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{{Building
| title = Mount Abu Qubays
| image =کوه ابوقبیس.jpg
| image size =
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| place = [[Mecca]], [[Masjid al-haram]]
| usage = Holy mountain
| religious affiliation = Islam
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| founder =
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| imam of prayer =
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| website =
| latitude = 21.429949951348185
| longitude = 39.822059900000006
| map description =
}}
'''Mount Abu Qubays''' is a sacred mountain for Muslims located in the northeast of the [[al-Masjid al-Haram|Masjid al-Haram]] in the city of [[Mecca]]. Today, it has been carved, and its original dome-shaped form has been altered. It is said that when the Black Stone descended from paradise, it was placed in this mountain for a period of time as a trust. Additionally, [[Prophet Ibrahim(s)]]  used to call people to perform the rituals of Hajj from atop this mountain. The [[Mosque of Ibrahim]], the [[Mosque of Shaqq al-Qamar]], and the caravansary of Mulla Muhammad Yazidi are among the structures built on the slopes of this mountain.
==Location==


Mount Abu Qubays is situated in the northeast of the Masjid al-Haram and overlooks it.<ref>Yāqūt al-Ḥamawī. ''Muʿjam al-buldān'', Vol. 1, p. 80; Ibn ʿAbd al-Ḥaqq Baghdādī, ''Marāṣid al-ʾiṭṭlāʿ ʿlā ʾasmāʾi al-amkina wa al-buqāʿ'', vol. 3, p. 1066.</ref>
Abu Bakr ibn Abi Quhafa
And the Shi'ab Abi Talib begins from there. Its elevation from sea level is reported to be 420 meters, and from the base, it is 120 meters.<ref>Qāʾidān, ''Tārīkh wa āthār-i Islāmī-yi Makka wa Madīna'', p. 95.</ref> According to Naser Khosrow, this mountain was dome-shaped.<ref>Nāṣir Khusraw. ''Safarnāma'', p. 119.</ref>
Abu Bakr ibn Abi Quhafa was one of the early Muslims, a migrant, a famous companion, the father-in-law, and the first caliph of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him). He accompanied the Prophet during his migration from Mecca to Medina and participated in all the expeditions alongside him. In the ninth year of the Hijra, during the first Hajj pilgrimage of the Muslims from Medina, Abu Bakr was appointed as the leader of the pilgrimage. According to reports, in the 11th year after Hijra, during his caliphate, Abu Bakr also supervised the Hajj pilgrims.
In recent years, a significant portion of the mountain has been flattened, and on it, a palace and a government guesthouse have been built.<ref>Furqānī, ''Sarzamīn yādhā wa nishānihā'', p. 89.</ref>
Names:


The name of this mountain is derived from the name of a person from the [[Mazhij tribe]].<ref> Zamakhsharī, '' Al-jibāl wa al-amkana wa al-mīyāh'', p. 27.</ref>
The name and lineage:
Or Ayad.<ref>Azraqī, ''Akhbār Makka'', vol. 2, p. 267.</ref> It is said that for the first time, a house was built on its slopes.<ref>Azraqī, ''Akhbār Makka'', vol. 2, p. 265-267; Yāqūt al-Ḥamawī. ''Muʿjam al-buldān'',  Vol. 1, p. 80; Zamakhsharī, '' Al-jibāl wa al-amkana wa al-mīyāh'', p. 27.</ref>
According to some accounts, such as Abu Qubays ibn Shalih from the Jurhum tribe sought refuge on this mountain due to disagreements with his relatives, and he never returned. The mountain became famous by this name thereafter.<ref>Suhaylī, ''Al-Rawḍ al-anf fī tafsīr al-sīra al-nabawīyya li ibn Hushām'', vol. 3, p. 90.</ref>
Some also, considering the semantic significance, have said that [[Abu Qubays]] relates to "qabas" (a piece of firewood), suggesting that Prophet Adam (peace be upon him) took fire from this mountain<ref> Fāsī al-Makkī,  ''Shifāʾ al-gharām bi akhbār al-balad al-ḥarām'', vol. 1, p. 50.</ref>
The names Abu Qabus and Sheikh al-Jabal have also been attributed to Abu Qubays.<ref> Fāsī al-Makkī,  ''Shifāʾ al-gharām bi akhbār al-balad al-ḥarām'', vol. 1, p. 50.</ref>
==Historical and Religious Significance==


Abu Qubais has been revered as a sacred mountain both before and after Islam, and in Islamic narratives, it is associated with some historical events related to the prophets. It has also been considered a place where prayers are answered.<ref>Fāsī al-Makkī, ''Shifāʾ al-gharām bi akhbār al-balad al-ḥarām'', vol. 1, p. 524.</ref>
Abu Bakr Abdullah ibn Abi Quhafa belonged to the Banu Taym clan of the Quraysh tribe.(1)( Ibn Saʿd, Muḥammad. ''Al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā.vol5.p142,,, Balādhurī, Aḥmad b. Yaḥyā al-. ''Ansāb al-ashrāf.vol10.p51).
And his mother was Umm al-Khair Salma bint Sakhr, the cousin of Abu Quhafa.(2)( Balādhurī, Aḥmad b. Yaḥyā al-. ''Ansāb al-ashrāf.vol10.p100)


Some of the narrations of Abu Qubays first<ref>Azraqī, ''Akhbār Makka'', vol. 1, p. 32.</ref>And the best<ref>Fāsī al-Makkī,  ''Shifāʾ al-gharām bi akhbār al-balad al-ḥarām'', vol. 1, p. 525.</ref> They have called it the mountain of the earth.
According to reports, he was born three years before the Year of the Elephant.(3)( Ibn Saʿd, Muḥammad. ''Al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā.vol3.p151)
===The ancient prophets===
It is said that Abu Bakr, at the time of his death, in the thirteenth year after Hijra, was 63 years old.
They have said that the graves of [[Adam]], Sheeth son of Adam, and Hawa, the wife of Adam, are located in the cave of this mountain called [[Kenz Cave]].<ref>Fāsī al-Makkī,  ''Shifāʾ al-gharām bi akhbār al-balad al-ḥarām'', vol. 1, p. 519-520.</ref> They have mentioned that when the Black Stone descended from Paradise, it was placed as a trust in this mountain. Then Prophet Abraham (peace be upon him) used it in the construction of the [[Ka'ba]].<ref>Yaʿqūbī, ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī'', vol. 1, p. 26-27.</ref>
His name before Islam was Abdul Ka'bah, which the Prophet (peace be upon him) changed to Abdullah.(4)( Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, Yūsuf b. ʿAbd Allāh. ''Al-Istīʿāb fī maʿrifat al-aṣḥāb.vol3.p963)
During the flood of Noah, the [[Black Stone]] was also entrusted in this mountain. Because of this, during the pre-Islamic era, people used to call this mountain "Al-Amin" (the trustworthy).<ref>Azraqī, ''Akhbār Makka'', vol. 2, p. 266; Yāqūt al-Ḥamawī. ''Muʿjam al-buldān'', vol. 1, p. 80.</ref>
He was famously known as Abu Bakr and was honored with titles such as "Siddiq.(5)( Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, Yūsuf b. ʿAbd Allāh. ''Al-Istīʿāb fī maʿrifat al-aṣḥāb.vol3.p963,,, Ibn Abī l-Ḥadīd, ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd b. Hibat Allāh. ''Sharḥ Nahj al-balāgha.vol3.p207) And "Atiq" (the Freed).(6)( Ibn Ḥajar al-ʿAsqalānī, Aḥmad b. ʿAlī. ''Al-Iṣāba fī tamyīz al-ṣaḥāba'.vol4.p146-147) It has been narrated.(7)( Ibn Saʿd, Muḥammad. ''Al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā.vol3.p126-128,,, Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, Yūsuf b. ʿAbd Allāh. ''Al-Istīʿāb fī maʿrifat al-aṣḥāb.vol3.p963)
They say that Abu Qubays is one of the six mountains from which the stones of the Ka'ba have been provided.<ref>Fāsī al-Makkī, ''Shifāʾ al-gharām bi akhbār al-balad al-ḥarām'', vol. 1, p. 179.</ref>
[[Abraham (a)|Ibrahim(a)]] used to stand on this mountain and call people to perform the [[Rites of Hajj al-Tamattu'|rituals of Hajj]].<ref> Ibn Isḥāq, ''Al-Sīyar wa al-maghāzī'', vol. 2, p. 72; Azraqī, ''Akhbār Makka'', vol. 2, p. 203; Majlisī, ''Biḥār al-anwār'', vol. 12, p. 91.</ref>
===The Prophet of Islam===


Based on a report, in one of the years before the Hijra, the [[Prophet Muhammad (s)|Prophet(a)]] split the moon into two halves with his miracle; one half was over Mount Qaiqan and the other half was over Mount Abu Qubays.<ref>Ibn Hishām, ''Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya'', vol. 2, p. 116-117.</ref>
 
The nobility of this mountain made it possible for them to address the people of [[Mecca]] from its summit to inform them. One such instance was the call of a man named Zubayd who called out from the hills of the Halif al-Fudul.(20)( Ibn Ḥabīb, Muḥammad. ''Al-Munammaq fī akhbār Quraysh.p52,,,, Masʿūdī, ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn al-. ''Al-Tanbīh wa al-ishrāf.p179,,,,, Ibn Kathīr, Ismāʿīl b. ʿUmar. ''Al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya.v0l2.p291)
 
It is also reported that the Prophet publicly invited the [[Quraysh]] to accept Islam from the summit of this very mountain.<ref>Maqrizī, ''Imtāʿ al-asmāʾ'', vol. 3, p. 219; Ṣāliḥī Shāmī, ''Subul al-hudā wa al-rashād fī sīrat khayr al-ʿibād'', vol. 2, p. 343.</ref> 
Wives and Children:
==The structures on the mountain==
 
===The Mosque of Ibrahim===
His wives were Qutaylah, the daughter of Abdul-Uzza, and Umm Ruman, the daughter of Amir ibn Umair.(8)( Balādhurī, Aḥmad b. Yaḥyā al-. ''Ansāb al-ashrāf.vol10.p101)
During the early centuries of Islam, on the summit of this mountain, the Mosque of Ibrahim was constructed.<ref>Azraqī, ''Akhbār Makka'', vol. 2, p. 202.</ref>
His daughters were Asma, the daughter of Umais Khathami, and Habiba, the daughter of Kharija ibn Zaid Khazraji.(9)( Ibn Saʿd, Muḥammad. ''Al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā..vol3.p126)
which later gained fame as the [[Mosque of Bilal]].<ref>Naʿīmī, ''Qāmūs al-ḥaramayn'', p. 205.</ref>
Abu Bakr's wives were Qutaylah, the daughter of Abdul-Uzza, and Umm Ruman, the daughter of Amir ibn Umair. His sons were Abdullah, Abdul-Rahman, and Muhammad, and his daughters were Asma, Aisha, and Umm Kulthum. Aisha became the wife of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him), while Asma married Zubayr ibn al-Awwam and became the mother of Abdullah ibn Zubayr.(10)( Balādhurī, Aḥmad b. Yaḥyā al-. ''Ansāb al-ashrāf..vol3.p167,,, Mufīd, Muḥammad b. Muḥammad al-. ''Kitāb al-amālī..p79)
This mosque is attributed to either [[Abraham (a)|Ibrahim(a)]] or [[Ibrahim Qubaysi]].<ref>Azraqī, ''Akhbār Makka'', vol. 2, p. 202.</ref> Or to an Indian merchant who built it in the year 1275 AH/1858-9.<ref>Ṣabbāgh, ''Taḥṣīl al-marām'', vol. 1, p. 502-503.</ref>
 
===Other structures===
The conversion to Islam
Among the other structures on the summit of this mountain, mention can be made of the Shagh al-Qamar Mosque and the caravanserai of Mulla Mohammad Yazdi.<ref> Yamānī, ''Mawsūʿa makka al-mukarrama wa al-madina al-munawwara'', vol. 1, p. 551.</ref>
 
A minaret is also mentioned, which was built by Abdullah ibn Malik Khaza'i during the time of [[Harun al-Abbasi]].<ref> Fākihī, ''Akhbār Makka fī qadīm al-dahr wa ḥaīthih'', vol. 3, p. 87; Yamānī, ''Mawsūʿa makka al-mukarrama wa al-madina al-munawwara'', vol. 1, p. 551.</ref>
The conversion of Abu Bakr to Islam is remembered to have occurred after Ali (may Allah be pleased with him).(11)( Ibn Hishām, ʿAbd al-Malik. ''Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya'.vol1.p266,,, Ibn Saʿd, Muḥammad. ''Al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā.vol3.p128,,, Kūfī, Ibn Abī Shayba al-. ''Al-Muṣannaf'.vol7.p498)(12)( Ṭabarī, Muḥammad b. Jarīr al-.''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk.vol2.p316)(13)( Balādhurī, Aḥmad b. Yaḥyā al-. ''Ansāb al-ashrāf.vol10.p100)
==Notes==
After embracing Islam, Abu Bakr bought and freed a number of tortured Muslim slaves from the Quraysh.(14)( Ibn Qutayba al-Dīnawarī, ʿAbd Allāh b. Muslim . ''Al-Maʿārif.p177)
{{Notes}}
During the Prophet's invitations to the tribes during the Hajj and in the final years of his presence in Mecca, Abu Bakr, due to his familiarity with Arab genealogies, accompanied the Prophet (peace be upon him).(15)( Ṭabarānī, Sulaymān b. Aḥmad. ''Al-Muʿjam al-kabīr.vol6.p62,,, Maghribī, Qāḍī Nuʿmān al-. ''Sharḥ al-akhbār'.vol2.p382-386)
==References==
With the Prophet's migration to Medina, Abu Bakr also accompanied him.(16)( Ṭabarī, Muḥammad b. Jarīr al-.''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk.vol2.p100)
{{References}}
After the migration to Medina
*Azraqī, Muḥammad b. ʿAbd Allāh al-. ''Akhbār Makka''. Qom: Maktaba al-Sharīf al-Raḍī, [n.d].
The Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) stood between Abu Bakr and Salim, the freed slave of Hudhaifah.(17)( Ibn Qutayba al-Dīnawarī, ʿAbd Allāh b. Muslim . ''Al-Maʿārif.p273)
*Fākihī, Muḥammad b. Isḥāq. ''Akhbār Makka fī qadīm al-dahr wa ḥaīthih''. Beirut: Dār al- Khiḍr, 1414 AH.
Or Harithah ibn Zaid.(18)( Ibn Ḥabīb Baghdādī, Muḥammad b. Ḥabīb. ''Kitāb al-muḥabbar'.p73)
*Fāsī al-Makkī, Muḥammad b. Aḥmad. ''Shifāʾ al-gharām bi akhbār al-balad al-ḥarām''. Translated by Muḥammad Muqaddas. Tehran: Mashʿar, 1386 sh.
A brotherhood pact was established. Earlier in Mecca, a brotherhood pact had been made between him and Umar(19)( Ibn Hishām, ʿAbd al-Malik. ''Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya.vol4.p206)
*Furqānī, Muḥammad. ''Sarzamīn yādhā wa nishānihā''. Tehran: Mashʿar, 1381 sh.
Abu Bakr participated in all the expeditions and some crucial events during the time of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him).(20)( Ibn Athīr, ʿAlī b. Muḥammad. ''Usd al-ghāba.vol3.p318)
*Ibn ʿAbd al-Ḥaqq Baghdādī, Ṣafīī al-dīn ʿAbd al-Muʾmin. ''Marāṣid al-ʾiṭṭlāʿ ʿlā ʾasmāʾi al-amkina wa al-buqāʿ''. Beirut: Dār al-Jayl, 1412 AH.
Abu Bakr participated in all the expeditions and some crucial events during the time of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him).
*Ibn Ḥabīb, Muḥammad. ''Al-Munammaq fī akhbār Quraysh''. Edited by Khurshīd Aḥmad Fārūq. Beirut: ʿĀlim al-Kutub, 1405 AH-1985.
Based on a report, in the Battle of Bani Mustaliq in the fifth year of the Hijri calendar, the flagbearer was from the Muhajirun (Emigrants). (21)( Wāqidī, Muḥammad b. ʿUmar al-. ''Al-Maghāzī''.vol1.p407)
*Ibn Hishām, ʿAbd al-Malik. ''Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya''. Edited by Muṣṭafā al-Saqā. Beirut: Dār al-Maʿrifa, [n.d].
 
*Ibn Isḥāq, Muḥammad. ''Al-Sīyar wa al-maghāzī''. Edited by Suhayl Zakar. Beirut: 1398 AH.
Emirate of Hajj in the ninth year of Hijrah
*Ibn Kathīr, Ismāʿīl b. ʿUmar. ''Al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya''. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1407 AH.
Abu Bakr, in the ninth year, as the Emir of Hajj, led the first pilgrimage of the Muslims.(22)( Wāqidī, Muḥammad b. ʿUmar al-. ''Al-Maghāzī.vol3.p1077,,, Ibn Saʿd, Muḥammad. ''Al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā.vol3.p132)
*Majlisī, Muḥammad Bāqir al-. ''Biḥār al-anwār''. Second edition. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 1403 AH.
And according to a report, for the proclamation of Surah Bara'at (Al-Tawbah) by the Messenger of God (peace be upon him), he set out from Medina to Mecca with 300 people.(23)( Ibn Hishām, ʿAbd al-Malik. ''Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya.vol4.p188)
*Maqrizī, Aḥmad b. ʿAlī. ''Imtāʿ al-asmāʾ''. Edited by Muḥammad ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd al-Namīsī. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 1420 AH.
 
*Masʿūdī, ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn al-. ''Al-Tanbīh wa al-ishrāf''.Beirut:Dār al-Ṣaʿb,[n.d].
In this journey, he had five sacrificial camels with him and was instructed to perform the standing (wuquf) on the Day of Arafah in Arafat, not in Muzdalifah, contrary to the polytheists. He would leave Arafat after sunset and depart from Muzdalifah after sunrise.(24)( Wāqidī, Muḥammad b. ʿUmar al-. ''Al-Maghāzī.vol3.p1077)
*Muḥammad b. Aḥmad. Taḥṣīl al-marām. Mecca: [n.p], 1424 AH.
After becoming muhrim in Dhul-Hulayfah, he met Ali (peace be upon him) at Arj. At first, he thought that he had been relieved of the emirate of Hajj.(24)( Wāqidī, Muḥammad b. ʿUmar al-. ''Al-Maghāzī.vol3.p1077).
*Naʿīmī, Muḥammad Riḍā al-. ''Qāmūs al-ḥaramayn''.Tehran: Mashʿar, 1418 AH.
But with the words of Ali (peace be upon him), he realized that Ali (peace be upon him) had been solely tasked with conveying the initial verses of Surah Al-Tawbah (Bara'at).(24)( )( Wāqidī, Muḥammad b. ʿUmar al-. ''Al-Maghāzī.vol3.p1077).(25)( ( Ibn Hishām, ʿAbd al-Malik. ''Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya..vol4.p190)
*Nāṣir Khusraw. ''Safarnāma''. Edited by Muḥammad Dabīr Siyāqī. Tehran: 1356 Sh.
Based on this, Abu Bakr went to Mecca alongside Ali (peace be upon him) and during the pilgrimage, he delivered sermons in Mina on the afternoon of the seventh day, the Day of Arafah, and the afternoon of Eid al-Adha.(26)( Wāqidī, Muḥammad b. ʿUmar al-. ''Al-Maghāzī,vol3.1078)
*Qāʾidān, Aṣghar. ''Tārīkh wa āthār-i Islāmī-yi Makka wa Madīna''. 4th edition. Qom: Nashr-i Mashʿar, 1381 Sh.
According to reports, including a narration from Ibn Abbas, Abu Bakr was relieved of the emirate of Hajj and returned to Medina.(27)( Aḥmad b. Ḥanbal. ''Musnad al-Imām Aḥmad b. Ḥanbal'.vol1.p3,,, Mufīd, Muḥammad b. Muḥammad al-. ''Al-Irshād.vol1.p65)
*Ṣāliḥī Shāmī, Muḥammad b. Yusuf. ''Subul al-hudā wa al-rashād fī sīrat khayr al-ʿibād''. Edited by ʿĀdil Aḥmad ʿAbd al-Mawjūd and ʿAlī Muḥammad Muʿawwaḍ. 1st edition. Beirut: 1414 AH/1993.
Caliphate
*Suhaylī, ʾAbd al-Raḥmān. ''Al-Rawḍ al-anf fī tafsīr al-sīra al-nabawīyya li ibn Hushām''. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 1412 AH.
 
*Yamānī, Aḥmad Zakkī. ''Mawsūʿa makka al-mukarrama wa al-madina al-munawwara''. London: Muʾssisa al-furqān, 1429 AH.
After the passing of the Prophet (peace be upon him) and before his burial, a group of Ansar gathered at the Saqifah of Bani Sa'idah and pledged allegiance to Abu Bakr as the successor to the Prophet (peace be upon him).(28)( Ṭabarī, Muḥammad b. Jarīr al-.''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk.vol2.p459,,, Mufīd, Muḥammad b. Muḥammad al-. ''Al-Jumal wa al-nuṣra li sayyid al-ʿitra fī ḥarb al-Baṣra.p119)
*Yaʿqūbī, Aḥmad b. Abī Yaʿqūb al-. ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī''. Beirut: Dār Ṣādir, n.p.
Members of Banu Hashim and some companions refrained from pledging allegiance for a long time because they deemed Imam Ali (peace be upon him) more deserving of the caliphate.(29)( Ibn Qutayba al-Dīnawarī, ʿAbd Allāh b. Muslim . ''Al-Imāma wa l-sīyāsa al-mʿrūf bi-tārīkh al-khulafā,,, Yaʿqūbī, Aḥmad b. Abī Yaʿqūb al-. ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī''.vol2.p124,,, Jawharī Baṣrī, Aḥmad b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz. ''Al-Saqīfa wa Fadak''.p49)
*Yāqūt al-Ḥamawī. ''Muʿjam al-buldān''. Second edition. Beirut: Dār Ṣādir, 1995.
 
*Zamakhsharī, Maḥmūd b. ʿUmar al-. ''Al-jibāl wa al-amkana wa al-mīyāh''. Cairo: Dār al-Fadhīla, 1319 AH.
Supervision of Pilgrims During the Caliphate
{{end}}
In the eleventh year of the Hijri calendar, Abu Bakr appointed Umar ibn Khattab as the supervisor of the pilgrims, while he himself performed Umrah in the month of Rajab of the twelfth year of the Hijri calendar. During the pilgrimage season of that same year, he took charge of supervising the pilgrims.(30)( Ibn Saʿd, Muḥammad. ''Al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā''..vol3.p139)
[[fa:کوه ابوقبیس]]
Some reports suggest that during his caliphate, Abu Bakr did not perform Hajj, and Umar or Attab bin Usaid, the agent of the Prophet (peace be upon him) in Mecca, carried out the pilgrimage.(31)( Ibn Ḥabīb Baghdādī, Muḥammad b. Ḥabīb. ''Kitāb al-muḥabbar'.p12)
Or he appointed Abdur Rahman bin Awf to the emirate of Hajj.(32)( Ibn ʿAsākir, ʿAlī b. Ḥasan. Tārīkh-i damishq.vol30.p217)
 
Death
Abu Bakr passed away due to illness on the seventh of Jumada al-Akhirah in the year 13 AH, after two years, three months, and 26 days of caliphate, at the age of 63.(33)( Ibn Saʿd, Muḥammad. ''Al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā''.vol3.p150-151)
And upon his death, he left behind a date palm grove from the spoils of Banu Nadir, as well as lands in Bahrain, Ghabah, and Khaybar.(34)( Ṣanʿānī, ʿAbd al-Razzāq b. Humām. ''Al-Muṣannaf''.vol9.p101-102)
 
References
 
Mufīd, Muḥammad b. Muḥammad al-. ''Al-Irshād''. Edited by Muʾassisat Āl al-Bayt li-Taḥqīq al-Turāth. Beirut: Dār al-Mufīd li-ṭibaʿat wa al-Nashr wa al-Tawzīʿ, 1414 AH
 
Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, Yūsuf b. ʿAbd Allāh. ''Al-Istīʿāb fī maʿrifat al-aṣḥāb''. Edited by ʿAlī Muḥammad al-Bajāwī. Beirut: Dār al-Jīl, 1412 AH.
 
Ibn Athīr, ʿAlī b. Muḥammad. ''Usd al-ghāba''. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmīyya, 1415 AH
 
Ibn Ḥajar al-ʿAsqalānī, Aḥmad b. ʿAlī. ''Al-Iṣāba fī tamyīz al-ṣaḥāba''. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmīyya, 1415 AH.
 
Mufīd, Muḥammad b. Muḥammad al-. ''Kitāb al-amālī. Edited by Ḥusayn Ustād Walī and ʿAlī Akbar Ghaffārī. Beirut:Dār al-Mufīd, 1414 AH.
 
Ibn Qutayba al-Dīnawarī, ʿAbd Allāh b. Muslim . ''Al-Imāma wa l-sīyāsa al-mʿrūf bi-tārīkh al-khulafāʾ''. Edited by ʿAlī Shīrī. Beirut: Dār al-Awḍāʾ. 1410AH-1990.
 
Balādhurī, Aḥmad b. Yaḥyā al-. ''Ansāb al-ashrāf''. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1417 AH.
 
Ṭabarī, Muḥammad b. Jarīr al-.''Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk''. Edited by Muḥammad Abu l-faḍl Ibrāhīm. Second edition. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 1387 AH.
 
Mufīd, Muḥammad b. Muḥammad al-. ''Al-Jumal wa al-nuṣra li sayyid al-ʿitra fī ḥarb al-Baṣra''. Qom: Maktibat al-Dāwarī, [n.d]
 
Jawharī Baṣrī, Aḥmad b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz. ''Al-Saqīfa wa Fadak''. Edited by Hādī Amīnī. Beirut: Shirkat al-Katbī, 1413 AH.
 
Ibn Hishām, ʿAbd al-Malik. ''Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya''. Edited by Muṣṭafā al-Saqā. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, [n.d]
 
Maghribī, Qāḍī Nuʿmān al-. ''Sharḥ al-akhbār''. Qom: Daftar-i Intishārāt-i Islāmī, 1414 AH.
 
Ibn Abī l-Ḥadīd, ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd b. Hibat Allāh. ''Sharḥ Nahj al-balāgha''. Cairo: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Kutub al-ʿArabīyya, 1378 AH.
 
Ibn Saʿd, Muḥammad. ''Al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā''. Beirut: Dār al-Ṣādir, [n.d].
 
Ibn Ḥabīb Baghdādī, Muḥammad b. Ḥabīb. ''Kitāb al-muḥabbar''. Edited by Elza Lichten Stetter. Beirut: Dār al-Āfāq al-Jadīda, [n.d].
 
Aḥmad b. Ḥanbal. ''Musnad al-Imām Aḥmad b. Ḥanbal''. Beirut: Dār al-Ṣādir, [n.d]
 
Kūfī, Ibn Abī Shayba al-. ''Al-Muṣannaf''. Edited by Saʿīd al-Laḥām. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr li-ṭibaʿat wa al-Nashr wa al-Tawzīʿ, 1409 AH.
 
Ṣanʿānī, ʿAbd al-Razzāq b. Humām. ''Al-Muṣannaf''. Edited by Ḥabīb al-Raḥmān Aʿzamī. Beirut:  al-Majlis al-ʿIlmī,1403 AH.
 
Ibn Qutayba al-Dīnawarī, ʿAbd Allāh b. Muslim . ''Al-Maʿārif''. Edited by Tharwat ʿAkkāsha. Qom: Sharīf Raḍī, 1373 sh.
Ṭabarānī, Sulaymān b. Aḥmad. ''Al-Muʿjam al-kabīr''. Edited by Ḥamdī ʿAbd al-Majīd Salafī. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 1405 AH.
 
Wāqidī, Muḥammad b. ʿUmar al-. ''Al-Maghāzī''. Edited by Marsden Jones. Beirut: Muʾassisa al-Aʿlām, 1409 AH.
 
Yaʿqūbī, Aḥmad b. Abī Yaʿqūb al-. ''Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī''. Beirut: Dār Ṣādir, n.p.
 
Ibn ʿAsākir, ʿAlī b. Ḥasan. Tārīkh-i damishq. Edited by ʿAmr-i b. Gharāma al-ʿAmrawī. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1415 AH/ 1995.

Revision as of 15:22, 28 April 2024

Abu Bakr ibn Abi Quhafa Abu Bakr ibn Abi Quhafa was one of the early Muslims, a migrant, a famous companion, the father-in-law, and the first caliph of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him). He accompanied the Prophet during his migration from Mecca to Medina and participated in all the expeditions alongside him. In the ninth year of the Hijra, during the first Hajj pilgrimage of the Muslims from Medina, Abu Bakr was appointed as the leader of the pilgrimage. According to reports, in the 11th year after Hijra, during his caliphate, Abu Bakr also supervised the Hajj pilgrims.

The name and lineage:

Abu Bakr Abdullah ibn Abi Quhafa belonged to the Banu Taym clan of the Quraysh tribe.(1)( Ibn Saʿd, Muḥammad. Al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā.vol5.p142,,, Balādhurī, Aḥmad b. Yaḥyā al-. Ansāb al-ashrāf.vol10.p51). And his mother was Umm al-Khair Salma bint Sakhr, the cousin of Abu Quhafa.(2)( Balādhurī, Aḥmad b. Yaḥyā al-. Ansāb al-ashrāf.vol10.p100)

According to reports, he was born three years before the Year of the Elephant.(3)( Ibn Saʿd, Muḥammad. Al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā.vol3.p151) It is said that Abu Bakr, at the time of his death, in the thirteenth year after Hijra, was 63 years old. His name before Islam was Abdul Ka'bah, which the Prophet (peace be upon him) changed to Abdullah.(4)( Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, Yūsuf b. ʿAbd Allāh. Al-Istīʿāb fī maʿrifat al-aṣḥāb.vol3.p963) He was famously known as Abu Bakr and was honored with titles such as "Siddiq.(5)( Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, Yūsuf b. ʿAbd Allāh. Al-Istīʿāb fī maʿrifat al-aṣḥāb.vol3.p963,,, Ibn Abī l-Ḥadīd, ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd b. Hibat Allāh. Sharḥ Nahj al-balāgha.vol3.p207) And "Atiq" (the Freed).(6)( Ibn Ḥajar al-ʿAsqalānī, Aḥmad b. ʿAlī. Al-Iṣāba fī tamyīz al-ṣaḥāba'.vol4.p146-147) It has been narrated.(7)( Ibn Saʿd, Muḥammad. Al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā.vol3.p126-128,,, Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, Yūsuf b. ʿAbd Allāh. Al-Istīʿāb fī maʿrifat al-aṣḥāb.vol3.p963)


Wives and Children:

His wives were Qutaylah, the daughter of Abdul-Uzza, and Umm Ruman, the daughter of Amir ibn Umair.(8)( Balādhurī, Aḥmad b. Yaḥyā al-. Ansāb al-ashrāf.vol10.p101) His daughters were Asma, the daughter of Umais Khathami, and Habiba, the daughter of Kharija ibn Zaid Khazraji.(9)( Ibn Saʿd, Muḥammad. Al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā..vol3.p126) Abu Bakr's wives were Qutaylah, the daughter of Abdul-Uzza, and Umm Ruman, the daughter of Amir ibn Umair. His sons were Abdullah, Abdul-Rahman, and Muhammad, and his daughters were Asma, Aisha, and Umm Kulthum. Aisha became the wife of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him), while Asma married Zubayr ibn al-Awwam and became the mother of Abdullah ibn Zubayr.(10)( Balādhurī, Aḥmad b. Yaḥyā al-. Ansāb al-ashrāf..vol3.p167,,, Mufīd, Muḥammad b. Muḥammad al-. Kitāb al-amālī..p79)

The conversion to Islam

The conversion of Abu Bakr to Islam is remembered to have occurred after Ali (may Allah be pleased with him).(11)( Ibn Hishām, ʿAbd al-Malik. Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya'.vol1.p266,,, Ibn Saʿd, Muḥammad. Al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā.vol3.p128,,, Kūfī, Ibn Abī Shayba al-. Al-Muṣannaf'.vol7.p498)(12)( Ṭabarī, Muḥammad b. Jarīr al-.Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk.vol2.p316)(13)( Balādhurī, Aḥmad b. Yaḥyā al-. Ansāb al-ashrāf.vol10.p100) After embracing Islam, Abu Bakr bought and freed a number of tortured Muslim slaves from the Quraysh.(14)( Ibn Qutayba al-Dīnawarī, ʿAbd Allāh b. Muslim . Al-Maʿārif.p177) During the Prophet's invitations to the tribes during the Hajj and in the final years of his presence in Mecca, Abu Bakr, due to his familiarity with Arab genealogies, accompanied the Prophet (peace be upon him).(15)( Ṭabarānī, Sulaymān b. Aḥmad. Al-Muʿjam al-kabīr.vol6.p62,,, Maghribī, Qāḍī Nuʿmān al-. Sharḥ al-akhbār'.vol2.p382-386) With the Prophet's migration to Medina, Abu Bakr also accompanied him.(16)( Ṭabarī, Muḥammad b. Jarīr al-.Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk.vol2.p100) After the migration to Medina The Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) stood between Abu Bakr and Salim, the freed slave of Hudhaifah.(17)( Ibn Qutayba al-Dīnawarī, ʿAbd Allāh b. Muslim . Al-Maʿārif.p273) Or Harithah ibn Zaid.(18)( Ibn Ḥabīb Baghdādī, Muḥammad b. Ḥabīb. Kitāb al-muḥabbar'.p73) A brotherhood pact was established. Earlier in Mecca, a brotherhood pact had been made between him and Umar(19)( Ibn Hishām, ʿAbd al-Malik. Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya.vol4.p206) Abu Bakr participated in all the expeditions and some crucial events during the time of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him).(20)( Ibn Athīr, ʿAlī b. Muḥammad. Usd al-ghāba.vol3.p318) Abu Bakr participated in all the expeditions and some crucial events during the time of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him). Based on a report, in the Battle of Bani Mustaliq in the fifth year of the Hijri calendar, the flagbearer was from the Muhajirun (Emigrants). (21)( Wāqidī, Muḥammad b. ʿUmar al-. Al-Maghāzī.vol1.p407)

Emirate of Hajj in the ninth year of Hijrah Abu Bakr, in the ninth year, as the Emir of Hajj, led the first pilgrimage of the Muslims.(22)( Wāqidī, Muḥammad b. ʿUmar al-. Al-Maghāzī.vol3.p1077,,, Ibn Saʿd, Muḥammad. Al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā.vol3.p132) And according to a report, for the proclamation of Surah Bara'at (Al-Tawbah) by the Messenger of God (peace be upon him), he set out from Medina to Mecca with 300 people.(23)( Ibn Hishām, ʿAbd al-Malik. Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya.vol4.p188)

In this journey, he had five sacrificial camels with him and was instructed to perform the standing (wuquf) on the Day of Arafah in Arafat, not in Muzdalifah, contrary to the polytheists. He would leave Arafat after sunset and depart from Muzdalifah after sunrise.(24)( Wāqidī, Muḥammad b. ʿUmar al-. Al-Maghāzī.vol3.p1077) After becoming muhrim in Dhul-Hulayfah, he met Ali (peace be upon him) at Arj. At first, he thought that he had been relieved of the emirate of Hajj.(24)( Wāqidī, Muḥammad b. ʿUmar al-. Al-Maghāzī.vol3.p1077). But with the words of Ali (peace be upon him), he realized that Ali (peace be upon him) had been solely tasked with conveying the initial verses of Surah Al-Tawbah (Bara'at).(24)( )( Wāqidī, Muḥammad b. ʿUmar al-. Al-Maghāzī.vol3.p1077).(25)( ( Ibn Hishām, ʿAbd al-Malik. Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya..vol4.p190) Based on this, Abu Bakr went to Mecca alongside Ali (peace be upon him) and during the pilgrimage, he delivered sermons in Mina on the afternoon of the seventh day, the Day of Arafah, and the afternoon of Eid al-Adha.(26)( Wāqidī, Muḥammad b. ʿUmar al-. Al-Maghāzī,vol3.1078) According to reports, including a narration from Ibn Abbas, Abu Bakr was relieved of the emirate of Hajj and returned to Medina.(27)( Aḥmad b. Ḥanbal. Musnad al-Imām Aḥmad b. Ḥanbal'.vol1.p3,,, Mufīd, Muḥammad b. Muḥammad al-. Al-Irshād.vol1.p65) Caliphate

After the passing of the Prophet (peace be upon him) and before his burial, a group of Ansar gathered at the Saqifah of Bani Sa'idah and pledged allegiance to Abu Bakr as the successor to the Prophet (peace be upon him).(28)( Ṭabarī, Muḥammad b. Jarīr al-.Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk.vol2.p459,,, Mufīd, Muḥammad b. Muḥammad al-. Al-Jumal wa al-nuṣra li sayyid al-ʿitra fī ḥarb al-Baṣra.p119) Members of Banu Hashim and some companions refrained from pledging allegiance for a long time because they deemed Imam Ali (peace be upon him) more deserving of the caliphate.(29)( Ibn Qutayba al-Dīnawarī, ʿAbd Allāh b. Muslim . Al-Imāma wa l-sīyāsa al-mʿrūf bi-tārīkh al-khulafā,,, Yaʿqūbī, Aḥmad b. Abī Yaʿqūb al-. Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī.vol2.p124,,, Jawharī Baṣrī, Aḥmad b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz. Al-Saqīfa wa Fadak.p49)

Supervision of Pilgrims During the Caliphate In the eleventh year of the Hijri calendar, Abu Bakr appointed Umar ibn Khattab as the supervisor of the pilgrims, while he himself performed Umrah in the month of Rajab of the twelfth year of the Hijri calendar. During the pilgrimage season of that same year, he took charge of supervising the pilgrims.(30)( Ibn Saʿd, Muḥammad. Al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā..vol3.p139) Some reports suggest that during his caliphate, Abu Bakr did not perform Hajj, and Umar or Attab bin Usaid, the agent of the Prophet (peace be upon him) in Mecca, carried out the pilgrimage.(31)( Ibn Ḥabīb Baghdādī, Muḥammad b. Ḥabīb. Kitāb al-muḥabbar'.p12) Or he appointed Abdur Rahman bin Awf to the emirate of Hajj.(32)( Ibn ʿAsākir, ʿAlī b. Ḥasan. Tārīkh-i damishq.vol30.p217)

Death Abu Bakr passed away due to illness on the seventh of Jumada al-Akhirah in the year 13 AH, after two years, three months, and 26 days of caliphate, at the age of 63.(33)( Ibn Saʿd, Muḥammad. Al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā.vol3.p150-151) And upon his death, he left behind a date palm grove from the spoils of Banu Nadir, as well as lands in Bahrain, Ghabah, and Khaybar.(34)( Ṣanʿānī, ʿAbd al-Razzāq b. Humām. Al-Muṣannaf.vol9.p101-102)

References

Mufīd, Muḥammad b. Muḥammad al-. Al-Irshād. Edited by Muʾassisat Āl al-Bayt li-Taḥqīq al-Turāth. Beirut: Dār al-Mufīd li-ṭibaʿat wa al-Nashr wa al-Tawzīʿ, 1414 AH

Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, Yūsuf b. ʿAbd Allāh. Al-Istīʿāb fī maʿrifat al-aṣḥāb. Edited by ʿAlī Muḥammad al-Bajāwī. Beirut: Dār al-Jīl, 1412 AH.

Ibn Athīr, ʿAlī b. Muḥammad. Usd al-ghāba. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmīyya, 1415 AH

Ibn Ḥajar al-ʿAsqalānī, Aḥmad b. ʿAlī. Al-Iṣāba fī tamyīz al-ṣaḥāba. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmīyya, 1415 AH.

Mufīd, Muḥammad b. Muḥammad al-. Kitāb al-amālī. Edited by Ḥusayn Ustād Walī and ʿAlī Akbar Ghaffārī. Beirut:Dār al-Mufīd, 1414 AH.

Ibn Qutayba al-Dīnawarī, ʿAbd Allāh b. Muslim . Al-Imāma wa l-sīyāsa al-mʿrūf bi-tārīkh al-khulafāʾ. Edited by ʿAlī Shīrī. Beirut: Dār al-Awḍāʾ. 1410AH-1990.

Balādhurī, Aḥmad b. Yaḥyā al-. Ansāb al-ashrāf. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1417 AH.

Ṭabarī, Muḥammad b. Jarīr al-.Tārīkh al-umam wa l-mulūk. Edited by Muḥammad Abu l-faḍl Ibrāhīm. Second edition. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 1387 AH.

Mufīd, Muḥammad b. Muḥammad al-. Al-Jumal wa al-nuṣra li sayyid al-ʿitra fī ḥarb al-Baṣra. Qom: Maktibat al-Dāwarī, [n.d]

Jawharī Baṣrī, Aḥmad b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz. Al-Saqīfa wa Fadak. Edited by Hādī Amīnī. Beirut: Shirkat al-Katbī, 1413 AH.

Ibn Hishām, ʿAbd al-Malik. Al-Sīra al-nabawīyya. Edited by Muṣṭafā al-Saqā. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, [n.d]

Maghribī, Qāḍī Nuʿmān al-. Sharḥ al-akhbār. Qom: Daftar-i Intishārāt-i Islāmī, 1414 AH.

Ibn Abī l-Ḥadīd, ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd b. Hibat Allāh. Sharḥ Nahj al-balāgha. Cairo: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Kutub al-ʿArabīyya, 1378 AH.

Ibn Saʿd, Muḥammad. Al-Ṭabaqāt al-kubrā. Beirut: Dār al-Ṣādir, [n.d].

Ibn Ḥabīb Baghdādī, Muḥammad b. Ḥabīb. Kitāb al-muḥabbar. Edited by Elza Lichten Stetter. Beirut: Dār al-Āfāq al-Jadīda, [n.d].

Aḥmad b. Ḥanbal. Musnad al-Imām Aḥmad b. Ḥanbal. Beirut: Dār al-Ṣādir, [n.d]

Kūfī, Ibn Abī Shayba al-. Al-Muṣannaf. Edited by Saʿīd al-Laḥām. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr li-ṭibaʿat wa al-Nashr wa al-Tawzīʿ, 1409 AH.

Ṣanʿānī, ʿAbd al-Razzāq b. Humām. Al-Muṣannaf. Edited by Ḥabīb al-Raḥmān Aʿzamī. Beirut: al-Majlis al-ʿIlmī,1403 AH.

Ibn Qutayba al-Dīnawarī, ʿAbd Allāh b. Muslim . Al-Maʿārif. Edited by Tharwat ʿAkkāsha. Qom: Sharīf Raḍī, 1373 sh. Ṭabarānī, Sulaymān b. Aḥmad. Al-Muʿjam al-kabīr. Edited by Ḥamdī ʿAbd al-Majīd Salafī. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 1405 AH.

Wāqidī, Muḥammad b. ʿUmar al-. Al-Maghāzī. Edited by Marsden Jones. Beirut: Muʾassisa al-Aʿlām, 1409 AH.

Yaʿqūbī, Aḥmad b. Abī Yaʿqūb al-. Tārīkh al-Yaʿqūbī. Beirut: Dār Ṣādir, n.p.

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