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Imam Ḥasan al-Mujtabā (ʿa) was the son of Amīr al-Muʾminīn ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib (ʿa), the second Imam of the Shīʿa and the fifth caliph of the Muslims. He is described as the one who most resembled the Messenger of God (ṣ), a devout worshipper and ascetic, and it is reported that several times in his life he gave away all or half of his wealth in charity. After the martyrdom of Amīr al-Muʾminīn, he assumed the caliphate by the people’s allegiance, but in 41 AH, due to divisions in his army, he was compelled to accept peace with Muʿāwiya b. Abī Sufyān, who claimed the caliphate and had advanced with a large army from Syria toward Iraq.
Imam al-Hasan al-Mujtaba (a) (Arabic: {{ia|إمام الحسن المجتبی}}) was the son of Amir al-Muʾminin [['Ali b. Abi Talib (a)]], the second Imam of the [[Shi'a]] and the fifth caliph of the Muslims. He is described as the one who most resembled [[the Prophet (s)]], a devout worshipper and ascetic, and it is reported that several times in his life he gave away all or half of his wealth in charity. After the martyrdom of Imam 'Ali (a), he assumed the caliphate by the people's allegiance, but in 41/661, due to divisions in his army, he was compelled to accept peace with [[Mu'awiya b. Abi Sufyan]], who claimed the caliphate and had advanced with a large army from Syria toward Iraq.


He is reported to have gone on ḥajj several times on foot. After his martyrdom, his body was buried in the cemetery of al-Baqīʿ, beside Fāṭima bt. Asad. Later, Imām ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn (ʿa) and Imām al-Bāqir (ʿa) were also buried there, and a magnificent dome was eventually built over their graves.
He is reported to have gone on hajj several times on foot. After his martyrdom, his body was buried in the [[cemetery of al-Baqi']], beside [[Fatima bt. Asad]]. Later, [[Imam 'Ali b. al-Husayn (a)]] and [[Imam al-Baqir (a)]] were also buried there, and a magnificent dome was eventually built over their graves.


Birth and Childhood
==Birth and Childhood==


Imam Ḥasan was born in the middle of the month of Ramaḍān<ref>. Tārīkh Madīnat Dimashq, vol. 13, p. 167; al-Irshād, vol. 2, p. 5.</ref> of the third year AH<ref>. Tarjama al-Imām al-Ḥasan min al-Ṭabaqāt al-Kubrā, p. 98; Ansāb al-Ashrāf, vol. 3, p. 219; Iʿlām al-Warā, vol. 1, p. 402.</ref> in Madīna. Most sources describe him as the closest in appearance to the Messenger of God (ṣ). According to a report, the Prophet (ṣ) described Ḥasan (ʿa) as the most similar to him in character, disposition, and physical appearance.<ref>. al-Ṭabaqāt al-Kubrā, al-Khāmisah, vol. 1, p. 245; al-Istīʿāb, vol. 1, p. 384.</ref> He lived seven years during the lifetime of the Prophet (ṣ).<ref>. Manāqib Āl Abī Ṭālib, vol. 3, p. 175.</ref> Among his epithets are Sibṭ al-Nabī, Sayyid, Zakī, Mujtabā, Taqī, Walī, and Ṭayyib.<ref>. Kashf al-Ghumma, vol. 2, p. 141; Biḥār al-Anwār, vol. 43, p. 255.</ref>
Imam al-Hasan was born in the middle of the month of [[Ramadan]]<ref>Tarikh Madinat Dimashq, vol. 13, p. 167; al-Irshad, vol. 2, p. 5.</ref> of 3/625<ref>Tarjama al-Imam al-Hasan min al-Tabaqat al-Kubra, p. 98; Ansab al-Ashraf, vol. 3, p. 219; I'lam al-Wara, vol. 1, p. 402.</ref> in Medina. Most sources describe him as the closest in appearance to the Prophet (s). According to a report, the Prophet (s) described al-Hasan (a) as the most similar to him in character, disposition, and physical appearance.<ref>al-Tabaqat al-Kubra, al-Khamisah, vol. 1, p. 245; al-Isti'ab, vol. 1, p. 384.</ref> He lived seven years during the lifetime of the Prophet (s).<ref>Manaqib Āl Abi Talib, vol. 3, p. 175.</ref> Among his epithets are Sibt al-Nabi, al-Sayyid, al-Zaki, al-Mujtaba, al-Taqi, al-Wali, and al-Tayyib.<ref>Kashf al-Ghumma, vol. 2, p. 141; Bihar al-Anwar, vol. 43, p. 255.</ref>


Imam Ḥasan after the Prophet (ṣ)
==After the Prophet (s)==


He witnessed the events of the caliphates of the first three rulers. Some reports mention his and his brother Imām Ḥusayn’s (ʿa) participation in conquests such as North Africa and Ṭabaristān,<ref>. al-Kāmil fī al-Tārīkh, vol. 3, p. 6.</ref> though historical evidence indicates otherwise.<ref>. Cf. al-Ḥayāt al-Siyāsiyya li-l-Imām al-Ḥasan, pp. 114–130.</ref> During the siege of ʿUthmān, by his father’s instruction, Ḥasan (ʿa) maintained contact with him.<ref>. Murūj al-Dhahab, vol. 2, p. 344; al-Imāma wa-l-Siyāsa, vol. 1, p. 44; Tārīkh al-Ṭabarī, vol. 4, pp. 388–389.</ref> Another event was his escorting of Abū Dharr al-Ghifārī with his father at the time of the latter’s exile.<ref>. Ansāb al-Ashrāf, vol. 5, p. 543; Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī, vol. 2, p. 172.</ref>
He witnessed the events of the rule of the first three caliphates. Some reports mention his and his brother Imam al-Husayn's (a) participation in conquests such as North Africa and Tabaristan,<ref>al-Kamil fi al-Tarikh, vol. 3, p. 6.</ref> though historical evidence indicates otherwise.<ref>Cf. al-Hayat al-Siyasiyya li-l-Imam al-Hasan, pp. 114–130.</ref> During the siege of 'Uthman, by his father's instruction, al-Hasan (a) maintained contact with him.<ref>Muruj al-Dhahab, vol. 2, p. 344; al-Imama wa-l-Siyasa, vol. 1, p. 44; Tarikh al-Tabari, vol. 4, pp. 388–389.</ref> Another event was his escorting of Abu Dharr al-Ghifari with his father at the time of Abu Dharr's exile.<ref>Ansab al-Ashraf, vol. 5, p. 543; Tarikh al-Ya'qubi, vol. 2, p. 172.</ref>


Imam Ḥasan during the Caliphate of Amīr al-Muʾminīn
==During the Caliphate of Imam 'Ali (a)==


Ḥasan (ʿa) spent thirty years alongside his father ʿAlī (ʿa). On the eve of the Battle of Jamal, he was dispatched by ʿAlī (ʿa) as his envoy to Kūfa to mobilize the people.<ref>. al-Jamal, pp. 132, 175.</ref> He also took part in the Battle of Ṣiffīn, and during the Battle against the Khawārij, he delivered sermons in support of his father and was present on the battlefield.<ref>. Ḥayāt al-Imām al-Ḥasan b. ʿAlī, vol. 1, pp. 481–486.</ref>
Al-Hasan (a) spent thirty years alongside his father 'Ali (a). On the eve of the [[Battle of Jamal]], he was dispatched by 'Ali (a) as his envoy to [[Kufa]] to mobilize the people.<ref>al-Jamal, pp. 132, 175.</ref> He also took part in the [[Battle of Siffin]], and during the [[Battle of Nahrawan|Battle against the Khawarij]], he delivered sermons in support of his father and was present on the battlefield.<ref>Hayat al-Imam al-Hasan b. 'Ali, vol. 1, pp. 481–486.</ref>


ʿAlī (ʿa) had established charitable endowments in and around Madīna, of which Ḥasan (ʿa) became the trustee after him, followed later by his brother Ḥusayn (ʿa).<ref>. Tahdhīb al-Aḥkām, vol. 9, pp. 145–148.</ref> These endowments were then administered by Banū Ḥasan and Banū Ḥusayn.<ref>. ʿIlal al-Sharāʾiʿ, vol. 1, p. 230; al-Irshād, vol. 2, p. 21; Kashf al-Ghumma, vol. 2, p. 199.</ref>
'Ali (a) had established charitable endowments in and around Madina, of which al-Hasan (a) became the trustee after him, followed later by his brother Husayn (a).<ref>Tahdhib al-Ahkam, vol. 9, pp. 145–148.</ref> These endowments were then administered by Banu al-Hasan and Banu Husayn.<ref>'Ilal al-Sharaʾi', vol. 1, p. 230; al-Irshad, vol. 2, p. 21; Kashf al-Ghumma, vol. 2, p. 199.</ref>


Imamate and Caliphate of Imam Ḥasan (ʿa)
Imamate and Caliphate of Imam al-Hasan (a)


After being struck, ʿAlī (ʿa) appointed his son Ḥasan (ʿa) as Imam,<ref>. Kashf al-Ghumma, vol. 2, pp. 153–154; Musnad al-Imām al-Mujtabā (ʿa), p. 36.</ref> and he assumed authority for about six months. The allegiance to him took place on the 21st of Ramaḍān, 40 AH, following his father’s martyrdom.<ref>. al-Irshād, vol. 2, p. 9.</ref>
After being struck, 'Ali (a) appointed his son al-Hasan (a) as Imam,<ref>Kashf al-Ghumma, vol. 2, pp. 153–154; Musnad al-Imam al-Mujtaba (a), p. 36.</ref> and he assumed authority for about six months. The allegiance to him took place on the 21st of Ramadan, 40 AH, following his father's martyrdom.<ref>al-Irshad, vol. 2, p. 9.</ref>


Muʿāwiya, the governor of Syria who claimed the caliphate, upon hearing of this allegiance, openly declared rebellion and refused to recognize Ḥasan (ʿa).<ref>. Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī, vol. 2, p. 214; Sharḥ Nahj al-Balāgha, Ibn Abī al-Ḥadīd, vol. 16, p. 31.</ref> The first step of Ḥasan (ʿa) was to mobilize an army against him.<ref>. al-Mustadrak ʿalā al-Ṣaḥīḥayn, vol. 3, pp. 174–176.</ref> Muʿāwiya advanced with sixty thousand troops against Ḥasan (ʿa).<ref>. al-Futūḥ, vol. 4, p. 286; Maqātil al-Ṭālibiyyīn, pp. 34–35.</ref> He spread rumors that Ḥasan (ʿa) intended peace,<ref>. Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī, vol. 2, p. 214.</ref> while at the same time bribing commanders in Ḥasan’s army.<ref>. Ansāb al-Ashrāf, vol. 3, p. 38.</ref> Amid these rumors, his camp was plundered and he was wounded at “Maẓlim Sābāṭ.”<ref>. Ansāb al-Ashrāf, vol. 3, p. 35; al-Irshād, vol. 2, p. 12.</ref> In such circumstances, he was compelled to conclude peace, explaining that the people’s inclination to peace, their aversion to war, and especially the preservation of the Shīʿa from slaughter, necessitated his decision.<ref>. Akhbār al-Ṭiwāl, p. 220.</ref>
Mu'awiya, the governor of Syria who claimed the caliphate, upon hearing of this allegiance, openly declared rebellion and refused to recognize al-Hasan (a).<ref>Tarikh al-Ya'qubi, vol. 2, p. 214; Sharh Nahj al-Balagha, Ibn Abi al-Hadid, vol. 16, p. 31.</ref> The first step of al-Hasan (a) was to mobilize an army against him.<ref>al-Mustadrak 'ala al-Sahihayn, vol. 3, pp. 174–176.</ref> Mu'awiya advanced with sixty thousand troops against al-Hasan (a).<ref>al-Futuh, vol. 4, p. 286; Maqatil al-Talibiyyin, pp. 34–35.</ref> He spread rumors that al-Hasan (a) intended peace,<ref>Tarikh al-Ya'qubi, vol. 2, p. 214.</ref> while at the same time bribing commanders in al-Hasan's army.<ref>Ansab al-Ashraf, vol. 3, p. 38.</ref> Amid these rumors, his camp was plundered and he was wounded at “Maẓlim Sabat.”<ref>Ansab al-Ashraf, vol. 3, p. 35; al-Irshad, vol. 2, p. 12.</ref> In such circumstances, he was compelled to conclude peace, explaining that the people's inclination to peace, their aversion to war, and especially the preservation of the Shi'a from slaughter, necessitated his decision.<ref>Akhbar al-Tiwal, p. 220.</ref>


He handed over the caliphate to Muʿāwiya with conditions: that Muʿāwiya would not appoint a successor,<ref>. al-Istīʿāb, vol. 1, pp. 385–387.</ref> that the next caliph would be chosen by the council of Muslims,<ref>. al-Istīʿāb, vol. 1, pp. 386–387.</ref> that the Muslims and Shīʿa would be secure, and that no plot would be made against the Ahl al-Bayt.<ref>. al-Futūḥ, vol. 4, pp. 290–291.</ref>
He handed over the caliphate to Mu'awiya with conditions: that Mu'awiya would not appoint a successor,<ref>al-Isti'ab, vol. 1, pp. 385–387.</ref> that the next caliph would be chosen by the council of Muslims,<ref>al-Isti'ab, vol. 1, pp. 386–387.</ref> that the Muslims and Shi'a would be secure, and that no plot would be made against the Ahl al-Bayt.<ref>al-Futuh, vol. 4, pp. 290–291.</ref>


Virtues and Merits
Virtues and Merits


Ḥasan (ʿa) was considered the most devout, ascetic, and virtuous of his time.<ref>. al-Amālī, al-Ṣadūq, p. 244; ʿUddat al-Dāʿī, p. 139.</ref> He was famous for his generosity, patience, and selflessness.<ref>. Kashf al-Ghumma, vol. 2, pp. 180–182; Nuzhat al-Nāẓir, pp. 148–150.</ref><ref>. al-Kāmil, al-Mubarrad, vol. 2, p. 462.</ref><ref>. Cf. Biḥār al-Anwār, vol. 43, pp. 344–355; Manāqib Āl Abī Ṭālib, vol. 3, p. 188.</ref> Hence he became known as “Karīm Ahl al-Bayt.” It is reported that two or three times he gave away half, or even all, of his wealth in charity.<ref>. Ansāb al-Ashrāf, vol. 3, p. 9; al-Wāfī bi-l-Wafayāt, vol. 12, p. 68.</ref><ref>. Sharḥ al-Akhbār, vol. 3, p. 113; Manāqib Āl Abī Ṭālib, vol. 3, p. 180.</ref>
Hasan (a) was considered the most devout, ascetic, and virtuous of his time.<ref>al-Amali, al-Saduq, p. 244; 'Uddat al-Da'i, p. 139.</ref> He was famous for his generosity, patience, and selflessness.<ref>Kashf al-Ghumma, vol. 2, pp. 180–182; Nuzhat al-Naẓir, pp. 148–150.</ref><ref>al-Kamil, al-Mubarrad, vol. 2, p. 462.</ref><ref>Cf. Bihar al-Anwar, vol. 43, pp. 344–355; Manaqib Āl Abi Talib, vol. 3, p. 188.</ref> Hence he became known as “Karim Ahl al-Bayt.” It is reported that two or three times he gave away half, or even all, of his wealth in charity.<ref>Ansab al-Ashraf, vol. 3, p. 9; al-Wafi bi-l-Wafayat, vol. 12, p. 68.</ref><ref>Sharh al-Akhbar, vol. 3, p. 113; Manaqib Āl Abi Talib, vol. 3, p. 180.</ref>


Ḥajj
Hajj


Both Shīʿī and Sunnī sources mention his frequent pilgrimages on foot.<ref>. Ansāb al-Ashrāf, vol. 3, p. 9; al-Wāfī bi-l-Wafayāt, vol. 12, p. 67; ʿUddat al-Dāʿī, p. 139.</ref> He is said to have performed 25 pilgrimages in this way.<ref>. Shadharāt al-Dhahab, vol. 1, p. 242.</ref> When asked, he explained that he did so to express greater humility before God’s House.<ref>. al-Aʾimma al-Ithnā ʿAshar, p. 64.</ref>
Both Shi'i and Sunni sources mention his frequent pilgrimages on foot.<ref>Ansab al-Ashraf, vol. 3, p. 9; al-Wafi bi-l-Wafayat, vol. 12, p. 67; 'Uddat al-Da'i, p. 139.</ref> He is said to have performed 25 pilgrimages in this way.<ref>Shadharat al-Dhahab, vol. 1, p. 242.</ref> When asked, he explained that he did so to express greater humility before God's House.<ref>al-Aʾimma al-Ithna 'Ashar, p. 64.</ref>


Wives of Imam Ḥasan (ʿa)
Wives of Imam al-Hasan (a)


The names of his wives mentioned in historical sources include: Umm al-Ḥaqq bt. Ṭalḥa b. ʿUbayd Allāh; Ḥafṣa bt. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. Abī Bakr; Hind bt. Suhayl b. ʿAmr<ref>. Ansāb al-Ashrāf, vol. 3, pp. 20–22.</ref>; and Jaʿda bt. al-Ashʿath b. Qays.<ref>. Ṣulḥ al-Imām Ḥasan (ʿa), Āl Yāsīn, p. 38.</ref> Shaykh al-Mufīd<ref>. al-Irshād, vol. 2, p. 20.</ref> also mentions Umm Bashīr bt. ʿUqba b. ʿAmr b. Thaʿlaba and Khawla bt. Manẓūr al-Fazāriyya. Some early sources list up to ten wives,<ref>. al-Ṭabaqāt al-Kubrā, vol. 5, pp. 244–245.</ref> while others mention eleven.<ref>. Sharḥ Nahj al-Balāgha, Ibn Abī al-Ḥadīd, vol. 16, p. 21.</ref> Exaggerated reports of numerous marriages exist, but many such names are untraceable in reliable sources.<ref>. Ansāb al-Ashrāf, vol. 3, p. 25; Qūt al-Qulūb, vol. 2, p. 471.</ref>
The names of his wives mentioned in historical sources include: Umm al-Haqq bt. Talha b. 'Ubayd Allah; Hafṣa bt. 'Abd al-Rahman b. Abi Bakr; Hind bt. Suhayl b. 'Amr<ref>Ansab al-Ashraf, vol. 3, pp. 20–22.</ref>; and Ja'da bt. al-Ash'ath b. Qays.<ref>Sulh al-Imam al-Hasan (a), Āl Yasin, p. 38.</ref> Shaykh al-Mufid<ref>al-Irshad, vol. 2, p. 20.</ref> also mentions Umm Bashir bt. 'Uqba b. 'Amr b. Tha'laba and Khawla bt. Manẓur al-Fazariyya. Some early sources list up to ten wives,<ref>al-Tabaqat al-Kubra, vol. 5, pp. 244–245.</ref> while others mention eleven.<ref>Sharh Nahj al-Balagha, Ibn Abi al-Hadid, vol. 16, p. 21.</ref> Exaggerated reports of numerous marriages exist, but many such names are untraceable in reliable sources.<ref>Ansab al-Ashraf, vol. 3, p. 25; Qut al-Qulub, vol. 2, p. 471.</ref>


Children of Imam Ḥasan (ʿa)
Children of Imam al-Hasan (a)


He is said to have had fifteen children,<ref>. Tadhkirat al-Khawāṣṣ, p. 194; al-Irshād, vol. 2, p. 20.</ref> though some report only four sons and two daughters.<ref>. al-Ṭabaqāt al-Kubrā, vol. 5, pp. 244–245.</ref> His lineage continued through his sons Ḥasan and Zayd. All his children joined Imām Ḥusayn (ʿa) on the Day of ʿĀshūrāʾ.<ref>. al-Majdī fī Ansāb al-Ṭālibiyyīn, p. 19; Musnad al-Imām al-Shahīd (ʿa), vol. 2, p. 107.</ref>
He is said to have had fifteen children,<ref>Tadhkirat al-Khawaṣṣ, p. 194; al-Irshad, vol. 2, p. 20.</ref> though some report only four sons and two daughters.<ref>al-Tabaqat al-Kubra, vol. 5, pp. 244–245.</ref> His lineage continued through his sons al-Hasan and Zayd. All his children joined Imam Husayn (a) on the Day of 'Āshuraʾ.<ref>al-Majdi fi Ansab al-Talibiyyin, p. 19; Musnad al-Imam al-Shahid (a), vol. 2, p. 107.</ref>


The Ḥasanid branch of the ʿAlids became major rivals of the ʿAbbāsid dynasty. Among them, Muḥammad<ref>. Tārīkh al-Ṭabarī, vol. 7, p. 552.</ref> and Ibrāhīm,<ref>. al-Ṭabaqāt al-Kubrā, vol. 5, pp. 439–441.</ref> sons of ʿAbd Allāh b. Ḥasan,<ref>. al-Fakhrī, p. 164.</ref> as well as Ḥusayn b. ʿAlī b. Ḥasan (the “Martyr of Fakhkh,” 169 AH),<ref>. Tārīkh al-Ṭabarī, vol. 8, pp. 192–205.</ref> rose against the ʿAbbāsids.
The al-Hasanid branch of the 'Alids became major rivals of the 'Abbasid dynasty. Among them, Muhammad<ref>Tarikh al-Tabari, vol. 7, p. 552.</ref> and Ibrahim,<ref>al-Tabaqat al-Kubra, vol. 5, pp. 439–441.</ref> sons of 'Abd Allah b. al-Hasan,<ref>al-Fakhri, p. 164.</ref> as well as Husayn b. 'Ali b. al-Hasan (the “Martyr of Fakhkh,” 169 AH),<ref>Tarikh al-Tabari, vol. 8, pp. 192–205.</ref> rose against the 'Abbasids.


In the latter half of the 4th/10th century, the Ḥasanid Sharīfs established an emirate in Mecca that lasted until the domination of the Āl Saʿūd over the Ḥijāz.
In the latter half of the 4th/10th century, the al-Hasanid Sharifs established an emirate in Mecca that lasted until the domination of the Āl Sa'ud over the Hijaz.


Martyrdom of Imam Ḥasan (ʿa)
Martyrdom of Imam al-Hasan (a)


According to the most common report, Ḥasan (ʿa) was poisoned and martyred on 28 Ṣafar, 50 AH.<ref>. Kashf al-Ghumma, vol. 2, p. 205; Tarjama al-Imām al-Ḥasan (ʿa) min al-Ṭabaqāt al-Kubrā, p. 91.</ref> Other accounts give 47 AH<ref>. al-Badʾ wa-l-Tārīkh, vol. 5, p. 74.</ref> or 49 AH,<ref>. Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī, vol. 2, p. 225; Tārīkh Madīnat Dimashq, vol. 7, p. 122.</ref> and some mention 7 Ṣafar.<ref>. al-Durūs al-Sharʿiyya, vol. 2, p. 7.</ref> The prevalent tradition holds that his wife Jaʿda, instigated by Muʿāwiya, poisoned him.<ref>. al-Bidāya wa-l-Nihāya, vol. 8, p. 43; Tārīkh Ibn Khaldūn, vol. 2, p. 649.</ref>
According to the most common report, al-Hasan (a) was poisoned and martyred on 28 Safar, 50 AH.<ref>Kashf al-Ghumma, vol. 2, p. 205; Tarjama al-Imam al-Hasan (a) min al-Tabaqat al-Kubra, p. 91.</ref> Other accounts give 47 AH<ref>al-Badʾ wa-l-Tarikh, vol. 5, p. 74.</ref> or 49 AH,<ref>Tarikh al-Ya'qubi, vol. 2, p. 225; Tarikh Madinat Dimashq, vol. 7, p. 122.</ref> and some mention 7 Safar.<ref>al-Durus al-Shar'iyya, vol. 2, p. 7.</ref> The prevalent tradition holds that his wife Ja'da, instigated by Mu'awiya, poisoned him.<ref>al-Bidaya wa-l-Nihaya, vol. 8, p. 43; Tarikh Ibn Khaldun, vol. 2, p. 649.</ref>


Shrine of Imam Ḥasan (ʿa)
Shrine of Imam al-Hasan (a)


According to his will (udfinūnī ʿinda abī), his family intended to bury him near the grave of the Prophet (ṣ), but the Banū Umayya under Marwān b. al-Ḥakam, the governor of Madīna,<ref>. al-Wāfī bi-l-Wafayāt, vol. 12, pp. 68–69.</ref> supported by some of the Prophet’s wives,<ref>. Tadhkirat al-Khawāṣṣ, p. 193.</ref> prevented this. The Banū Hāshim prepared to confront them, but Imām Ḥusayn (ʿa), adhering to his brother’s will, restrained them. Thus, Ḥasan (ʿa) was buried in al-Baqīʿ.<ref>. Biḥār al-Anwār, vol. 44, p. 134.</ref>
According to his will (udfinuni 'inda abi), his family intended to bury him near the grave of the Prophet (s), but the Banu Umayya under Marwan b. al-Hakam, the governor of Madina,<ref>al-Wafi bi-l-Wafayat, vol. 12, pp. 68–69.</ref> supported by some of the Prophet's wives,<ref>Tadhkirat al-Khawaṣṣ, p. 193.</ref> prevented this. The Banu Hashim prepared to confront them, but Imam Husayn (a), adhering to his brother's will, restrained them. Thus, al-Hasan (a) was buried in al-Baqi'.<ref>Bihar al-Anwar, vol. 44, p. 134.</ref>


He was laid to rest beside his grandmother Fāṭima bt. Asad and his uncle al-ʿAbbās b. ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib. Later, a dome was erected over their graves as well as those of Imām ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn (ʿa) and Imām al-Bāqir (ʿa), and it was described as the tallest structure in Madīna.<ref>. Riḥlat Ibn Jubayr, p. 155; Madīna-shināsī, p. 326.</ref><ref>. al-ʿIqd al-Thamīn, vol. 3, p. 396.</ref> In 495 AH, Majd al-Mulk al-Burāwastānī, vizier of the Saljūq ruler Barkiyāruq, sent an architect and funds to build a dome and mausoleum over their graves, which was rebuilt by a group of Iranians in 1234 AH.<ref>. Tuḥfat al-Aḥbāb wa-Bulghat al-Ṭullāb, pp. 271–272.</ref> The building was destroyed by the Wahhābīs in 1221 AH,<ref>. Wafayāt al-Aʿyān, vol. 7, p. 27.</ref> then reconstructed by the Ottoman Sulṭān ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd II, only to be demolished again in 1344 AH by the Wahhābīs.<ref>. al-Tuḥfa al-Laṭīfa fī Tārīkh al-Madīna al-Sharīfa, vol. 1, p. 46; Mawsūʿat Mirʾāt al-Ḥaramayn, vol. 2, p. 426.</ref>
He was laid to rest beside his grandmother Fatima bt. Asad and his uncle al-'Abbas b. 'Abd al-Muttalib. Later, a dome was erected over their graves as well as those of Imam 'Ali b. al-Husayn (a) and Imam al-Baqir (a), and it was described as the tallest structure in Madina.<ref>Rihlat Ibn Jubayr, p. 155; Madina-shinasi, p. 326.</ref><ref>al-'Iqd al-Thamin, vol. 3, p. 396.</ref> In 495 AH, Majd al-Mulk al-Burawastani, vizier of the Saljuq ruler Barkiyaruq, sent an architect and funds to build a dome and mausoleum over their graves, which was rebuilt by a group of Iranians in 1234 AH.<ref>Tuhfat al-Ahbab wa-Bulghat al-Tullab, pp. 271–272.</ref> The building was destroyed by the Wahhabis in 1221 AH,<ref>Wafayat al-A'yan, vol. 7, p. 27.</ref> then reconstructed by the Ottoman Sultan 'Abd al-Hamid II, only to be demolished again in 1344 AH by the Wahhabis.<ref>al-Tuhfa al-Latifa fi Tarikh al-Madina al-Sharifa, vol. 1, p. 46; Mawsu'at Mirʾat al-Haramayn, vol. 2, p. 426.</ref>

Revision as of 15:44, 7 September 2025

Imam al-Hasan al-Mujtaba (a) (Arabic: إمام الحسن المجتبی) was the son of Amir al-Muʾminin 'Ali b. Abi Talib (a), the second Imam of the Shi'a and the fifth caliph of the Muslims. He is described as the one who most resembled the Prophet (s), a devout worshipper and ascetic, and it is reported that several times in his life he gave away all or half of his wealth in charity. After the martyrdom of Imam 'Ali (a), he assumed the caliphate by the people's allegiance, but in 41/661, due to divisions in his army, he was compelled to accept peace with Mu'awiya b. Abi Sufyan, who claimed the caliphate and had advanced with a large army from Syria toward Iraq.

He is reported to have gone on hajj several times on foot. After his martyrdom, his body was buried in the cemetery of al-Baqi', beside Fatima bt. Asad. Later, Imam 'Ali b. al-Husayn (a) and Imam al-Baqir (a) were also buried there, and a magnificent dome was eventually built over their graves.

Birth and Childhood

Imam al-Hasan was born in the middle of the month of Ramadan[1] of 3/625[2] in Medina. Most sources describe him as the closest in appearance to the Prophet (s). According to a report, the Prophet (s) described al-Hasan (a) as the most similar to him in character, disposition, and physical appearance.[3] He lived seven years during the lifetime of the Prophet (s).[4] Among his epithets are Sibt al-Nabi, al-Sayyid, al-Zaki, al-Mujtaba, al-Taqi, al-Wali, and al-Tayyib.[5]

After the Prophet (s)

He witnessed the events of the rule of the first three caliphates. Some reports mention his and his brother Imam al-Husayn's (a) participation in conquests such as North Africa and Tabaristan,[6] though historical evidence indicates otherwise.[7] During the siege of 'Uthman, by his father's instruction, al-Hasan (a) maintained contact with him.[8] Another event was his escorting of Abu Dharr al-Ghifari with his father at the time of Abu Dharr's exile.[9]

During the Caliphate of Imam 'Ali (a)

Al-Hasan (a) spent thirty years alongside his father 'Ali (a). On the eve of the Battle of Jamal, he was dispatched by 'Ali (a) as his envoy to Kufa to mobilize the people.[10] He also took part in the Battle of Siffin, and during the Battle against the Khawarij, he delivered sermons in support of his father and was present on the battlefield.[11]

'Ali (a) had established charitable endowments in and around Madina, of which al-Hasan (a) became the trustee after him, followed later by his brother Husayn (a).[12] These endowments were then administered by Banu al-Hasan and Banu Husayn.[13]

Imamate and Caliphate of Imam al-Hasan (a)

After being struck, 'Ali (a) appointed his son al-Hasan (a) as Imam,[14] and he assumed authority for about six months. The allegiance to him took place on the 21st of Ramadan, 40 AH, following his father's martyrdom.[15]

Mu'awiya, the governor of Syria who claimed the caliphate, upon hearing of this allegiance, openly declared rebellion and refused to recognize al-Hasan (a).[16] The first step of al-Hasan (a) was to mobilize an army against him.[17] Mu'awiya advanced with sixty thousand troops against al-Hasan (a).[18] He spread rumors that al-Hasan (a) intended peace,[19] while at the same time bribing commanders in al-Hasan's army.[20] Amid these rumors, his camp was plundered and he was wounded at “Maẓlim Sabat.”[21] In such circumstances, he was compelled to conclude peace, explaining that the people's inclination to peace, their aversion to war, and especially the preservation of the Shi'a from slaughter, necessitated his decision.[22]

He handed over the caliphate to Mu'awiya with conditions: that Mu'awiya would not appoint a successor,[23] that the next caliph would be chosen by the council of Muslims,[24] that the Muslims and Shi'a would be secure, and that no plot would be made against the Ahl al-Bayt.[25]

Virtues and Merits

Hasan (a) was considered the most devout, ascetic, and virtuous of his time.[26] He was famous for his generosity, patience, and selflessness.[27][28][29] Hence he became known as “Karim Ahl al-Bayt.” It is reported that two or three times he gave away half, or even all, of his wealth in charity.[30][31]

Hajj

Both Shi'i and Sunni sources mention his frequent pilgrimages on foot.[32] He is said to have performed 25 pilgrimages in this way.[33] When asked, he explained that he did so to express greater humility before God's House.[34]

Wives of Imam al-Hasan (a)

The names of his wives mentioned in historical sources include: Umm al-Haqq bt. Talha b. 'Ubayd Allah; Hafṣa bt. 'Abd al-Rahman b. Abi Bakr; Hind bt. Suhayl b. 'Amr[35]; and Ja'da bt. al-Ash'ath b. Qays.[36] Shaykh al-Mufid[37] also mentions Umm Bashir bt. 'Uqba b. 'Amr b. Tha'laba and Khawla bt. Manẓur al-Fazariyya. Some early sources list up to ten wives,[38] while others mention eleven.[39] Exaggerated reports of numerous marriages exist, but many such names are untraceable in reliable sources.[40]

Children of Imam al-Hasan (a)

He is said to have had fifteen children,[41] though some report only four sons and two daughters.[42] His lineage continued through his sons al-Hasan and Zayd. All his children joined Imam Husayn (a) on the Day of 'Āshuraʾ.[43]

The al-Hasanid branch of the 'Alids became major rivals of the 'Abbasid dynasty. Among them, Muhammad[44] and Ibrahim,[45] sons of 'Abd Allah b. al-Hasan,[46] as well as Husayn b. 'Ali b. al-Hasan (the “Martyr of Fakhkh,” 169 AH),[47] rose against the 'Abbasids.

In the latter half of the 4th/10th century, the al-Hasanid Sharifs established an emirate in Mecca that lasted until the domination of the Āl Sa'ud over the Hijaz.

Martyrdom of Imam al-Hasan (a)

According to the most common report, al-Hasan (a) was poisoned and martyred on 28 Safar, 50 AH.[48] Other accounts give 47 AH[49] or 49 AH,[50] and some mention 7 Safar.[51] The prevalent tradition holds that his wife Ja'da, instigated by Mu'awiya, poisoned him.[52]

Shrine of Imam al-Hasan (a)

According to his will (udfinuni 'inda abi), his family intended to bury him near the grave of the Prophet (s), but the Banu Umayya under Marwan b. al-Hakam, the governor of Madina,[53] supported by some of the Prophet's wives,[54] prevented this. The Banu Hashim prepared to confront them, but Imam Husayn (a), adhering to his brother's will, restrained them. Thus, al-Hasan (a) was buried in al-Baqi'.[55]

He was laid to rest beside his grandmother Fatima bt. Asad and his uncle al-'Abbas b. 'Abd al-Muttalib. Later, a dome was erected over their graves as well as those of Imam 'Ali b. al-Husayn (a) and Imam al-Baqir (a), and it was described as the tallest structure in Madina.[56][57] In 495 AH, Majd al-Mulk al-Burawastani, vizier of the Saljuq ruler Barkiyaruq, sent an architect and funds to build a dome and mausoleum over their graves, which was rebuilt by a group of Iranians in 1234 AH.[58] The building was destroyed by the Wahhabis in 1221 AH,[59] then reconstructed by the Ottoman Sultan 'Abd al-Hamid II, only to be demolished again in 1344 AH by the Wahhabis.[60]

  1. ↑ Tarikh Madinat Dimashq, vol. 13, p. 167; al-Irshad, vol. 2, p. 5.
  2. ↑ Tarjama al-Imam al-Hasan min al-Tabaqat al-Kubra, p. 98; Ansab al-Ashraf, vol. 3, p. 219; I'lam al-Wara, vol. 1, p. 402.
  3. ↑ al-Tabaqat al-Kubra, al-Khamisah, vol. 1, p. 245; al-Isti'ab, vol. 1, p. 384.
  4. ↑ Manaqib Āl Abi Talib, vol. 3, p. 175.
  5. ↑ Kashf al-Ghumma, vol. 2, p. 141; Bihar al-Anwar, vol. 43, p. 255.
  6. ↑ al-Kamil fi al-Tarikh, vol. 3, p. 6.
  7. ↑ Cf. al-Hayat al-Siyasiyya li-l-Imam al-Hasan, pp. 114–130.
  8. ↑ Muruj al-Dhahab, vol. 2, p. 344; al-Imama wa-l-Siyasa, vol. 1, p. 44; Tarikh al-Tabari, vol. 4, pp. 388–389.
  9. ↑ Ansab al-Ashraf, vol. 5, p. 543; Tarikh al-Ya'qubi, vol. 2, p. 172.
  10. ↑ al-Jamal, pp. 132, 175.
  11. ↑ Hayat al-Imam al-Hasan b. 'Ali, vol. 1, pp. 481–486.
  12. ↑ Tahdhib al-Ahkam, vol. 9, pp. 145–148.
  13. ↑ 'Ilal al-Sharaʾi', vol. 1, p. 230; al-Irshad, vol. 2, p. 21; Kashf al-Ghumma, vol. 2, p. 199.
  14. ↑ Kashf al-Ghumma, vol. 2, pp. 153–154; Musnad al-Imam al-Mujtaba (a), p. 36.
  15. ↑ al-Irshad, vol. 2, p. 9.
  16. ↑ Tarikh al-Ya'qubi, vol. 2, p. 214; Sharh Nahj al-Balagha, Ibn Abi al-Hadid, vol. 16, p. 31.
  17. ↑ al-Mustadrak 'ala al-Sahihayn, vol. 3, pp. 174–176.
  18. ↑ al-Futuh, vol. 4, p. 286; Maqatil al-Talibiyyin, pp. 34–35.
  19. ↑ Tarikh al-Ya'qubi, vol. 2, p. 214.
  20. ↑ Ansab al-Ashraf, vol. 3, p. 38.
  21. ↑ Ansab al-Ashraf, vol. 3, p. 35; al-Irshad, vol. 2, p. 12.
  22. ↑ Akhbar al-Tiwal, p. 220.
  23. ↑ al-Isti'ab, vol. 1, pp. 385–387.
  24. ↑ al-Isti'ab, vol. 1, pp. 386–387.
  25. ↑ al-Futuh, vol. 4, pp. 290–291.
  26. ↑ al-Amali, al-Saduq, p. 244; 'Uddat al-Da'i, p. 139.
  27. ↑ Kashf al-Ghumma, vol. 2, pp. 180–182; Nuzhat al-Naẓir, pp. 148–150.
  28. ↑ al-Kamil, al-Mubarrad, vol. 2, p. 462.
  29. ↑ Cf. Bihar al-Anwar, vol. 43, pp. 344–355; Manaqib Āl Abi Talib, vol. 3, p. 188.
  30. ↑ Ansab al-Ashraf, vol. 3, p. 9; al-Wafi bi-l-Wafayat, vol. 12, p. 68.
  31. ↑ Sharh al-Akhbar, vol. 3, p. 113; Manaqib Āl Abi Talib, vol. 3, p. 180.
  32. ↑ Ansab al-Ashraf, vol. 3, p. 9; al-Wafi bi-l-Wafayat, vol. 12, p. 67; 'Uddat al-Da'i, p. 139.
  33. ↑ Shadharat al-Dhahab, vol. 1, p. 242.
  34. ↑ al-Aʾimma al-Ithna 'Ashar, p. 64.
  35. ↑ Ansab al-Ashraf, vol. 3, pp. 20–22.
  36. ↑ Sulh al-Imam al-Hasan (a), Āl Yasin, p. 38.
  37. ↑ al-Irshad, vol. 2, p. 20.
  38. ↑ al-Tabaqat al-Kubra, vol. 5, pp. 244–245.
  39. ↑ Sharh Nahj al-Balagha, Ibn Abi al-Hadid, vol. 16, p. 21.
  40. ↑ Ansab al-Ashraf, vol. 3, p. 25; Qut al-Qulub, vol. 2, p. 471.
  41. ↑ Tadhkirat al-Khawaṣṣ, p. 194; al-Irshad, vol. 2, p. 20.
  42. ↑ al-Tabaqat al-Kubra, vol. 5, pp. 244–245.
  43. ↑ al-Majdi fi Ansab al-Talibiyyin, p. 19; Musnad al-Imam al-Shahid (a), vol. 2, p. 107.
  44. ↑ Tarikh al-Tabari, vol. 7, p. 552.
  45. ↑ al-Tabaqat al-Kubra, vol. 5, pp. 439–441.
  46. ↑ al-Fakhri, p. 164.
  47. ↑ Tarikh al-Tabari, vol. 8, pp. 192–205.
  48. ↑ Kashf al-Ghumma, vol. 2, p. 205; Tarjama al-Imam al-Hasan (a) min al-Tabaqat al-Kubra, p. 91.
  49. ↑ al-Badʾ wa-l-Tarikh, vol. 5, p. 74.
  50. ↑ Tarikh al-Ya'qubi, vol. 2, p. 225; Tarikh Madinat Dimashq, vol. 7, p. 122.
  51. ↑ al-Durus al-Shar'iyya, vol. 2, p. 7.
  52. ↑ al-Bidaya wa-l-Nihaya, vol. 8, p. 43; Tarikh Ibn Khaldun, vol. 2, p. 649.
  53. ↑ al-Wafi bi-l-Wafayat, vol. 12, pp. 68–69.
  54. ↑ Tadhkirat al-Khawaṣṣ, p. 193.
  55. ↑ Bihar al-Anwar, vol. 44, p. 134.
  56. ↑ Rihlat Ibn Jubayr, p. 155; Madina-shinasi, p. 326.
  57. ↑ al-'Iqd al-Thamin, vol. 3, p. 396.
  58. ↑ Tuhfat al-Ahbab wa-Bulghat al-Tullab, pp. 271–272.
  59. ↑ Wafayat al-A'yan, vol. 7, p. 27.
  60. ↑ al-Tuhfa al-Latifa fi Tarikh al-Madina al-Sharifa, vol. 1, p. 46; Mawsu'at Mirʾat al-Haramayn, vol. 2, p. 426.
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