Hijr Isma'il: Difference between revisions

From WikiHaj
VisualWikitext
No edit summary
No edit summary
Line 1: Line 1:
Ḥijr Ismāʿīl (Arabic: حجر اسماعيل) is a Semicircular area near [[Ka'ba]], and according to Islamic narratives is the burial place of [[Ishmael]], [[Hajar|Hājar]] and some prophets.
Hijr Isma'il (Arabic: {{ia|حجر اسماعيل}}) is a semicircular area beside the [[Ka'ba]], and according to Islamic narrations is the burial place of [[Isma'il]], [[Hajar]] and some prophets.
According to some hadiths, a segment of Ḥijr Ismāʿīl was a part of Ka'ba; therefore, according to Shia jurists and most of Sunni jurists, during Ṭawāf, Ḥijr Ismāʿīl should be placed inside the [[Tawaf|Ṭawāf]].
 
According to some hadiths, a segment of Hijr Isma'il was a part of the Ka'ba; therefore, according to Shia jurists and most Sunni jurists, during tawaf, one should go round Hijr Isma'il.
 
==Introduction==
==Introduction==


Ḥijr Ismāʿīl is said to be the Semicircular area on the northwest side of [[Ka'ba]], in front of the gold gutter.<ref>Kurdī, ''Al-Tārīkh al-qawīm'', vol. 2, p. 569.</ref>
Hijr Isma'il is the semicircular area on the northwest side of [[Ka'ba]], in front of the gold gutter.<ref>Kurdi, ''Al-Tarikh al-qawim'', vol. 2, p. 569.</ref>
[[File: حجر اسماعیل.jpg|270px|thumbnail|right|A top-view of Ḥijr Ismāʿīl ]]
[[File: حجر اسماعیل.jpg|270px|thumbnail|right|A top-view of Hijr Isma'il ]]


Ḥijr Ismāʿīl is marked by a wall with a height of 1.32 meters and a width of 1.52 meters. The distance of this wall from the [[gold gutter]] is nearly 6.80 meters and it covers an area of 8.44 meters between the [[Rukn al-'Irāqī]]  and the Rukn al-Shāmī .<ref>Rafʿat Pāshā. ''Mirʾāt al-ḥaramayn'', vol. 1, p. 266; Kurdī, ''Al-Tārīkh al-qawīm'', vol. 2, p. 576.</ref>
Hijr Isma'il is marked by a wall with a height of 1.32 meters and a width of 1.52 meters. The distance of this wall from the [[gold gutter]] is nearly 6.80 meters and it covers an area of 8.44 square meters between the [[al-Rukn al-'Iraqi]]  and the al-Rukn al-Shami.<ref>Raf'at Pasha. ''Mirʾat al-ḥaramayn'', vol. 1, p. 266; Kurdi, ''Al-Tarikh al-qawim'', vol. 2, p. 576.</ref>


==History==
==History==
Based on religious traditions, Hijr Isma'il dates back to the time of the construction of the [[Ka'ba]] by [[Ibrahim(a)]]. There are different and sometimes conflicting reports about the reason for the Hijr's construction. Some reports show that [[Isma'il(s)]] took shelter from the scorching sun in this part.<ref>Qaʾidan, ''Tarikh wa athar-i Islami Makka wa Madina'', p. 117.</ref> and probably Hijr is introduced as his house.<ref>Kulayni, ''Al-Kafi'', vol. 4, p. 210.</ref> Other narrations have attributed the construction of the first Hijr to Prophet Abraham(s), to protect the Isma'il's sheep.<ref>Azraqi, ''Akhbar Makka'', Vol. 1, pp. 64-65;  Hurr al-'Āmili, ''Wasaʾil al-Shi'a'', vol. 13, p. 355.</ref>


Based on religious traditions, the history of creation of Ḥijr Ismāʿīl goes back to the time of the construction of [[Ka'ba]] by Prophet [[Abraham(s)]]. There are different and sometimes conflicting reports about the reason of the Ḥijr's construction; Some reports show that [[Ishmael(s)]] took shelter from the scorching sun in this part,<ref>Qāʾidān, ''Tārīkh wa āthār-i Islāmi Makka wa Madīna'', p. 117.</ref> and  in this regard, perhaps the Ḥijr is introduced as his house.<ref>Kulaynī, ''Al-Kāfī'', vol. 4, p. 210.</ref>Some other narrations have attributed the construction of the first Ḥijr to Prophet Abraham(s) with the aim of protecting the sheep of Ishmael(s).<ref>Azraqī, ''Akhbār Makka'', Vol. 1, pp. 64-65;  Ḥurr al-ʿĀmilī, ''Wasāʾil al-Shīʿa'', vol. 13, p. 355.</ref>
===Burial Place of Prophets ===
 
Islamic narrations have reported that some prophets are buried in Hijr Isma'il without mentioning their names. According to these reports, Isma'il, his mother [[Hajar]], and some of his daughters were buried there.<ref>Kulayni, ''Al-Kafi'', vol. 4, p. 210; Ibn Hisham,''Al-Sira al-nabawiyya'', vol. 1, p. 5.</ref>
==Burial of prophets in the Ḥijr==  
Islamic narratives have reported that some prophets were buried in the Ḥijr without mentioning their names. According to these reports, Ishmael, his mother [[Hājar]] and some of his daughters were buried in this place.<ref>Kulaynī, ''Al-Kāfī'', vol. 4, p. 210; Ibn Hishām,''Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya'', vol. 1, p. 5.</ref>


==The importance of Ḥijr Ismāʿīl among Meccans and Muslims==
===Importance Among Meccans and Muslims===
Ḥijr Ismāʿīl has always attracted the attention of people of Mecca. There are reports of [[ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib]] sitting in Ḥijr Ismāʿīl,<ref>Ibn Saʿd, ''Al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā'' ,vol. 1, p. 82.</ref> and verbal disputes between Prophet Muhammad (s) and polytheists of [[Quraysh]] in this place,<ref>Ibn Hishām,''Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya'', vol. 1, pp. 289-290.</ref> and also the gathering of polytheists to decide on his assassination.<ref>Wāqidī, ''Al-Maghāzī'', vol. 1, p. 125.</ref> The number of dreams attributed to grandees such as ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib<ref>Ibn Hishām,''Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya'', vol. 1, p. 142; Ibn Kathīr,''Al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya'', Vol. 2, p. 244. </ref>and the Prophet(s) in Ḥijr Ismāʿīl<ref>Ibn Ṭāwūs, ''Saʿd al-suʿūd'', p. 100; Majlisī, Biḥār al-anwār, vol. 18, p. 317.</ref>shows that this place is suitable for resting after worshiping.
Hijr Isma'il has always attracted the attention of the people of Mecca. There are reports of [['Abd al-Muttalib]] sitting in Hijr Isma'il,<ref>Ibn Sa'd, ''Al-Tabaqat al-kubra'' ,vol. 1, p. 82.</ref> and verbal disputes between Prophet Muhammad (s) and polytheists of [[Quraysh]] in this place,<ref>Ibn Hisham,''Al-Sira al-nabawiyya'', vol. 1, pp. 289-290.</ref> and also the gathering of polytheists to decide on his assassination.<ref>Waqidi, ''Al-Maghazi'', vol. 1, p. 125.</ref> The number of dreams attributed to grandees such as 'Abd al-Muttalib<ref>Ibn Hisham,''Al-Sira al-nabawiyya'', vol. 1, p. 142; Ibn Kathir,''Al-Bidaya wa l-nihaya'', Vol. 2, p. 244. </ref>and the Prophet(s) in Hijr Isma'il<ref>Ibn Tawūs, ''Sa'd al-su'ūd'', p. 100; Majlisi, Biḥar al-anwar, vol. 18, p. 317.</ref>shows that this place is suitable for resting after worshiping.


Reports related to the designation of Ḥijr Ismāʿīl as the starting point of the [[ascension]] of the Prophet(s),<ref>Ibn Ṭāwūs, ''Saʿd al-suʿūd'', p. 100; Majlisī, Biḥār al-anwār, vol. 18, p. 317</ref> the holding of some of his speeches,<ref>Qummī, ''Tafsīr al-Qummī'', vol. 1, p. 379.</ref> the presence of Shia imams on various occasions, and their prayers and supplications at this place<ref>ʿAyyāshī, Tafsīr al-ʿAyyāshī, vol. 2, p. 337; Ṭūsī, Al-Ghayba. , p. 259; Ṣaffār, Baṣāʾir al-darajāt p. 373.</ref> show prominent position of Ḥijr Ismāʿīl among religious grandees.
Reports related to the designation of Hijr Isma'il as the starting point of the [[ascension]] of the Prophet(s),<ref>Ibn Tawūs, ''Sa'd al-su'ūd'', p. 100; Majlisi, Biḥar al-anwar, vol. 18, p. 317</ref> the holding of some of his speeches,<ref>Qummi, ''Tafsir al-Qummi'', vol. 1, p. 379.</ref> the presence of Shia imams on various occasions, and their prayers and supplications at this place<ref>'Ayyashi, Tafsir al-'Ayyashi, vol. 2, p. 337; Tūsi, Al-Ghayba. , p. 259; Ṣaffar, Baṣaʾir al-darajat p. 373.</ref> show prominent position of Hijr Isma'il among religious grandees.


==Reconstructions of Ḥijr Ismāʿīl throughout history==
==Reconstructions of Hijr Isma'il throughout history==
Some scholars, citing a hadith attributed to [[Prophet Muhammad(s)]] addressed to [[ʿĀʾisha]]<ref>Khuzaymah,Ṣaḥīḥ ibn Khuzaimah , vol. 2, p. 1413; Muslim Nayshābūrī, ''Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim'', vol. 2, p. 968.</ref> believe that a part of the current Ḥijr Ismāʿīl was part of [[Ka'ba]], which was placed in the inner Ḥijr due to the financial inability of the [[Quraysh]] to rebuild the Ka'ba in the fifth year before [[Biʿtha]]/605 CE.<ref>Kurdī,''Al-Tārīkh al-qawīm'', vol. 2, p. 573.</ref> They have even considered the naming of the Ḥijr to be appropriate to the stones marking the remaining part of the [[Ka'ba]] and to prevent people from entering it.<ref>Ḥamawī, ''Muʿjam al-buldān'', vol. 2, p. 221.</ref>
Some scholars, citing a hadith attributed to [[Prophet Muhammad(s)]] addressed to [['Āʾisha]]<ref>Khuzaymah,Ṣaḥiḥ ibn Khuzaimah , vol. 2, p. 1413; Muslim Nayshabūri, ''Ṣaḥiḥ Muslim'', vol. 2, p. 968.</ref> believe that a part of the current Hijr Isma'il was part of [[Ka'ba]], which was placed in the inner Hijr due to the financial inability of the [[Quraysh]] to rebuild the Ka'ba in the fifth year before [[Bi'tha]]/605 CE.<ref>Kurdi,''Al-Tarikh al-qawim'', vol. 2, p. 573.</ref> They have even considered the naming of the Hijr to be appropriate to the stones marking the remaining part of the [[Ka'ba]] and to prevent people from entering it.<ref>Hamawi, ''Mu'jam al-buldan'', vol. 2, p. 221.</ref>


[[ʿAbd Allāh b. al-Zubayr]] in 64 AH/683-4 CE In [[rebuilding the Ka'ba]], he added the mentioned part to the Ka'ba, but [[Al-Ḥajjāj b. Yūsuf]] after permission from [[ʿAbd al-Malik b. Marwān]] (R: 65-86 AH/ 65/684-5 - 86/705 CE) in 74 AH/ 693-4 CE. He restored the building of the [[Ka'ba]] to its previous form.<ref>Rustā, ''Al-aʿlāq al-nafīsa'', p. 30;  Azraqī, ''Akhbār Makka'', Vol. 1, p. 214.</ref>The area of the Ḥijr has remained unchanged since then.
[['Abd Allah b. al-Zubayr]] in 64 AH/683-4 CE In [[rebuilding the Ka'ba]], he added the mentioned part to the Ka'ba, but [[Al-Hajjaj b. Yūsuf]] after permission from [['Abd al-Malik b. Marwan]] (R: 65-86 AH/ 65/684-5 - 86/705 CE) in 74 AH/ 693-4 CE. He restored the building of the [[Ka'ba]] to its previous form.<ref>Rusta, ''Al-a'laq al-nafisa'', p. 30;  Azraqi, ''Akhbar Makka'', Vol. 1, p. 214.</ref>The area of the Hijr has remained unchanged since then.


According to Sources the paving of Ḥijr was done in 140 AH/757-8 By order of [[Mansūr al-'Abbasī]](R: 136-158 AH/754-775<ref>Azraqī,''Akhbār Makka'', vol. 1, p. 313;sanjārī, ''Manāʾiḥ al-karam'', vol. 2, p. 92.</ref> and reconstructed in 164 AH/780-1 By the order of [[Mahdī al-'Abbasī]] (R:158-169 AH/775-785-6).<ref>Azraqī,''Akhbār Makka'', Vol 1, pp. 313-314; Kurdī, ''Al-Tārīkh al-qawīm'', vol. 2, p. 579.</ref>Other renovations were done in 1040 AH/1630-1, 1260 AH/1844-5 and 1283 AH/1866-7. It was done during the period of the Ottoman sultans.<ref>Kurdī, ''Al-Tārīkh al-qawīm'', vol. 2, p. 579.</ref>
According to Sources the paving of Hijr was done in 140 AH/757-8 By order of [[Mansūr al-'Abbasi]](R: 136-158 AH/754-775<ref>Azraqi,''Akhbar Makka'', vol. 1, p. 313;sanjari, ''Manaʾiḥ al-karam'', vol. 2, p. 92.</ref> and reconstructed in 164 AH/780-1 By the order of [[Mahdi al-'Abbasi]] (R:158-169 AH/775-785-6).<ref>Azraqi,''Akhbar Makka'', Vol 1, pp. 313-314; Kurdi, ''Al-Tarikh al-qawim'', vol. 2, p. 579.</ref>Other renovations were done in 1040 AH/1630-1, 1260 AH/1844-5 and 1283 AH/1866-7. It was done during the period of the Ottoman sultans.<ref>Kurdi, ''Al-Tarikh al-qawim'', vol. 2, p. 579.</ref>


==Ṭawāf in Ḥijr Ismāʿīl==
==Tawaf in Hijr Isma'il==
The method of [[Ṭawāf]] and also the obligatory and recommended prayers at Ḥijr Ismāʿīl have been disputed by Shia and Sunni jurists. The root of this disagreement is the difference in their views on Ḥijr Ismāʿīl whether is a part of [[Ka'ba]] or not.<ref>PūrAmīnī, Ḥijr Ismaʿīl. pp. 42-61;    Quarterly magazine of Mīqāt-I Ḥajj. vol. 8, p. 111.</ref>
The method of [[Tawaf]] and also the obligatory and recommended prayers at Hijr Isma'il have been disputed by Shia and Sunni jurists. The root of this disagreement is the difference in their views on Hijr Isma'il whether is a part of [[Ka'ba]] or not.<ref>PūrAmini, Hijr Isma'il. pp. 42-61;    Quarterly magazine of Miqat-I Hajj. vol. 8, p. 111.</ref>


Shia scholars have unanimously placed Ḥijr Ismāʿīl inside Ṭawāf, and in the case of entering Ḥijr Ismāʿīl while doing Ṭawāf, they have ruled to return Ṭawāf and repeat it.<ref>Ṭūsī,''Al-Khilāf'', vol. 2, p. 324; Majmaʿ al-fāʾida wa al-burhān, Vol. 7, p. 79.</ref> Sunni jurists have also considered [[Ṭawāf]] outside the Ḥijr as permissible and only to Abū Ḥanīfa’s belief is that entering the Ḥijr does not disturb the correctness of Ṭawāf.<ref>Shāfiʿī, ''Al-Umm'', vol. 2, p. 193; kalūdhānī, ''Al-Hidāya'', p. 190.</ref>
Shia scholars have unanimously placed Hijr Isma'il inside Tawaf, and in the case of entering Hijr Isma'il while doing Tawaf, they have ruled to return Tawaf and repeat it.<ref>Tūsi,''Al-Khilaf'', vol. 2, p. 324; Majma' al-faʾida wa al-burhan, Vol. 7, p. 79.</ref> Sunni jurists have also considered [[Tawaf]] outside the Hijr as permissible and only to Abū Hanifa’s belief is that entering the Hijr does not disturb the correctness of Tawaf.<ref>Shafi'i, ''Al-Umm'', vol. 2, p. 193; kalūdhani, ''Al-Hidaya'', p. 190.</ref>


==Notes==
==Notes==
Line 38: Line 39:
{{References}}
{{References}}


*ʿAlī b. Tāj al-ddīn al-sanjārī.''Manāʾiḥ al-karam''. Mecca: umm al-qurā university, 1998.
*'Ali b. Taj al-ddin al-sanjari.''Manaʾiḥ al-karam''. Mecca: umm al-qura university, 1998.
*ʿAyyāshī, Muḥammad b. Masʿūd al-.''Tafsīr al-ʿAyyāshī''. Edited by Rasūlī Maḥallātī. Tehran: al-Maktaba al-ʿIlmiyya al-Islāmiyya, 1380 Sh.
*'Ayyashi, Muḥammad b. Mas'ūd al-.''Tafsir al-'Ayyashi''. Edited by Rasūli Maḥallati. Tehran: al-Maktaba al-'Ilmiyya al-Islamiyya, 1380 Sh.
*Azraqī, Muḥammad b. ʿAbd Allāh al-.''Akhbār Makka wa mā jāʾa fīhā min al-āthār''. Edited by Rushdī Ṣāliḥ Mulḥis. Beirut: 1403 AH.
*Azraqi, Muḥammad b. 'Abd Allah al-.''Akhbar Makka wa ma jaʾa fiha min al-athar''. Edited by Rushdi Ṣaliḥ Mulḥis. Beirut: 1403 AH.
*Ḥamawī, Yāqūt b. ʿAbd Allāh al-. ''Muʿjam al-buldān''. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 1399 AH.
*Hamawi, Yaqūt b. 'Abd Allah al-. ''Mu'jam al-buldan''. Beirut: Dar Iḥyaʾ al-Turath al-'Arabi, 1399 AH.
*Ḥurr al-ʿĀmilī, Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan al-. ''Wasāʾil al-Shīʿa''. Edited by ʿAbd al-Raḥīm Rabbānī Shīrāzī. fifth edition. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 1403 AH-1983.
*Hurr al-'Āmili, Muḥammad b. al-Hasan al-. ''Wasaʾil al-Shi'a''. Edited by 'Abd al-Raḥim Rabbani Shirazi. fifth edition. Beirut: Dar Iḥyaʾ al-Turath al-'Arabi, 1403 AH-1983.
*Ibn Hishām, ʿAbd al-Malik. ''Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya''. Edited by Muṣṭafā al-Saqā, Ibrāhīm Ābyārī and ʿAbd al-Ḥafīz Shalbī. Cairo: 1355 AH/1936.
*Ibn Hisham, 'Abd al-Malik. ''Al-Sira al-nabawiyya''. Edited by Muṣtafa al-Saqa, Ibrahim Ābyari and 'Abd al-Hafiz Shalbi. Cairo: 1355 AH/1936.
*Ibn Kathīr, Ismāʿīl b. ʿUmar. ''Al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya''. Edited by ʿAlī Shīrī. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 1408 AH
*Ibn Kathir, Isma'il b. 'Umar. ''Al-Bidaya wa l-nihaya''. Edited by 'Ali Shiri. Beirut: Dar Iḥyaʾ al-Turath al-'Arabi, 1408 AH
*Ibn Saʿd, Muḥammad. ''Al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā''. Muḥammad Ṣāmil al-Silmī. Al-Ṭaʾif: Maktabat al-Ṣiddiq, 1414 AH/1993.
*Ibn Sa'd, Muḥammad. ''Al-Tabaqat al-kubra''. Muḥammad Ṣamil al-Silmi. Al-Taʾif: Maktabat al-Ṣiddiq, 1414 AH/1993.
*Ibn Ṭāwūs, ʿAlī b. Mūsā. ''Saʿd al-suʿūd''. Najaf: 1369 AH-1950.
*Ibn Tawūs, 'Ali b. Mūsa. ''Sa'd al-su'ūd''. Najaf: 1369 AH-1950.
*kalūdhānī, Abū al-khaṭṭāb al-.''Al-Hidāya ʿAlā madhhab al-imam Aḥmad''. Edited by ʿAbd al-Laṭīf Hamīm and Māhir Yāsīn al-faḥl, [n.p], Muʾassisa Gharrās, 1425 AH.
*kalūdhani, Abū al-khattab al-.''Al-Hidaya 'Ala madhhab al-imam Aḥmad''. Edited by 'Abd al-Latif Hamim and Mahir Yasin al-faḥl, [n.p], Muʾassisa Gharras, 1425 AH.
*Khuzaymah, Muḥammad b. ''Ṣaḥīḥ ibn Khuzaimah''. Edited by Muḥammad Muṣṭafā al-aʿzamī,  Beirut: al-Maktab al-Islāmī, 1424 AH.
*Khuzaymah, Muḥammad b. ''Ṣaḥiḥ ibn Khuzaimah''. Edited by Muḥammad Muṣtafa al-a'zami,  Beirut: al-Maktab al-Islami, 1424 AH.
*Khwārizmī, Muwaffaq b. Aḥmad al-. ''Al-Manāqib''. Edited by Mālik Mahmūdī. Qom: 1414 AH.
*Khwarizmi, Muwaffaq b. Aḥmad al-. ''Al-Manaqib''. Edited by Malik Mahmūdi. Qom: 1414 AH.
*Kulaynī, Muḥammad b. Yaʿqūb al-. ''Al-Kāfī''. Edited by Najm al-Dīn al-Amulī. Tehran: Al-Maktabat al-Islāmīyya, 1388 AH.:
*Kulayni, Muḥammad b. Ya'qūb al-. ''Al-Kafi''. Edited by Najm al-Din al-Amuli. Tehran: Al-Maktabat al-Islamiyya, 1388 AH.:
*Kurdī, Muḥammad Ṭāhir. ''Al-Tārīkh al-qawīm li Makka wa bayt Allāh al-karīm''. Beirut: 1420 AH.
*Kurdi, Muḥammad Tahir. ''Al-Tarikh al-qawim li Makka wa bayt Allah al-karim''. Beirut: 1420 AH.
*Majlisī, Muḥammad Bāqir al-. ''Biḥār al-anwār al-jāmiʿa li-durar akhbār al-aʾimmat al-aṭhār''. Third edition. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 1403 AH.
*Majlisi, Muḥammad Baqir al-. ''Biḥar al-anwar al-jami'a li-durar akhbar al-aʾimmat al-athar''. Third edition. Beirut: Dar Iḥyaʾ al-Turath al-'Arabi, 1403 AH.
*Muqaddas Ardibīlī, Aḥmad b. Muḥammad. ''Majmaʿ al-fāʾida wa al-burhān fī sharḥ irshād al-adhhān''. Edited by Mujtabā Irāqī, ʿAlīpanāh Ishtihārdī and Ḥusayn Yazdī Iṣfahānī. Qom: 1st volume, 1403/ volume 11, 1414 AH.
*Muqaddas Ardibili, Aḥmad b. Muḥammad. ''Majma' al-faʾida wa al-burhan fi sharḥ irshad al-adhhan''. Edited by Mujtaba Iraqi, 'Alipanah Ishtihardi and Husayn Yazdi Iṣfahani. Qom: 1st volume, 1403/ volume 11, 1414 AH.
*Nawawī, Yaḥyā b. Sharaf. ''Ṣaḥīḥ al-Muslim bi sharḥ al-Nawawī''. Beirut: 1407 AH.:
*Nawawi, Yaḥya b. Sharaf. ''Ṣaḥiḥ al-Muslim bi sharḥ al-Nawawi''. Beirut: 1407 AH.:
*PūrAmīnī, Muḥammad Amīn. ''Ḥijr Ismaʿīl''. Tehran: Intishārāt-i Mashʿar, 1388 sh.
*PūrAmini, Muḥammad Amin. ''Hijr Isma'il''. Tehran: Intisharat-i Mash'ar, 1388 sh.
*Qāʾidān, Aṣghar. ''Tārīkh wa āthār-i Islāmi Makka wa Madīna''. 4th edition. Qom: Nashr-i Mashʿar, 1381 Sh
*Qaʾidan, Aṣghar. ''Tarikh wa athar-i Islami Makka wa Madina''. 4th edition. Qom: Nashr-i Mash'ar, 1381 Sh
*Quarterly magazine of Mīqāt-I Ḥajj. Tehran: Representation of the Leader in matters of Hajj and pilgrimage.
*Quarterly magazine of Miqat-I Hajj. Tehran: Representation of the Leader in matters of Hajj and pilgrimage.
*Qummī, ʿAlī b. Ibrāhīm al-. ''Tafsīr al-Qummī''. Edited by Ṭayyib Mūsawī Jazāʾrī. Qom: Dār al-Kitāb, 1404 AH.
*Qummi, 'Ali b. Ibrahim al-. ''Tafsir al-Qummi''. Edited by Tayyib Mūsawi Jazaʾri. Qom: Dar al-Kitab, 1404 AH.
*Rafʿat Pāshā, Ibrāhīm. ''Mirʾāt al-ḥaramayn''. Tehran: Mashʿar,[n.d].
*Raf'at Pasha, Ibrahim. ''Mirʾat al-ḥaramayn''. Tehran: Mash'ar,[n.d].
*Rusta, Aḥmad b. ʿUmar . ''Al-aʿlāq al-nafīsah''. Beirut: Dār Ṣādir, 1892.
*Rusta, Aḥmad b. 'Umar . ''Al-a'laq al-nafisah''. Beirut: Dar Ṣadir, 1892.
*Ṣaffār, Muḥammad b. Ḥasan. ''Baṣāʾir al-darajāt fī faḍāʾil-i Āl-i Muḥammad''. Edited by Muḥsin Kūchabāghī. Qom: Kitābkhāna-yi Āyat Allāh al-Marʿashī, 1404 AH.
*Ṣaffar, Muḥammad b. Hasan. ''Baṣaʾir al-darajat fi faḍaʾil-i Āl-i Muḥammad''. Edited by Muḥsin Kūchabaghi. Qom: Kitabkhana-yi Āyat Allah al-Mar'ashi, 1404 AH.
*Shāfiʿī, Muḥammad b. Idrīs. ''Al-Umm''. Beirut: 1403 AH
*Shafi'i, Muḥammad b. Idris. ''Al-Umm''. Beirut: 1403 AH
*Ṭūsī, Muḥammad b. al-Ḥaasn al-. ''Al-Khilāf''. Edited by ʿAlī Khurāsānī et.al. Qom: Daftar-i Intishārāt-i Islāmī, 1407 AH.
*Tūsi, Muḥammad b. al-Haasn al-. ''Al-Khilaf''. Edited by 'Ali Khurasani et.al. Qom: Daftar-i Intisharat-i Islami, 1407 AH.
*Ṭūsī, Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan al-. ''Al-Ghayba''. Edited by ʿIbād Allāh Tihrānī and ʿAlī Aḥmad Nāṣiḥ. Qom: Muʾassisat al-Maʿārif al-Islāmīyya, 1411 AH.
*Tūsi, Muḥammad b. al-Hasan al-. ''Al-Ghayba''. Edited by 'Ibad Allah Tihrani and 'Ali Aḥmad Naṣiḥ. Qom: Muʾassisat al-Ma'arif al-Islamiyya, 1411 AH.
*Wāqidī, Muḥammad b. ʿUmar al-. ''Al-Maghāzī''. Translated to Farsi by Maḥmūd Mahdawī Dāmghānī. 2nd edition. Tehran: Markaz-i Nashr-i Dānishgāhī, 1388 Sh.
*Waqidi, Muḥammad b. 'Umar al-. ''Al-Maghazi''. Translated to Farsi by Maḥmūd Mahdawi Damghani. 2nd edition. Tehran: Markaz-i Nashr-i Danishgahi, 1388 Sh.
{{end}}
{{end}}
[[fa:حجر اسماعیل]]
[[fa:حجر اسماعیل]]
[[ar:حجر إسماعيل]]
[[ar:حجر إسماعيل]]

Revision as of 14:59, 25 December 2023

Hijr Isma'il (Arabic: حجر اسماعيل) is a semicircular area beside the Ka'ba, and according to Islamic narrations is the burial place of Isma'il, Hajar and some prophets.

According to some hadiths, a segment of Hijr Isma'il was a part of the Ka'ba; therefore, according to Shia jurists and most Sunni jurists, during tawaf, one should go round Hijr Isma'il.

Introduction

Hijr Isma'il is the semicircular area on the northwest side of Ka'ba, in front of the gold gutter.[1]

A top-view of Hijr Isma'il

Hijr Isma'il is marked by a wall with a height of 1.32 meters and a width of 1.52 meters. The distance of this wall from the gold gutter is nearly 6.80 meters and it covers an area of 8.44 square meters between the al-Rukn al-'Iraqi and the al-Rukn al-Shami.[2]

History

Based on religious traditions, Hijr Isma'il dates back to the time of the construction of the Ka'ba by Ibrahim(a). There are different and sometimes conflicting reports about the reason for the Hijr's construction. Some reports show that Isma'il(s) took shelter from the scorching sun in this part.[3] and probably Hijr is introduced as his house.[4] Other narrations have attributed the construction of the first Hijr to Prophet Abraham(s), to protect the Isma'il's sheep.[5]

Burial Place of Prophets

Islamic narrations have reported that some prophets are buried in Hijr Isma'il without mentioning their names. According to these reports, Isma'il, his mother Hajar, and some of his daughters were buried there.[6]

Importance Among Meccans and Muslims

Hijr Isma'il has always attracted the attention of the people of Mecca. There are reports of 'Abd al-Muttalib sitting in Hijr Isma'il,[7] and verbal disputes between Prophet Muhammad (s) and polytheists of Quraysh in this place,[8] and also the gathering of polytheists to decide on his assassination.[9] The number of dreams attributed to grandees such as 'Abd al-Muttalib[10]and the Prophet(s) in Hijr Isma'il[11]shows that this place is suitable for resting after worshiping.

Reports related to the designation of Hijr Isma'il as the starting point of the ascension of the Prophet(s),[12] the holding of some of his speeches,[13] the presence of Shia imams on various occasions, and their prayers and supplications at this place[14] show prominent position of Hijr Isma'il among religious grandees.

Reconstructions of Hijr Isma'il throughout history

Some scholars, citing a hadith attributed to Prophet Muhammad(s) addressed to 'Āʾisha[15] believe that a part of the current Hijr Isma'il was part of Ka'ba, which was placed in the inner Hijr due to the financial inability of the Quraysh to rebuild the Ka'ba in the fifth year before Bi'tha/605 CE.[16] They have even considered the naming of the Hijr to be appropriate to the stones marking the remaining part of the Ka'ba and to prevent people from entering it.[17]

'Abd Allah b. al-Zubayr in 64 AH/683-4 CE In rebuilding the Ka'ba, he added the mentioned part to the Ka'ba, but Al-Hajjaj b. Yūsuf after permission from 'Abd al-Malik b. Marwan (R: 65-86 AH/ 65/684-5 - 86/705 CE) in 74 AH/ 693-4 CE. He restored the building of the Ka'ba to its previous form.[18]The area of the Hijr has remained unchanged since then.

According to Sources the paving of Hijr was done in 140 AH/757-8 By order of Mansūr al-'Abbasi(R: 136-158 AH/754-775[19] and reconstructed in 164 AH/780-1 By the order of Mahdi al-'Abbasi (R:158-169 AH/775-785-6).[20]Other renovations were done in 1040 AH/1630-1, 1260 AH/1844-5 and 1283 AH/1866-7. It was done during the period of the Ottoman sultans.[21]

Tawaf in Hijr Isma'il

The method of Tawaf and also the obligatory and recommended prayers at Hijr Isma'il have been disputed by Shia and Sunni jurists. The root of this disagreement is the difference in their views on Hijr Isma'il whether is a part of Ka'ba or not.[22]

Shia scholars have unanimously placed Hijr Isma'il inside Tawaf, and in the case of entering Hijr Isma'il while doing Tawaf, they have ruled to return Tawaf and repeat it.[23] Sunni jurists have also considered Tawaf outside the Hijr as permissible and only to Abū Hanifa’s belief is that entering the Hijr does not disturb the correctness of Tawaf.[24]

Notes

  1. ↑ Kurdi, Al-Tarikh al-qawim, vol. 2, p. 569.
  2. ↑ Raf'at Pasha. Mirʾat al-ḥaramayn, vol. 1, p. 266; Kurdi, Al-Tarikh al-qawim, vol. 2, p. 576.
  3. ↑ Qaʾidan, Tarikh wa athar-i Islami Makka wa Madina, p. 117.
  4. ↑ Kulayni, Al-Kafi, vol. 4, p. 210.
  5. ↑ Azraqi, Akhbar Makka, Vol. 1, pp. 64-65; Hurr al-'Āmili, Wasaʾil al-Shi'a, vol. 13, p. 355.
  6. ↑ Kulayni, Al-Kafi, vol. 4, p. 210; Ibn Hisham,Al-Sira al-nabawiyya, vol. 1, p. 5.
  7. ↑ Ibn Sa'd, Al-Tabaqat al-kubra ,vol. 1, p. 82.
  8. ↑ Ibn Hisham,Al-Sira al-nabawiyya, vol. 1, pp. 289-290.
  9. ↑ Waqidi, Al-Maghazi, vol. 1, p. 125.
  10. ↑ Ibn Hisham,Al-Sira al-nabawiyya, vol. 1, p. 142; Ibn Kathir,Al-Bidaya wa l-nihaya, Vol. 2, p. 244.
  11. ↑ Ibn Tawūs, Sa'd al-su'ūd, p. 100; Majlisi, Biḥar al-anwar, vol. 18, p. 317.
  12. ↑ Ibn Tawūs, Sa'd al-su'ūd, p. 100; Majlisi, Biḥar al-anwar, vol. 18, p. 317
  13. ↑ Qummi, Tafsir al-Qummi, vol. 1, p. 379.
  14. ↑ 'Ayyashi, Tafsir al-'Ayyashi, vol. 2, p. 337; Tūsi, Al-Ghayba. , p. 259; Ṣaffar, Baṣaʾir al-darajat p. 373.
  15. ↑ Khuzaymah,Ṣaḥiḥ ibn Khuzaimah , vol. 2, p. 1413; Muslim Nayshabūri, Ṣaḥiḥ Muslim, vol. 2, p. 968.
  16. ↑ Kurdi,Al-Tarikh al-qawim, vol. 2, p. 573.
  17. ↑ Hamawi, Mu'jam al-buldan, vol. 2, p. 221.
  18. ↑ Rusta, Al-a'laq al-nafisa, p. 30; Azraqi, Akhbar Makka, Vol. 1, p. 214.
  19. ↑ Azraqi,Akhbar Makka, vol. 1, p. 313;sanjari, Manaʾiḥ al-karam, vol. 2, p. 92.
  20. ↑ Azraqi,Akhbar Makka, Vol 1, pp. 313-314; Kurdi, Al-Tarikh al-qawim, vol. 2, p. 579.
  21. ↑ Kurdi, Al-Tarikh al-qawim, vol. 2, p. 579.
  22. ↑ PūrAmini, Hijr Isma'il. pp. 42-61; Quarterly magazine of Miqat-I Hajj. vol. 8, p. 111.
  23. ↑ Tūsi,Al-Khilaf, vol. 2, p. 324; Majma' al-faʾida wa al-burhan, Vol. 7, p. 79.
  24. ↑ Shafi'i, Al-Umm, vol. 2, p. 193; kalūdhani, Al-Hidaya, p. 190.

References

  • 'Ali b. Taj al-ddin al-sanjari.Manaʾiḥ al-karam. Mecca: umm al-qura university, 1998.
  • 'Ayyashi, Muḥammad b. Mas'ūd al-.Tafsir al-'Ayyashi. Edited by Rasūli Maḥallati. Tehran: al-Maktaba al-'Ilmiyya al-Islamiyya, 1380 Sh.
  • Azraqi, Muḥammad b. 'Abd Allah al-.Akhbar Makka wa ma jaʾa fiha min al-athar. Edited by Rushdi Ṣaliḥ Mulḥis. Beirut: 1403 AH.
  • Hamawi, Yaqūt b. 'Abd Allah al-. Mu'jam al-buldan. Beirut: Dar Iḥyaʾ al-Turath al-'Arabi, 1399 AH.
  • Hurr al-'Āmili, Muḥammad b. al-Hasan al-. Wasaʾil al-Shi'a. Edited by 'Abd al-Raḥim Rabbani Shirazi. fifth edition. Beirut: Dar Iḥyaʾ al-Turath al-'Arabi, 1403 AH-1983.
  • Ibn Hisham, 'Abd al-Malik. Al-Sira al-nabawiyya. Edited by Muṣtafa al-Saqa, Ibrahim Ābyari and 'Abd al-Hafiz Shalbi. Cairo: 1355 AH/1936.
  • Ibn Kathir, Isma'il b. 'Umar. Al-Bidaya wa l-nihaya. Edited by 'Ali Shiri. Beirut: Dar Iḥyaʾ al-Turath al-'Arabi, 1408 AH
  • Ibn Sa'd, Muḥammad. Al-Tabaqat al-kubra. Muḥammad Ṣamil al-Silmi. Al-Taʾif: Maktabat al-Ṣiddiq, 1414 AH/1993.
  • Ibn Tawūs, 'Ali b. Mūsa. Sa'd al-su'ūd. Najaf: 1369 AH-1950.
  • kalūdhani, Abū al-khattab al-.Al-Hidaya 'Ala madhhab al-imam Aḥmad. Edited by 'Abd al-Latif Hamim and Mahir Yasin al-faḥl, [n.p], Muʾassisa Gharras, 1425 AH.
  • Khuzaymah, Muḥammad b. Ṣaḥiḥ ibn Khuzaimah. Edited by Muḥammad Muṣtafa al-a'zami, Beirut: al-Maktab al-Islami, 1424 AH.
  • Khwarizmi, Muwaffaq b. Aḥmad al-. Al-Manaqib. Edited by Malik Mahmūdi. Qom: 1414 AH.
  • Kulayni, Muḥammad b. Ya'qūb al-. Al-Kafi. Edited by Najm al-Din al-Amuli. Tehran: Al-Maktabat al-Islamiyya, 1388 AH.:
  • Kurdi, Muḥammad Tahir. Al-Tarikh al-qawim li Makka wa bayt Allah al-karim. Beirut: 1420 AH.
  • Majlisi, Muḥammad Baqir al-. Biḥar al-anwar al-jami'a li-durar akhbar al-aʾimmat al-athar. Third edition. Beirut: Dar Iḥyaʾ al-Turath al-'Arabi, 1403 AH.
  • Muqaddas Ardibili, Aḥmad b. Muḥammad. Majma' al-faʾida wa al-burhan fi sharḥ irshad al-adhhan. Edited by Mujtaba Iraqi, 'Alipanah Ishtihardi and Husayn Yazdi Iṣfahani. Qom: 1st volume, 1403/ volume 11, 1414 AH.
  • Nawawi, Yaḥya b. Sharaf. Ṣaḥiḥ al-Muslim bi sharḥ al-Nawawi. Beirut: 1407 AH.:
  • PūrAmini, Muḥammad Amin. Hijr Isma'il. Tehran: Intisharat-i Mash'ar, 1388 sh.
  • Qaʾidan, Aṣghar. Tarikh wa athar-i Islami Makka wa Madina. 4th edition. Qom: Nashr-i Mash'ar, 1381 Sh
  • Quarterly magazine of Miqat-I Hajj. Tehran: Representation of the Leader in matters of Hajj and pilgrimage.
  • Qummi, 'Ali b. Ibrahim al-. Tafsir al-Qummi. Edited by Tayyib Mūsawi Jazaʾri. Qom: Dar al-Kitab, 1404 AH.
  • Raf'at Pasha, Ibrahim. Mirʾat al-ḥaramayn. Tehran: Mash'ar,[n.d].
  • Rusta, Aḥmad b. 'Umar . Al-a'laq al-nafisah. Beirut: Dar Ṣadir, 1892.
  • Ṣaffar, Muḥammad b. Hasan. Baṣaʾir al-darajat fi faḍaʾil-i Āl-i Muḥammad. Edited by Muḥsin Kūchabaghi. Qom: Kitabkhana-yi Āyat Allah al-Mar'ashi, 1404 AH.
  • Shafi'i, Muḥammad b. Idris. Al-Umm. Beirut: 1403 AH
  • Tūsi, Muḥammad b. al-Haasn al-. Al-Khilaf. Edited by 'Ali Khurasani et.al. Qom: Daftar-i Intisharat-i Islami, 1407 AH.
  • Tūsi, Muḥammad b. al-Hasan al-. Al-Ghayba. Edited by 'Ibad Allah Tihrani and 'Ali Aḥmad Naṣiḥ. Qom: Muʾassisat al-Ma'arif al-Islamiyya, 1411 AH.
  • Waqidi, Muḥammad b. 'Umar al-. Al-Maghazi. Translated to Farsi by Maḥmūd Mahdawi Damghani. 2nd edition. Tehran: Markaz-i Nashr-i Danishgahi, 1388 Sh.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikihaj.com/index.php?title=Hijr_Isma%27il&oldid=2125"