', Vol. 2, p. 244. </ref> and the Prophet(s) in Hijr Isma'il<ref>Ibn Ṭāwūs, ''Saʿd al-suʿūd li-l-nufūs'', p. 100; Majlisi, Biḥar al-anwar, vol. 18, p. 317.</ref> showing that this place was suitable for resting after worship.
Hijr Isma'il has always attracted the attention of the people of Mecca. There are reports of [['Abd al-Muttalib]] sittings in Hijr Isma'il,<ref>Ibn Saʿd, ''al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā'', vol. 1, p. 82.</ref> disputes between the Prophet Muhammad(s) and polytheists of [[Quraysh]] in this place,<ref>Ibn Hishām, ''al-Sīra al-Nabawīyya'', vol. 1, p. 289-290.</ref> and also the gathering of polytheists to decide on his assassination.<ref>Wāqidī, ''al-Maghāzī'', vol. 1, p. 125.</ref> Numerous dreams are attributed to figures such as 'Abd al-Muttalib<ref>Ibn Hishām, ''al-Sīra al-Nabawīyya'', vol. 1, p. 142; Ibn Kathīr, ''al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya'', vol. 2, p. 244. </ref> and the Prophet(s) in Hijr Isma'il<ref>Ibn Ṭāwūs, ''Saʿd al-suʿūd li-l-nufūs'', p. 100; Majlisī, ''Biḥār al-anwār'', vol. 18, p. 317.</ref> showing that this place was suitable for resting after worship.


Reports that Hijr Isma'il was the starting point of the [[Ascension]] of the Prophet(s),<ref>Ibn Ṭāwūs, ''Saʿd al-suʿūd li-l-nufūs'', p. 100; Majlisi, Biḥar al-anwar, vol. 18, p. 317</ref> the place of some of his speeches,<ref>Qummi, ''Tafsir al-Qummi'', vol. 1, p. 379.</ref> and Shia imams on various occasions were staying and praying in the place<ref>ʿAyyāshī, ''Tafsīr al-ʿAyyāshī'', vol. 2, p. 337; Tusi, Al-Ghayba. , p. 259; Ṣaffar, Baṣa'ir al-darajat p. 373.</ref> shows the prominent position of Hijr Isma'il among religious figures.
Reports that Hijr Isma'il was the starting point of the [[Ascension]] of the Prophet(s),<ref>Ibn Ṭāwūs, ''Saʿd al-suʿūd li-l-nufūs'', p. 100; Majlisī, ''Biḥār al-anwār'', vol. 18, p. 317</ref> the place of some of his speeches,<ref>Qummi, ''Tafsir al-Qummi'', vol. 1, p. 379.</ref> and Shia imams on various occasions were staying and praying in the place<ref>ʿAyyāshī, ''Tafsīr al-ʿAyyāshī'', vol. 2, p. 337; Ṭūsī, ''al-Ghayba'', p. 259; Ṣaffār, ''Baṣāʾir al-darajāt'', p. 373.</ref> shows the prominent position of Hijr Isma'il among religious figures.


==Reconstructions Throughout History==
==Reconstructions Throughout History==
Some scholars, citing a hadith attributed to [[Prophet Muhammad(s)]] addressed to [['A'isha]]<ref>Khuzaymah,Ṣaḥiḥ ibn Khuzaimah , vol. 2, p. 1413; Muslim Nayshaburi, ''Ṣaḥiḥ Muslim'', vol. 2, p. 968.</ref> believe that a portion of the current Hijr Isma'il was a part of the [[Ka'ba]], which became the inner Hijr due to the financial inability of the [[Quraysh]] to rebuild the Ka'ba completely in the fifth year before [[Bi'tha]] (605CE).<ref>Kurdi,''Al-Tarikh al-qawim'', vol. 2, p. 573.</ref> They have even considered the naming as hijr to be after the stones marking it as a part of the Ka'ba to prevent people from entering it while doing tawaf.<ref>Ḥamawī, ''Muʿjam al-buldān'', vol. 2, p. 221.</ref>
Some scholars, citing a hadith attributed to [[Prophet Muhammad(s)]] addressed to [['A'isha]]<ref>Ibn Khuzayma, ''Ṣaḥīḥ Ibn Khuzaima'', vol. 2, p. 1413; Muslim Nayshaburi, ''Ṣaḥiḥ Muslim'', vol. 2, p. 968.</ref> believe that a portion of the current Hijr Isma'il was a part of the [[Ka'ba]], which became the inner Hijr due to the financial inability of the [[Quraysh]] to rebuild the Ka'ba completely in the fifth year before [[Bi'tha]] (605CE).<ref>Kurdī, ''al-Tārīkh al-qawīm'', vol. 2, p. 573.</ref> They have even considered the naming as hijr to be after the stones marking it as a part of the Ka'ba to prevent people from entering it while doing tawaf.<ref>Ḥamawī, ''Muʿjam al-buldān'', vol. 2, p. 221.</ref>


[['Abd Allah b. al-Zubayr]] in 64/683-4 while [[rebuilding the Ka'ba]], added the mentioned part to the building of the Ka'ba, but [[al-Hajjaj b. Yusuf]] by the permission of [['Abd al-Malik b. Marwan]] (Ruled: 65/684-5-86/705) in 74/693-4 restored the building of the [[Ka'ba]] to its previous form.<ref>Rusta, ''Al-a'laq al-nafisa'', p. 30;   Azraqī, ''Akhbār Makka'', Vol. 1, p. 214.</ref> The region of Hijr Isma'il has remained the same since then.
[['Abd Allah b. al-Zubayr]] in 64/683-4 while [[rebuilding the Ka'ba]], added the mentioned part to the building of the Ka'ba, but [[al-Hajjaj b. Yusuf]] by the permission of [['Abd al-Malik b. Marwan]] (Ruled: 65/684-5-86/705) in 74/693-4 restored the building of the [[Ka'ba]] to its previous form.<ref>Rūstā, ''al-Aʿlāq al-nafīsah'', p. 30; Azraqī, ''Akhbār Makka'', vol. 1, p. 214.</ref> The region of Hijr Isma'il has remained the same since then.


According to sources Hijr Isma'il was paved in 140/757-8 by the order of [[al-Mansur al-'Abbasi]](Ruled: 136/754-158/775<ref>Azraqī, ''Akhbār Makka'', vol. 1, p. 313; Sanjārī, ''Manāʾiḥ al-karam'', vol. 2, p. 92.</ref> and reconstructed in 164/780-1 by the order of [[al-Mahdi al-'Abbasi]] (Rulde: 158/775-169/785-6).<ref>Azraqī, ''Akhbār Makka'', Vol 1, pp. 313-314; Kurdi, ''Al-Tarikh al-qawim'', vol. 2, p. 579.</ref> Other renovations were done in 1040/1630-1, 1260/1844-5 and 1283/1866-7 during the period of the Ottomans.<ref>Kurdi, ''Al-Tarikh al-qawim'', vol. 2, p. 579.</ref>
According to sources Hijr Isma'il was paved in 140/757-8 by the order of [[al-Mansur al-'Abbasi]](Ruled: 136/754-158/775<ref>Azraqī, ''Akhbār Makka'', vol. 1, p. 313; Sanjārī, ''Manāʾiḥ al-karam'', vol. 2, p. 92.</ref> and reconstructed in 164/780-1 by the order of [[al-Mahdi al-'Abbasi]] (Rulde: 158/775-169/785-6).<ref>Azraqī, ''Akhbār Makka'', Vol 1, p. 313-314; Kurdī, ''al-Tārīkh al-qawīm'', vol. 2, p. 579.</ref> Other renovations were done in 1040/1630-1, 1260/1844-5 and 1283/1866-7 during the period of the Ottomans.<ref>Kurdī, ''al-Tārīkh al-qawīm'', vol. 2, p. 579.</ref>


==Tawaf in Hijr Isma'il==
==Tawaf in Hijr Isma'il==
Shia and Sunni jurists have disputed the method of [[tawaf]] and the obligatory and recommended prayers at Hijr Isma'il. The disagreement is rooted in the difference in their views on whether Hijr Isma'il is a part of the [[Ka'ba]].<ref>PurAmini, Hijr Isma'il. pp. 42-61;    Quarterly magazine of Miqat-I Hajj. vol. 8, p. 111.</ref>
Shia and Sunni jurists have disputed the method of [[tawaf]] and the obligatory and recommended prayers at Hijr Isma'il. The disagreement is rooted in the difference in their views on whether Hijr Isma'il is a part of the [[Ka'ba]].<ref>Pūramīnī, ''Ḥijr Ismaʿīl''. p. 42-61.</ref>


Shia scholars have unanimously placed Hijr Isma'il inside the tawaf area, and in case someone enters Hijr Isma'il while doing tawaf, the Shi'a jurists have ruled that he has to do tawaf from the beginning.<ref>Tusi,''Al-Khilaf'', vol. 2, p. 324; Majma' al-fa'ida wa al-burhan, Vol. 7, p. 79.</ref> Among Sunni jurists only Abu Hanifa believes that entering Hijr Isma'il does not disturb the tawaf.<ref>Shafi'i, ''Al-Umm'', vol. 2, p. 193; kaludhani, ''Al-Hidaya'', p. 190.</ref>
Shia scholars have unanimously placed Hijr Isma'il inside the tawaf area, and in case someone enters Hijr Isma'il while doing tawaf, the Shi'a jurists have ruled that he has to do tawaf from the beginning.<ref>Tusi,''Al-Khilaf'', vol. 2, p. 324; Muqaddas Ardibīlī, ''Majmaʿ al-fāʾida wa l-burhān'', vol. 7, p. 79.</ref> Among Sunni jurists only Abu Hanifa believes that entering Hijr Isma'il does not disturb the tawaf.<ref>Shāfiʿī, ''al-Umm'', vol. 2, p. 193; Kalwadhānī, ''al-Hidāya ʿalā madhhab al-Imām Aḥmad'', p. 190.</ref>


==Notes==
==Notes==
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==References==
==References==
{{References}}
{{References}}
* Sanjārī, ʿAlī b. Tāj al-Dīn al-.''Manāʾiḥ al-karam''. Mecca: Umm al-Qurā University, 1998.
* Sanjārī, ʿAlī b. Tāj al-Dīn al-.''Manāʾiḥ al-karam''. Mecca: Umm al-Qurā University, 1998.
* ʿAyyāshī, Muḥammad b. Masʿūd al-. ''Tafsīr al-ʿAyyāshī''. Edited by Rasūlī Maḥallātī. Tehran: al-Maktaba al-ʿIlmīyya al-Islāmīyya, 1380Sh.
* ʿAyyāshī, Muḥammad b. Masʿūd al-. ''Tafsīr al-ʿAyyāshī''. Edited by Rasūlī Maḥallātī. Tehran: al-Maktaba al-ʿIlmīyya al-Islāmīyya, 1380Sh.
Line 48: Line 47:
* Ibn Saʿd, Muḥammad. ''Al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā''. Beirut: Dār Ṣādir, 1409AH.
* Ibn Saʿd, Muḥammad. ''Al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā''. Beirut: Dār Ṣādir, 1409AH.
* Ibn Ṭāwūs, ʿAlī b. Mūsā. ''Saʿd al-suʿūd li-l-nufūs''. Qom: Intishārāt-i Sharīf al-Raḍī, 1363Sh.
* Ibn Ṭāwūs, ʿAlī b. Mūsā. ''Saʿd al-suʿūd li-l-nufūs''. Qom: Intishārāt-i Sharīf al-Raḍī, 1363Sh.
* kaludhani, Abu al-khattab al-.''Al-Hidaya 'Ala madhhab al-imam Aḥmad''. Edited by 'Abd al-Latif Hamim and Mahir Yasin al-faḥl, [n.p], Mu'assisa Gharras, 1425 AH.
* Kalwadhānī, Abū l-Khaṭṭāb al-. ''Al-Hidāya ʿalā madhhab al-Imām Aḥmad''. Edited by ʿAbd al-Laṭīf Hamīm and Māhir Yāsīn al-Faḥl. [n.p], Muʾassisa Gharrās, 1425AH.
*Khuzaymah, Muḥammad b. ''Ṣaḥiḥ ibn Khuzaimah''. Edited by Muḥammad Muṣtafa al-a'zami,  Beirut: al-Maktab al-Islami, 1424 AH.
* Ibn Khuzayma, Muḥammad. ''Ṣaḥīḥ Ibn Khuzaima''. Edited by Muḥammad Muṣṭafā al-Aʿzamī. Beirut: al-Maktab al-Islāmī, 1424AH.
*Khwarizmi, Muwaffaq b. Aḥmad al-. ''Al-Manaqib''. Edited by Malik Mahmudi. Qom: 1414 AH.
* Kulaynī, Muḥammad b. Yaʿqūb al-. ''Al-Kāfī''. Edited by Najm al-Dīn Āmulī. Tehran: Al-Maktabat al-Islāmīyya, 1388 AH.
*Kulayni, Muḥammad b. Ya'qub al-. ''Al-Kafi''. Edited by Najm al-Din al-Amuli. Tehran: Al-Maktabat al-Islamiyya, 1388 AH.:
* Kurdī, Muḥammad Ṭāhir al-. ''Al-Tārīkh al-qawīm li-Makka wa Bayt Allāh al-karīm''. Beirut: Dār Khiḍr, 1420AH.
*Kurdi, Muḥammad Tahir. ''Al-Tarikh al-qawim li Makka wa bayt Allah al-karim''. Beirut: 1420 AH.
* Majlisī, Muḥammad Bāqir al-. ''Biḥār al-anwār al-jāmiʿa li-durar akhbār al-aʾimma al-aṭhār''. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 1403AH.
*Majlisi, Muḥammad Baqir al-. ''Biḥar al-anwar al-jami'a li-durar akhbar al-a'immat al-athar''. Third edition. Beirut: Dar Iḥya' al-Turath al-'Arabi, 1403 AH.
* Muqaddas Ardibīlī, Aḥmad b. Muḥammad. ''Majmaʿ al-fāʾida wa l-burhān fī sharḥ irshād al-adhhān''. Qom: 1st volume, 1403AH and volume 11, 1414 AH.
*Muqaddas Ardibili, Aḥmad b. Muḥammad. ''Majma' al-fa'ida wa al-burhan fi sharḥ irshad al-adhhan''. Edited by Mujtaba Iraqi, 'Alipanah Ishtihardi and Husayn Yazdi Iṣfahani. Qom: 1st volume, 1403/ volume 11, 1414 AH.
* Nawawī, Yaḥyā b. Sharaf. ''Ṣaḥīḥ al-Muslim bi-sharḥ al-Nawawī''. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 1407 AH.
*Nawawi, Yaḥya b. Sharaf. ''Ṣaḥiḥ al-Muslim bi sharḥ al-Nawawi''. Beirut: 1407 AH.:
* Pūramīnī, Muḥammad Amīn. ''Ḥijr Ismaʿīl''. Tehran: Intishārāt-i Mashʿar, 1388Sh.
*PurAmini, Muḥammad Amin. ''Hijr Isma'il''. Tehran: Intisharat-i Mash'ar, 1388 sh.
* Qāʾidān, Aṣghar. ''Tārīkh wa āthār-i Islāmī-yi Makka wa Madīna''. 4th edition. Qom: Nashr-i Mashʿar, 1381Sh.
*Qa'idan, Aṣghar. ''Tarikh wa athar-i Islami Makka wa Madina''. 4th edition. Qom: Nashr-i Mash'ar, 1381 Sh
* Qummī, ʿAlī b. Ibrāhīm al-. ''Tafsīr al-Qummī''. Edited by Ṭayyib Mūsawī Jazāʾrī. Qom: Dār al-Kitāb, 1404AH.
*Quarterly magazine of Miqat-I Hajj. Tehran: Representation of the Leader in matters of Hajj and pilgrimage.
* Rafʿat Pāshā, Ibrāhīm. ''Mirʾāt al-ḥaramayn''. Tehran: Mashʿar, n.d.
*Qummi, 'Ali b. Ibrahim al-. ''Tafsir al-Qummi''. Edited by Tayyib Musawi Jaza'ri. Qom: Dar al-Kitab, 1404 AH.
* Rūstā, Aḥmad b. ʿUmar. ''Al-Aʿlāq al-nafīsah''. Beirut: Dār Ṣādir, 1892.
*Raf'at Pasha, Ibrahim. ''Mir'at al-ḥaramayn''. Tehran: Mash'ar,[n.d].
* Ṣaffār, Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan. ''Baṣāʾir al-darajāt fī faḍāʾil Āl Muḥammad''. Edited by Muḥsin Kūchabāghī. Tehran: Aʿlamī, 1404AH.
*Rusta, Aḥmad b. 'Umar . ''Al-a'laq al-nafisah''. Beirut: Dar Ṣadir, 1892.
* Shāfiʿī, Muḥammad b. Idrīs. ''Al-Umm''. Beirut: Dar al-Fikr, 1403 AH
*Ṣaffar, Muḥammad b. Hasan. ''Baṣa'ir al-darajat fi faḍa'il-i Al-i Muḥammad''. Edited by Muḥsin Kuchabaghi. Qom: Kitabkhana-yi Ayat Allah al-Mar'ashi, 1404 AH.
* Ṭūsī, Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan al-. ''Al-Khilāf''. Qom: Daftar-i Intishārāt-i Islāmī, 1407AH.
*Shafi'i, Muḥammad b. Idris. ''Al-Umm''. Beirut: 1403 AH
* Ṭūsī, Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan al-. ''Al-Ghayba''. Edited by ʿIbād Allāh Tihrānī and ʿAlī Aḥmad Nāṣiḥ. Qom: Muʾassisat al-Maʿārif al-Islāmīyya, 1411AH.
*Tusi, Muḥammad b. al-Haasn al-. ''Al-Khilaf''. Edited by 'Ali Khurasani et.al. Qom: Daftar-i Intisharat-i Islami, 1407 AH.
* Wāqidī, Muḥammad b. ʿUmar al-. ''Al-Maghāzī''. Translated to Farsi by Maḥmūd Mahdawī Dāmghānī. 2nd edition. Tehran: Markaz-i Nashr-i Dānishgāhī, 1388Sh.
*Tusi, Muḥammad b. al-Hasan al-. ''Al-Ghayba''. Edited by 'Ibad Allah Tihrani and 'Ali Aḥmad Naṣiḥ. Qom: Mu'assisat al-Ma'arif al-Islamiyya, 1411 AH.
*Waqidi, Muḥammad b. 'Umar al-. ''Al-Maghazi''. Translated to Farsi by Maḥmud Mahdawi Damghani. 2nd edition. Tehran: Markaz-i Nashr-i Danishgahi, 1388 Sh.
{{end}}
{{end}}
[[fa:حجر اسماعیل]]
[[fa:حجر اسماعیل]]
[[ar:حجر إسماعيل]]
[[ar:حجر إسماعيل]]

Revision as of 15:05, 8 January 2024

Hijr Isma'il (Arabic: حجر اسماعيل) is a semicircular area beside the Ka'ba, and according to Islamic narrations is the burial place of Isma'il, Hajar and some prophets.

According to some hadiths, a segment of Hijr Isma'il was a part of the Ka'ba; therefore, according to Shia jurists and most Sunni jurists, during tawaf, one should go round Hijr Isma'il.

Introduction

Hijr Isma'il is the semicircular area on the northwest side of Ka'ba, in front of the gold gutter.[1]

A top-view of Hijr Isma'il

Hijr Isma'il is marked by a wall with a height of 1.32 meters and a width of 1.52 meters. The distance of this wall from the gold gutter is nearly 6.80 meters and it covers an area of 8.44 square meters between the al-Rukn al-'Iraqi and the al-Rukn al-Shami.[2]

History

Based on religious traditions, Hijr Isma'il dates back to the time of the construction of the Ka'ba by Ibrahim(a). There are different and sometimes conflicting reports about the reason for the Hijr's construction. Some reports show that Isma'il(s) took shelter from the scorching sun in this part.[3] and probably Hijr is introduced as his house.[4] Other narrations have attributed the construction of the first Hijr to Prophet Abraham(s), to protect the Isma'il's sheep.[5]

Burial Place of Prophets

Islamic narrations have reported that some prophets are buried in Hijr Isma'il without mentioning their names. According to these reports, Isma'il, his mother Hajar, and some of his daughters were buried there.[6]

Importance Among Meccans and Muslims

Hijr Isma'il has always attracted the attention of the people of Mecca. There are reports of 'Abd al-Muttalib sittings in Hijr Isma'il,[7] disputes between the Prophet Muhammad(s) and polytheists of Quraysh in this place,[8] and also the gathering of polytheists to decide on his assassination.[9] Numerous dreams are attributed to figures such as 'Abd al-Muttalib[10] and the Prophet(s) in Hijr Isma'il[11] showing that this place was suitable for resting after worship.

Reports that Hijr Isma'il was the starting point of the Ascension of the Prophet(s),[12] the place of some of his speeches,[13] and Shia imams on various occasions were staying and praying in the place[14] shows the prominent position of Hijr Isma'il among religious figures.

Reconstructions Throughout History

Some scholars, citing a hadith attributed to Prophet Muhammad(s) addressed to 'A'isha[15] believe that a portion of the current Hijr Isma'il was a part of the Ka'ba, which became the inner Hijr due to the financial inability of the Quraysh to rebuild the Ka'ba completely in the fifth year before Bi'tha (605CE).[16] They have even considered the naming as hijr to be after the stones marking it as a part of the Ka'ba to prevent people from entering it while doing tawaf.[17]

'Abd Allah b. al-Zubayr in 64/683-4 while rebuilding the Ka'ba, added the mentioned part to the building of the Ka'ba, but al-Hajjaj b. Yusuf by the permission of 'Abd al-Malik b. Marwan (Ruled: 65/684-5-86/705) in 74/693-4 restored the building of the Ka'ba to its previous form.[18] The region of Hijr Isma'il has remained the same since then.

According to sources Hijr Isma'il was paved in 140/757-8 by the order of al-Mansur al-'Abbasi(Ruled: 136/754-158/775[19] and reconstructed in 164/780-1 by the order of al-Mahdi al-'Abbasi (Rulde: 158/775-169/785-6).[20] Other renovations were done in 1040/1630-1, 1260/1844-5 and 1283/1866-7 during the period of the Ottomans.[21]

Tawaf in Hijr Isma'il

Shia and Sunni jurists have disputed the method of tawaf and the obligatory and recommended prayers at Hijr Isma'il. The disagreement is rooted in the difference in their views on whether Hijr Isma'il is a part of the Ka'ba.[22]

Shia scholars have unanimously placed Hijr Isma'il inside the tawaf area, and in case someone enters Hijr Isma'il while doing tawaf, the Shi'a jurists have ruled that he has to do tawaf from the beginning.[23] Among Sunni jurists only Abu Hanifa believes that entering Hijr Isma'il does not disturb the tawaf.[24]

Notes

  1. ↑ Kurdī, al-Tārīkh al-qawīm, vol. 2, p. 569.
  2. ↑ Rafʿat Pāshā, Mirʾāt al-ḥaramayn, vol. 1, p. 266; Kurdī, al-Tārīkh al-qawīm, vol. 2, p. 576.
  3. ↑ Qāʾidān, Tārīkh wa āthār-i Islāmī-yi Makka wa Madīna, p. 117.
  4. ↑ Kulaynī, al-Kāfī, vol. 4, p. 210.
  5. ↑ Azraqī, Akhbār Makka, vol. 1, p. 64-65; Ḥurr al-ʿĀmilī, Wasāʾil al-Shīʿa, vol. 13, p. 355.
  6. ↑ Kulaynī, al-Kāfī, vol. 4, p. 210; Ibn Hishām, al-Sīra al-Nabawīyya, vol. 1, p. 5.
  7. ↑ Ibn Saʿd, al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā, vol. 1, p. 82.
  8. ↑ Ibn Hishām, al-Sīra al-Nabawīyya, vol. 1, p. 289-290.
  9. ↑ Wāqidī, al-Maghāzī, vol. 1, p. 125.
  10. ↑ Ibn Hishām, al-Sīra al-Nabawīyya, vol. 1, p. 142; Ibn Kathīr, al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya, vol. 2, p. 244.
  11. ↑ Ibn Ṭāwūs, Saʿd al-suʿūd li-l-nufūs, p. 100; Majlisī, Biḥār al-anwār, vol. 18, p. 317.
  12. ↑ Ibn Ṭāwūs, Saʿd al-suʿūd li-l-nufūs, p. 100; Majlisī, Biḥār al-anwār, vol. 18, p. 317
  13. ↑ Qummi, Tafsir al-Qummi, vol. 1, p. 379.
  14. ↑ ʿAyyāshī, Tafsīr al-ʿAyyāshī, vol. 2, p. 337; Ṭūsī, al-Ghayba, p. 259; Ṣaffār, Baṣāʾir al-darajāt, p. 373.
  15. ↑ Ibn Khuzayma, Ṣaḥīḥ Ibn Khuzaima, vol. 2, p. 1413; Muslim Nayshaburi, Ṣaḥiḥ Muslim, vol. 2, p. 968.
  16. ↑ Kurdī, al-Tārīkh al-qawīm, vol. 2, p. 573.
  17. ↑ Ḥamawī, Muʿjam al-buldān, vol. 2, p. 221.
  18. ↑ Rūstā, al-Aʿlāq al-nafīsah, p. 30; Azraqī, Akhbār Makka, vol. 1, p. 214.
  19. ↑ Azraqī, Akhbār Makka, vol. 1, p. 313; Sanjārī, Manāʾiḥ al-karam, vol. 2, p. 92.
  20. ↑ Azraqī, Akhbār Makka, Vol 1, p. 313-314; Kurdī, al-Tārīkh al-qawīm, vol. 2, p. 579.
  21. ↑ Kurdī, al-Tārīkh al-qawīm, vol. 2, p. 579.
  22. ↑ Pūramīnī, Ḥijr Ismaʿīl. p. 42-61.
  23. ↑ Tusi,Al-Khilaf, vol. 2, p. 324; Muqaddas Ardibīlī, Majmaʿ al-fāʾida wa l-burhān, vol. 7, p. 79.
  24. ↑ Shāfiʿī, al-Umm, vol. 2, p. 193; Kalwadhānī, al-Hidāya ʿalā madhhab al-Imām Aḥmad, p. 190.

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